Сибирина С. Обучение фразеологическим единицам студентов-иностранцев высокого продвинутого уровня
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(БЫТЬ) В РУКАХ чьих, у кого, каких находиться (human., or subject:
жизнь, судьба) – a person (his life etc.) is entirely subject to someone, under someone’s
complete control: be in someone’s hands (power); be at the mercy of someone; things
someone lies (is, rests) in someone’s hands
БЫТЬ В ШКУРЕ чьей, кого (coll., human.) – one is, finds oneself in another’s
(usually unenviable) position (implying that only a person who has been in that position
can understand how bad, difficult etc it is): in someone’s skin (shoes, place)
БЫТЬ ИЛИ НЕ БЫТЬ? Вот в чëм вопрос. (lit.) – used when someone has
an alternative to do something or not to do: to be or not to be?
< From the world famous tragedy Hamlet (The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of
Denmark), 1600-1602 («Гамлет, принц датский») by William Shakespeare (1564 –
1616). In the well known monologue Hamlet is thinking over the two alternatives. The
first one is “take arms against a sea of troubles”. And the second is “To die, to sleep”. But
Hamlet is not sure that he will find calm in his death. And he decides to fight.
(БЫТЬ) НА МЕЛИ; СИДЕТЬ НА МЕЛИ; оказаться и т.д. (coll., human.) –
to be (be left etc.) with very little or no money: be (almost, practically, flat etc.) broke;
be (really) short of (on) cash; be without (do not have) a kopeck (a penny, a cent
etc.) to one’s name; be pressed for cash; be (completely, practically etc. ) without
means; be in low water, on the rocks
(БЫТЬ) НА´ РУКУ кому (coll., abstract., often with это) – something is
advantageous for someone, conductive to the realization of someone’s plans, intentions:
just what (the things) one needs (wants); to suit (serves); something serves one’s
purposes; something is to someone’s advantage (benefit); someone profits by
something; something plays into the hands of someone
(БЫТЬ) СВЯЗАННЫМ ПО РУКАМ И НОГАМ (кем-чем, coll.) – be
deprived of the freedom to act as one wishes, be restricted someone’s actions: be bound
hand and foot
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В
ВАЛААМОВА ОСЛИЦА (ЗАГОВОРИЛА) (lit., singular only, usually indep.
clause) – a meek, quiet person who unexpectedly begins to protest something or express
his opinion about something: Balaam’s ass (has begun to speak)
< From the Bible (Num. 22:27-28)
ВАВИЛОНСКОЕ СТОЛПОТВОРЕНИЕ (rather lit., disapprov., singular
only) – total confusion, disorder: pandemonium; chaos; bedlam; uproar
ВАЛИТЬ (СВАЛИВАТЬ / СВАЛИТЬ, ПЕРЕКЛАДЫВАТЬ /
ПЕРЕЛОЖИТЬ) С БОЛЬНОЙ ГОЛОВЫ НА ЗДОРОВУЮ (coll., human.) – (to
try) to take the blame from someone who is guilty and put it on someone who is not
guilty: to shift (be trying to shift) the blame to someone else (to someone else’s
shoulder); lay the blame on someone else’s door (step); lay one’s own fault at
someone else’s door; pin it (the blame, the rap) on someone else; hang the blame on
someone else
ВАЛЯТЬ (ЛОМАТЬ, КОРЧИТЬ ) ДУРАКА (coll, disaprov.); ВАЛЯТЬ
(ЛОМАТЬ, КОРЧИТЬ) ВАНЬКУ (ДУРОЧКУ); СТРОИТЬ ДУРОЧКУ (highly
coll., disaprov.) – to pretend not to understand, know about something, feign stupidity (in
order to fool s.o.) – to play the fool; to play dumb; to be monkeying (clowning,
fooling) around; to be idle, spend time lazily – to fool (fiddle) away the someone’s
time; to goof off.
