Сибирина С. Обучение фразеологическим единицам студентов-иностранцев высокого продвинутого уровня

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силу обстоятельств – in accordance (keeping) with (the) circumstances; according

to (the) circumstances

В СКОРОМ ВРЕМЕНИ (preposition) – soon, in the near future: in a short

time; shortly; before long; shortly thereafter

ВСТАВЛЯТЬ (СТАВИТЬ, СОВАТЬ) ПАЛКИ В КОЛËСА кому (coll.,

human.) – to (try to) hinder someone intentionally in some matter or in the realization of

something: put a spoke in somebody’s wheel; one throws a monkey wrench into the

works; one upsets the someone’s applecart; one trips (tries to trip) someone’s up;

one spikes someone’s guns

ВСТРЕЧАТЬ ХЛЕБОМ-СОЛЬЮ (coll.) – warm and generous treatment of a

guests: give a warm welcome; offer (share) one’s bread

ВСЯКАЯ ЕРУНДА (coll.) – foolishness, not deserving of attention: trifle;

small matter; nothing; stuff ans nonsense; (unbelievable) drivel

ВТИРАТЬ / ВТЕРЕТЬ ОЧКИ кому (coll., human., usually infinitive with

пытается, хочет, может etc.) – to (try to) mislead someone by presenting something in

a false way that serves one’s interests: pull (try to pull) the wool over one’s eyes; put

(try to put) things over on someone; trick (hoodwink) someone; fool (try to fool)

someone

В ТИХОМ ОМУТЕ ЧЕРТИ ВОДЯТСЯ. (saying) – a quiet, secretive person

is capable of deeds that might seen unexpected of him – still waters run deep.

В ЧËМ МАТЬ РОДИЛА (highly coll., human.) – 1. without any clothes on: in

one’s birthday suit; (as) naked as the day one was born; in the altogether; sterk

naked; in the buff; without a stitch of clothing (on); naked as a jaybird; 2. (to leave

someone) without money, without any means ( usually in contexts of robbing someone,

winning all someone’s money at cards, taking possession of all someone’s property by

deceitful means etc.): without a penny to one’s (someone’s) name

ВЫБИВАТЬ / ВЫБИТЬ (ВЫШИБАТЬ / ВЫШИБИТЬ) ИЗ КОЛЕИ

кого ( more often perfect. past) – to disturb the daily rhythm of someone’s life,

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someone’s daily habits: to disrupted the (entire) routine; to through (knock)

someone off balance; to unsettle someone.

ВЫБИВАТЬСЯ / ВЫБИТЬСЯ (ВЫХОДИТЬ / ВЫЙТИ) ИЗ КОЛЕИ –

to have one’s customary life style, schedule etc. disrupted: one is (through) out of joint

(whack); get out of one’s groove; someone’s routine is upset; someone’s life become

unsettled; be (completely) unsettled; go off the rails

ВЫБРАСЫВАТЬ / ВЫБРОСИТЬ (БРОСАТЬ / БРОСИТЬ,

ВЫКУДЫВАТЬ ? ВЫКИНУТЬ, ВЫШВЫРИВАТЬ / ВЫШВЫРНУТЬ) ЗА

БОРТ кого-гто (coll.) – to dispose of something considered useless, dismiss someone

considered unsuitable: to throw over board (over the side); jettison someone

(something); in contexts of firing: give someone the boot (the sack, the ax)

ВЫХОДИТЬ / ВЫЙТИ СУХИМ ИЗ ВОДЫ (coll., usually disapprov.,

human., of a crafty, cunning, or lucky person) – to escape well-deserved punishment,

remain unpunished, uncompromised: get off (away) scot-free; emerge (come out)

unscathed; come away without a scratch; to waltz away from it

ВЫЙТИ НА ОРБИТУ (lit.) – place into orbit

ВЫЛЕТАТЬ / ВЫЛЕТЕТЬ (ВЫСКАКИВАТЬ / ВЫСКОЧИТЬ) ИЗ

ГОЛОВЫ (ИЗ ПАМЯТИ, ИЗ УМА) (coll.) – to be forgotten (by someone) suddenly

and completely: to slip someone’s mind (memory); plumb forget something ; clean

forget something; something has gone (clean, clear) out of one’s head (mind);

escaped one’s memory; one forgot all about something

ВЫНОСИТЬ / ВЫНЕСТИ СОР ИЗ ИЗБЫ (coll., human; often imperative

with зачем, не надо, не стОит etc.) – to divulge arguments, squabbles etc. occurring

within one’s family or narrow circle of friends, coworkers etc. : why wash one’s dirty

linen (laundry) in public?; why tell tales about of school? Why expose your dirty

laundry to the public gaze?

ВЫНЬ ДА ПОЛОЖЬ кому, кого- что (highly coll.) – do something or give

something to someone immediately: there and then; (give; produce) in the spot (right

away, at once); (give) here and now

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ВЫПИТЬ (ПИТЬ / ИСПИТЬ, ДОПИТЬ) ГОРЬКУЮ (ПОЛНУЮ)

ЧАШУ чего (ДО ДНА) (human.) – to endure the full pain and suffering associated with

some adverse situation, misfortune etc., suffer a great deal: drink (drain) the cup of woe

(of misery, og grief); drain (drink) the bitter cup; drink this (that) cup (to the dregs)

ВЫСАСЫВАТЬ / ВЫСОСАТЬ ИЗ ПАЛЬЦА что (coll., human.) – to say

or assert something that is not based in fact, that one creates in his mind: to fabricate

something; one is a total (complete) fabrication; dream (cook, make) the whole thing

up; to concoct

ВЫСОКОЕ НАПРЯЖЕНИЕ создалось; жить под высоким

напряжением (coll.) – the high voltage; the high tension;

ВЫСУНУВ (ВЫСУНУВШИ) ЯЗЫК бегать, мотаться, носиться (coll.) –

(to run, to be on the go etc.) nonstop, without taking a breather (because one is

overwhelmed by the number of things he has to do): with one’s tongue hanging out;

like mad; till one is dropping in his tracks

ВЫСШЕЕ УЧЕБНОЕ ЗАВЕДЕНИЕ ( ВУЗ, вуз) – university; institute of

higher education

ВЫТВОРЯТЬ / ТВОРИТЬ БЕЗОБРАЗИЯ (coll., human) – make

disgraceful going-on

ГАДКИЙ УТËНОК (coll., singular only) – an unattractive, plain child who

grows up to become a very attractive, accomplished adult: ugly duckling

< From the Russian translation of Hans Christian Andersen’s story of that title)

ГАЛОПОМ ПО ЕВРОПАМ скакать, делать что (coll., usually in refer. to

traveling, reading, making a survey of something etc.) – to do something quickly and

superficially: (give something) a superficial (quick) look; without investigating the

essence; (in refer. to traveling, visiting museums etc.) (take) a whirlwind tour; just (hit)

the high points (highlights); (with the emphasis on treating something superficially)

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barely (hardly) scratch the surface. Cook’s tour; if it’s Tuesday, this must be

Belgium.

ГВОЗДЬ ПРОГРАММЫ (coll.) – the highlight of the program

ГДЕ ХОТЕНЬЕ, ТАМ И УМЕНЬЕ (saying) – if a person wants something

very much or is determined to do something, he will find a way to obtain or do it no

matter how difficult it is: where there’s a will, there’s a way

ГЕНЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЛИНИЯ ПАРТИИ (now they often use this with sarcasm) –

basic Party line

ГЛАЗА НА ЛОБ ЛЕЗУТ/ ПОЛЕЗЛИ у кого от чего (coll.) – someone’s eyes

suddenly open wide from amazement, surprise, pain, fright etc.: eyes popped (bugged)

out (of one’s head); eyes started from (out of) one’s head; eyes started from (out of)

their sockets

ГЛАЗА НА МОКРОМ МЕСТЕ у кого (coll.) – someone cries often, is

inclined to cry, or is ready to start crying: be (always) on the verge of tears; be (always)

ready to burst into tears; be (always) ready to turn on the waterworks; be one for

turning on the waterworks; be about to cry (to burst into tears); one’s eyes are

brimming (filled) with tears

ГЛАЗА РАЗБЕГАЮТСЯ / РАЗБЕЖАЛИСЬ у кого от чего (coll.) –

someone cannot concentrate visually or fix his gaze on any one thing, owing to a great

number and diversity of objects, impressions etc.:

do not know where to look (first,

next); scarcely know which way to look;be dizzied by the multitude of something;

it’s more than the eyes can take in

ГЛАЗ ДА ГЛАЗ нужен за кем (coll.) – someone or something should be kept

under strict, constant supervision: one must keep a constant eye on something or

somebody; one has to be watched all the time (constantly); must be closely watched