ВБИВАТЬ / ВБИТЬ
(ВКОЛАЧИВАТЬ / ВКОЛОТИТЬ,
ВДАЛБЛИВАТЬ / ВДОЛБИТЬ, ВТЕМЯШИВАТЬ / ВТЕМЯШИТЬ
(substandard.) В ГОЛОВУ кому что (coll., human.) – 1. to make someone memorize
or master something by using persistent repetition: to keep drumming (pounding)
something into someone’s head; to keep hammering (beating) something into
someone’s head; - 2. (often by a что-clause) – to impress something on someone
insistently, (to try) convince someone of something: to knock/ hammer into
somebody’s head; get (put, drive, knock, hammer, beat, drumm, din) something into
someone’s head; get through one’s head
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ВБИВАТЬ / ВБИТЬ (БРАТЬ / ВЗЯТЬ, ВТЕМЯШИВАТЬ /
ВТЕМЯШИТЬ) СЕБЕ В ГОЛОВУ (coll., human.) (В БАШКУ) (substand.) что –
to convince oneself of something (usually some idea that becomes fixed in one’s head),
adhere stubbornly to something (often a wrong or foolish notion ot idea): get into one’s
head that …; get an idea (a notion) into one’s head that …; In rude contexts only get
(take) it into one’s (thick) skill (head) that …
В ГОЛОВУ НЕ ПРИХОДИТ / НЕ ПРИДЁТ кому (coll., usually мысль,
идея etc, human.) – it (will) not occurred to someone; no one will dream; something
will not cross (came) one’s mind; it will not struck someone
ВДАЛИ ОТ РОДНЫХ ПАЛЕСТИН (lit.) – far from native land (native
home)
В ДВА СЧЁТА (coll.) – very quickly, without delay, at once: in no time (flat);
in two ticks; in a jiffy (a wink, a flash); in no time at all; one-two-three; in two
shakes of a lamb’s tail
В ДВУХ ( В НЕСКОЛЬКИХ) СЛОВАХ рассказывать, объяснять что и
т. д. (coll., these forms only) – (to tell, explain something etc.) concisely and simply: in a
word; in two (a few) words; in short; in a nutshell; briefly; in brief; make it brief
В ДОБРЫЙ ЧАС! (coll., formula phrase) – used to wish someone success,
prosperity etc. usually when he is about to begin some important undertaking or set out
on a trip: good luck (to you)!; the best of luck!; all the best (to you)!; I wish you
luck!; (as a wish for a successful trip only) have a good (safe, nice) trip; have a safe
(good) journey
ВДОЛЬ И ПОПЕРЁК – 1. пройти, исходить, из'ездить и т.д. что – (to
travel etc.) throughout the whole of a given space, in all directions: far and wide; the
length and breadth of something; all over; back and forth; from one end to the
other;
2. знать, изучить и т.д. кого-что (coll.) – (to learn, know someone or
something) very well, down to the minutest details: inside out; backward and forward;
through and through
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ВЕДУЩАЯ РОЛЬ чья, чего – key role
ВЕЛИКИЙ, МОГУЧИЙ, ПРАВДИВЫЙ И СВОБОДНЫЙ РУССКИЙ
ЯЗЫК (lit., often just the form «ВЕЛИКИЙ И МОГУЧИЙ») – great, powerful,
truthful and free the Russian language
< This refers to a very well-known verse of the Russian novelist, dramatist, and
short-story writer Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883) who was a founder of the
Russian realistic novel and ranks as one of the greatest stylists in the Russian language:
“In the days of doubts, in the days of painful thoughts about the destiny of my
motherland, - you are my only support and rest, oh great, powerful, truthful and free
Russian language! If there were no you, how not to fall in despair seeing what's
happening at home? We can't but believe that this language was given to a great nation!”
(1882)
ВЕЛИКОЕ ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНИЕ НАРОДОВ (coll.) – could be used when
someone moves: the great migration of the people; mass-migration
ВЕРИТЬ / ПОВЕРИТЬ НА´ СЛОВО кому (human.) – to accept someone’s
statement as being true without confirmation of the facts: take one at one’s word; take
one’s word for it; take on trust (on faith) what one said
ВЕРНЕМСЯ К НАШИМ БАРАНАМ (sent.) – let’s return to the main topic of
our conversation ( used as a request to the interlocutor not to digress from the main topic;
also used by the speaker to indicate a return to the main topic): let’s return to our
rams; let’s get back to the subject at hand; let’s return to the question at hand; let’s
get back to the point at issue; let’s get back on track
< Loan translation of the French revenons à ces moutons or retournons à nos
moutons (“let’s return to our sheep”), from the medieval farce Maistre Pierre Pathelin.