ГЛАС ВОПИЮЩЕГО В ПУСТЫНЕ (lit.) – an appeal disregarded by

everyone, unheeded: a voice (crying) in the wilderness

< From the Bible (Isa. 40:3, Matt. 3:3 etc.)

ГНИЛОЙ ЛИБЕРАЛИЗМ – rotten liberalism

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ГНУТЬ СПИНУ (ХРЕБЕТ, ШЕЮ) / ЛОМАТЬ СПИНУ (ЛОМАТЬ

ГОРБ) – 1. (на кого, coll., human.) – to work, labor to the point of exhaustion, wear

out with hard work (usually in an attempt to earn enough money to live on, often with the

implication that one is being exploited by someone: be breaking one’s back; be

working one’s fingers to the bone; be working one’s tail off.

2. (перед кем, coll., human.) – to act in a servile manner, fawn on someone:

cringe before somebody; kowtow to somebody; bow and scrape to (before) someone;

fall and over someone.

ГОВОРИТЬ (РЕЗАТЬ) ПАВДУ-МАТКУ В ГЛАЗА (coll., human.) – to

express oneself openly, confront someone with the truth: speak straight from the

shoulder; tell the truth to your face; tell it like it is; call a spade a spade; be

outspoken; give it to someone straight

ГОЛИМЫЙ – pure

ГОНЯТЬСЯ / ГНАТЬСЯ ( ЕХАТЬ, ОХОТИТЬСЯ) ЗА ДЛИННЫМ

РУБЛËМ (coll., often disapprov.) – to want and try to earn quickly and easily a large

amount of money: chase after (be on the lookout for) easy money; chase the big

bucks (money); make a fast buck; make (earn) big money (bucks); seek after easy

job

ГОРДИЕВ УЗЕЛ (lit.) – an extremely complicated problem or great difficulty:

Gordian knot; разрубить

гордиев узел: cut (through) the Gordian knot

< From the name of an intricate knot tied by Gordius, legendary king of Phrygia,

and supposedly cut by Alexander the Great with his sword.

ГРЯЗНАЯ БОМБА ( term.) – dirty bomb

< Primarily used to refer to a radiological dispersal device (RDD), a radiological

weapon which combines radioactive material with conventional explosives.

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ДАВАТЬ / ДАТЬ ВОЛЮ РУКАМ (coll., human.) – 1. to beat someone

(unmercifully): be free with one’s hand / fists; one lets fly (loose) his fists; Neg.,

imperative: Рукам волю не давай!: keep your fists to yourself

ДАВНО БЫ ТАК! (coll., sentence, using to express the speaker’s approval of

someone’s long awaited and desired action or decision) – finally: (it’s) about time

(,too)!; high time!; none (not a moment) too soon!; at long last; this is how it sould

have been all along

ДАМОКЛОВ МЕЧ висит над кем or над чьей головой; ПОД

ДАМОКЛОВЫМ МЕЧОМ быть, жить, ходить, находиться и т.д. (all lit.,

human.) – danger, trouble that is constantly threatening someone: sword of Damocles

< From the story of Damocles, courtier of the Syracusant tyrant Dionysiusin

classical mythology. At a banquet Dionysius had Damocles seated under a sword

suspended by a single hair to show him how precarious power and the ruler’s happiness

were.