ВЕРТИТСЯ НА ЯЗЫКЕ у кого (coll., often with слово, вопрос or infinitive;
of something that the speaker is eager to say) – to be about to be said, asked etc.: the
word is on the tip of one’s tongue; one is itching (dying) to say something; the word
(question) keeps coming to the tip of someone’s tongue
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ВЗЛЕТАТЬ / ВЗЛЕТЕТЬ НА ВОЗДУХ – to explode or be destroyed in an
explosion: blow up (blow sky-high); blow to bit (to pieces, to smithereens)
ВЗЛЁТЫ И ПАДЕНИЯ – ups and downs
ВИДЕТЬ НАСКВОЗЬ кого (human.) – to understand someone’s thoughts,
intentions: see (can see) through somebody; know someone inside out; read someone
like a book
В КОНЦЕ КОНЦОВ (Preposition, fixed) – 1. as the final result when some
(action, series of actions, process etc.) is over, when everything related to the situation at
hand has been considered: in the end; in the final analysis; when all is said and done;
after all; 2. used to add emotional emphasis to some statement, express dissatisfaction,
impatience etc.: really, after all; ultimately
ВКРУЧИВАТЬ МОЗГИ; ВПРАВЛЯТЬ / ВПРАВИТЬ МОЗГИ кому
(slang) – to make someone behave more prudently, carefully by using severe measures:
knock some sense into one’s head; put (set) someone right; bring someone to his
senses; give someone a thorough shaking-up; try to brainwash someone
ВЛИВАТЬСЯ / ВЛИТЬСЯ В КОЛЛЕКТИВ – join the rank of employees
В НЕКОТОРОМ ЦАРСТВЕ, В НЕКОТОРОМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕ (folk,
poet.) – the formulaic beginning of many Russian folk tales: once upon a time (in a
faraway kingdom); a long time ago in a land far away; long ago and far away; once
in a Kingdom far, far, far away
ВНОВЬ И ВНОВЬ – time and again
ВЛАСТИТЕЛЬ ДУМ чьих, кого ( lit.) – a person who has much influence in
his contemporaries, an intellectual and spiritual leader: molder of opinion; dominant
(major) influence; the lord of the thoughts
ВЛЮБИТЬСЯ ПО´ УШИ (ПО САМЫЕ УШИ) в кого (both coll., these
forms only )– to be or fall deeply in love: be over head and ears in love; be (fall) head
over heels in love with someone; be (fall) madly in love with someone
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ВО ВЕСЬ ДУХ бежать, мчаться, нестись, пустить лошадь и т.д. (coll., of
a person, a horse) –(to run, race along etc.) very fast, with great speed, headlong: as fast
as one can (go); all steam ahead; at full speed; at top (full) speed; (at) full tilt; as fast
as one’s legs can carry one; for all one is worth; race along (go) at a full gallop
ВО ВСЯКОМ СЛУЧАЕ – 1. without fail, given any circumstances (the action
in question will or should be carried out or come about): in any case (event); one way or
another (other); whatever happens;
2. used in conjunction with a word or phrase that qualifies or restricts preceding
statement: at least; anyway, at any rate; in any case;
3. regardless of the circumstances described in the preceding context, often
regardless of which of the described options is correct or valid: in any case (event); at
any rate; at (in) all events; whatever the case
ВО ГЛАВУ УГЛА ставить / поставить что ( human., the verb can take the
first position) – to consider something to be vital, of extremely great importance, more
important than anything else: put something at the top (the head) of the list; assign
primary importance to something; consider something (to be) of paramount
importance; regard as of paramount importance; give something top (first) priority;
make something someone’s top priority
В ОДИНОЧКУ 1. separately, not with others, apartfrom others: alone; by
oneself (itself); singly;in solitude; 2. by one’s own efforts, without the participation of
or help from others: (all) alone; on one’s own; by oneself; single-handed; make one’s
own way