ДВА САПОГА (-) ПАРА (coll., human.) – the two people in question are

similar with regard to personality traits, behaviors etc. (which are usually negative,

undesirable): two of a kind; (they) make a pair; (they) are a real pair; be well

matched; be cast in the same mold; be (like) two pears in a pod; two shoes make a

pair

ДВОЮРОДНЫЙ БРАТ; ДВОЮРОДНАЯ СЕСТРА – cousin

ДЕЛАТЬ / СДЕЛАТЬ ИЗ МУХИ СЛОНА (coll., disaplrov.; the verb may

take the final position) – to make something unimportant seem important, exaggerate

something – make a mountain out of a molehill

ДЕЛО В ШЛЯПЕ (coll., usually present, also for subjunctive; often a clause in

a compound after Conj. «и» оr complex sent. ) – the success of some undertaking, effort

etc. is assured, the desired outcome is or will be achieved: it’s in the bag; it’s a sure

thing; it’s a cinch; it’s as good as done; it’s all sewn up; that does it (the trick); one’s

got it made

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ДЕЛО ПАХНЕТ КЕРОСИНОМ ( highly coll. sentence; past or present) –

This is a bad situation, nothing good will come of it (used when someone is about

to fail, when it is clear that a conflict is about to arise, when someone realizes that

something desired will not materialize etc.): things are in a bed way; this means

trouble; one is in big (a heap of) trouble; scandal grows and assumes the dangerous

turning

ДЕНЬ В ДЕНЬ – precisely (on the day named): to the day; right to the very

day

ДЕНЬГИ НЕ ПАХНУТ (often disapprov., sentence, pres. only) – it does not

matter that the money in question has been obtained by unseemly means or from

unsavory sources: money has no smell

ДЕНЬ-ДЕНЬСКОЙ (coll.) – through-out, for the entire day: all day long; the

whole day long (through)

ДЕНЬ ЗА ДНЁМ – every day: one day after another

ДЕНЬ ОТО ДНЯ (used with imperf. verbs) – gradually, little by little: from day

to day, from one day to the next; day by day; with every passing day; with each new day

ДЕРЖАТЬ В ЧЁРНОМ ТЕЛЕ кого (coll., human; the verb can take the final

position) – to treat someone severely, be unduly strict with someone etc. (may refer. to

forcing someone to work excessively, providing a dependent person with only minimal

subsistence, depriving someone pleasure, treating someone as greatly inferior to oneself

etc.: ill-treat, maltreat; be very hard on someone; to treat shabbily; to make one’s

life miserable; to keep on short rations; to hold someone down; to keep someone on

a short leash

ДЕРЖАТЬ В РУКАХ кого- что – to keep someone in subjugation, exercise

control over someone: to keep (have) someone (well) in hand; have someone under

one’s thumb; have someone under one’s control

ДЕРЖАТЬ СЕБЯ В РУКАХ (human., often used with умеет, надо etc.) –

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To maintain one’s self-possession, not give in to an emotional outburst: to keep

oneself in hand; to control oneself; to use (exercise) self-control; to keep a grip on

oneself; to keep oneself cool; to have self-control

ДЕРЖАТЬ (НОСИТЬ) КАМЕНЬ ЗА ПАЗУХОЙ (на кого, против кого,

human; the verb can take final position) – to bear secret malice, feel deep resentment

toward someone and want to make trouble for him: to harbor (nurse) a hidden grudge

against someone; to harbor ill will toward someone; have evil intentions against

someone; bear somebody a grudge

ДЕРЖАТЬ УХО ВОСТРО´ (coll., human.); ДЕРЖАТЬ УШКИ НА

МАКУШКЕ (coll., usually humor, human) with нужно, надо, следует – 1. с кем not to

trust someone, to be very cautious with someone: be on your guard with someone; be

very careful with someone; watch someone carefully; watch one’s step with

someone;

2. to be cautious, attentive, vigilant (in order to avoid danger or trouble, protect

one’s interests etc): one must (has to) be on his guard (on the alert); one must keep

his eyes and ears open; one must (has to) keep his ears to the ground (keep his ears

pricked); one must keep a sharp lookout

ДЕРЖАТЬ ЯЗЫК ЗА ЗУБАМИ (НА ПРИВЯЗИ) (coll., human, often

imperative or infinitive with надо,должен, советовать, просить etc.) – to remain silent,

not revealing some information, expressing some opinion etc.: to keep one’s mouth

shut; hold one’s tongue; to keep one’s tongue in check; to keep one’s breath to cool

one’s porridge

ДЕРЖИ КАРМАН (ШИРЕ) (highly coll., these forms only, used in refer. To

false expectations, calculation etc.) – do not hope for count on something, it is not or

will not be so: nothing doing!; no hope!; not a chance!; don’t bet on it; don’t hold your

breath!; (there’s) no way (in hell); fat chance!; I wouldn’t be too (so) sure.; I'll see you

damned/blowed first.