ВОДИТЬ ЗА НОС кого (coll., disapprov., human.) – to deceive, delude
someone intentionally, often by promising something and then not keeping one’s
promise: lead one up (down) the garden path; make a fool of something; to lead
some one a dance; string someone along; take someone for a ride; give someone the
runaround; mislead someone
В ОДНО УХО ВХОДИТ / ВОШЛО, В ДРУГОЕ ВЫХОДИТ / ВЫШЛО
кому (coll.) – something said passes someone by without that person’s really hearing or
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assimilating it (because he is not listening attentively): it goes (someone’s words) in
one ear ant out the other
ВОДОЙ НЕ РАЗОЛЬЁШЬ кого (с кем) / ВОДОЙ НЕ РАЗЛИТЬ (both
coll.) – the named person are always together, have a very close relationship: be
inseparable; be (as) thick as thieves; nothing can part (people)
ВОЗ И МАЛЕНЬКАЯ ТЕЛЕЖКА чего (coll.) - there is plenty (of
something)
ВОЛКОВ БОЯТЬСЯ – В ЛЕС НЕ ХОДИТЬ (saying) – once you are
determined to do something, you must not let impending difficulties or risks deter you
(said to encourage oneself or another person when undertaking a dangerous or unknown
affair involving risk: if you’re going to play with matches (fire), you can’t afraid of
getting burbed; nothing venture, nothing have ; nothing ventured, nothing gained;
risk nothing, win nothing
ВОРОТИТЬ НОС от кого-чего (highly coll., human) – 1. to stop looking at
someone or something (usually because one finds him or it disagreeable, unappealing
etc.): turn away from someone (something);
2. to regard someone or something with scorn: turn one’s nose up at someone
(something); look down one’s nose at someone (something); have nothing but
contempt for someone (something);
3. to refuse someone (something) with disdain:
turn up nose at someone
(something); sniff at; sneeze at
ВОСТОК – ДЕЛО ТОНКОЕ (lit.) – refers to any complicated or difficult
matter, not necessarily, but mostly "eastern" in nature: The East is a delicate matter;
The Eаst is a very tricky place; The Eаst is a point of great nicety
< From a cult, classic “Eastern” film of the Soviet Union by Director Vladimir
Motyl White Sun of the Desert («Белое солнце пустыни») (1970), one of the most
popular Russian films of all time. A soldier of the Red Army named Sukhov has been
fighting in the Russian Civil War in Russian Asia for many years. Just as he is about to
return home to his wife, Sukhov is chosen to guard and protect the harem of a guerilla
leader (Abdulla). Abdulla is wanted by the Red Army and left his harem behind because
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the women hindered him. Sukhov has to help keep the wives safe through the rest of the
movie, and keep himself safe to return to his wife, to finally get out of the desert.
The film is ritually watched by cosmonauts before many space launches.
ВОТ-ВОТ (coll.) – (something will happen) very soon: any minute (moment,
day, time) (now); at any minute (moment); in no time at all; be about to…; just on
the point, just about
ВОТ ГДЕ (В ЧЁМ) СОБАКА ЗАРЫТА; ВОТ ТУТ (ТУТ-ТО, ЗДЕСЬ)
СОБАКА И ЗАРЫТА (all coll., these forms only) – in this (that etc.) lies the essence
of the matter, the reason for something: (so) that’s the crux of the matter!; that’s
where the shoe pinches!; there’s (herein lies) the rub; (so) that’s what it’s all about
(what’s going on, what lies at the bottom of it)
ВОТ ТЕБЕ (ТЕ) И НА! (coll., these forms only) – used to express surprise,
disappointment, bewilderment, frustration etc. (usually in reaction to some unexpected
circumstance, occurrence etc.): well, I never!; how do you like that!; good Lord!;
(well,) what do you know!; (well,) how about that!; holy mackerel!; that’s (this is) a
fine (pretty) kettle of fish!; well, I’ll be (darned, dammed)!; who’d have thought it!;
there goes nothing! My aunt!