ДЕ-ФАКТО (Latin expression) – means “in fact” or “in practice” but not spelled

out by law: de facto ". It is commonly used in contrast to de jure. The term de facto may

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also be used when there is no relevant law or standard, but a common practice is well

established, although not universal.

ДЕ-ЮРЕ (Latin expression) –means “by law” when referring to matters of law,

governance, or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as

created or developed without or contrary to a regulation. When discussing a legal

situation, de jure designates what the law says, while de facto designates action of what

happens in practice: de jure

ДЛЯ ОТВОДА ГЛАЗ (coll.) – in order to distract attention from something,

mislead someone: as a diversionary move (tactic, maneuver); as a smoke screen; (in

order) to divert attention from something; as a blind; just to fool someone

ДО ГРОБОВОЙ ДОСКИ – to the end of one’s life, far as long as one lives: as

long as one shall live; to (till) one’s dying day; till the day one dies; till (to) the end

of one’s days; to the grave; till one is laid in the grave; (in refer. to marriage) till

death do us part

ДОЛГ ПЛАТЕЖОМ КРАСЕН (saying) – a kind act is reciprocated (said

when someone respond to another’s action or attitude in a similar way: one good (bad)

turn deserves another; (in limited contexts) you scratch my back and I’ll scratch

yours

ДО МОЗГА КОСТЕЙ – 1. (one is certain type of person) entirely, in every

way: to the (very)marrow of one’s bones; to the core; every inch; through and

through;

2. – to an extreme degree: to the backbone

ДО ПОРЫ ДО ВРЕМЕНИ; ДО ПОРЫ (these forms only) – for the

mieantime, until a moment when the situation changes, some opportunity arises etc.: for

the time being; for the present; for a time; until the right time; until the time is

right; until such time as someone (something) is needed; as long as it suits; for now

ДО СЕДЬМОГО ПОТА работать, трудиться и т.д. (coll.) – (more often in

refer, to physical labor) (to work) until one is extremely tired, fatigued: work oneself

into the ground (lather); sweat one’s guts out working; to the point of collapse

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ДО ТЕХ ПОР – untill that time: until (till up till) then; till (up to) that

moment; thus far

ДО ТЕХ ПОР ПОКА – up to the time when (the action in process ceases or the

state in question changes): as (so) long as; up to the point where

ДО ТЕХ ПОР ПОКА НЕ – up to the time when (something happens): until;

(up) until the time when (that); until after

ДОХОДИТЬ / ДОЙТИ ДО УШЕЙ чьих, кого – to become known to

someone: come to one’s knowledge; become aware of ; reach one’s ears (the ears of

someone)

ДРАТЬ / СОДРАТЬ ШКУРУ с кого (highly coll., human.) – 1. (usually used

as a threat) to whip or beat someone severely: skin (flay) someone alive; beat the hide

off someone; to have one’s hide

ДУБИНА СТОЕРОСОВАЯ; ДУРАК (БОЛВАН) СТОЕРОСОВЫЙ (all

highly coll., rude) – a very stupid person: blockhead, dunderhead; dumbbell;

numskull; bonehead; dunce; boob; dope

ДУБОВАЯ ГОЛОВА (highly coll., rude, human.) – a dull, obtuse person:

blockhead, dunderhead; dolt; numskull; dumbbell; meathead

ДУРАК ДУРАКОМ (ДУРА ДУРОЙ) (coll., these forms only, human.) – a

very stupid person: complete (utter, prize) fool; complete (first-class) idiot

ДУША В ПЯТКИ УХОДИТ / УШЛА; ДУША В ПЯТКАХ у кого, от

чего (coll.) – someone experiences very strong fear: one’s heart sink into (to) his

boots (shoes); one gets the shakes

ДЫМОВАЯ ЗАВЕСА (singular only) – words, promises etc. used to disguise

someone’s actual designs, plans, intentions: smoke screen

ДЫРЯВАЯ ГОЛОВА (coll., human.) – a person who has a very bad memory,

is absent-minded, forgetful: scatterbrain; featherbrain; does not keep something in

one’s head