ВОТ ТЕБЕ (ТЕ) (И) РАЗ! (coll., these forms only) – used to express surprise,
disappointment, bewilderment, frustration etc. (usually in reaction to some unexpected
circumstance, occurrence etc.): well, I never!; how do you like that!; good Lord!;
(well,) what do you know!; (well,) how about that!; holy mackerel!; that’s (this is) a
fine (pretty) kettle of fish!; well, I’ll be (darned, dammed)!; who’d have thought it!;
there goes nothing! My aunt!
ВОТ ЭТО ДА! (coll.) – used to express delight, admiration, amazement etc.:
how about that!; (well,) how do you like that!; that beats all!; that’s a new (a good)
one!; that’s the way!; that’s it!; he (she etc.) is really something!; isn’t that superb
(fabulous etc.)!; my aunt!
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ВО ЦВЕТЕ ЛЕТ (human.) – the years when one’s or someone’s mental and
physical abilities are at their peak: in the prime of life, in one’s prime; at the height og
one’s powers
ВО ЧТО БЫ ТО НИ СТАЛО – at any price; at all cost
ВПАДАТЬ / ВПАСТЬ В ДЕТСТВО (human.) – to loose one’s mental faculties
because of old age: enter one’s second childhood; get (become) senile; be in one’s
dotage
ВПАДАТЬ / ВПАСТЬ (УДАРЯТЬСЯ / УДАРИТЬСЯ) В АМБИЦИЮ (all
coll., human.) – to express or display emphatically one’s anger, hurt etc. when one’s
pride has been wounded or when one interprets someone’s words or actions as offensive,
show extreme edginess and stubbornness in defending one’s (often unjustified) position:
take offence and speak angrily; take offence and refuse to budge an inch; get into a
huff (a snit); pick a fight (a quarrel); зачем ты ударяешься в амбицию? – don’t be so
touchy
В ПЕРВУЮ ГОЛОВУ (coll.) – before (doing) anything else: in the first place;
first and foremost; first of all; the first thing (one does is…); (be) the first to …
В ПОЛНОЙ МЕРЕ – entirely: in full (the fullest) measure; fully, totally;
completely; wholly
В ПОРЯДКЕ ЖИВОЙ ОЧЕРЕДИ (обслуживать кого, продавать что)
(coll.) – (to serve, sell to etc. Customers) in the order in which they come: first come,
first served; on a first-come, first-served basis; (people will be served, waited on etc.) in
the order in which they come
В ПОТЕ ЛИЦА работать, трудиться и т.д.: В ПОТЕ ЛИЦА СВОЕГО
(these forms only) – (to work) with great zeal, applying all one’s strength and energy: by
the sweet of one’s brow
< From the Bible: “In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread…” (Gen. 3:19)
В ПОРЯДКЕ ВЕЩЕЙ (abstract., often это, всë это) – соме чаппенинг
(бечажиор етц.) ис усуал, натурал, нормал: it is in the order (the nature)) of things;
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it is quite natural; it is all in the day’s work; that’s the way things go (happen):
that’s (it’s) as it should be
ВРЕМЯ – ДЕНЬГИ (saying) – time is valuable, it should not be spent
frivolously: time is money
ВРЕМЯ ОТ ВРЕМЕНИ; ОТ ВРЕМЕНИ ДО ВРЕМЕНИ (obsolete, this
forms only, used with imperfective verbs) – sometimes, at variables: from time to time;
(every) now and then; now and again; every so often; (every) once in a while; on
occasion; occasionally
ВРИ, ДА ЗНАЙ МЕРУ; ВРИ, ДА НЕ ЗАВИРАЙСЯ (coll., imperfective
sent.) – when lying, at least know when to stop: if you’re going to lie, at least make it
good; come on, at least make your lies believable; aren’t you going overboard (a bit
too far)?
ВРЯД (НАВРЯД (coll.), ЕДВА) ЛИ (particle) – it is dubious: it is doubtful
(unlikely, hardly likely) (that…); probably (…) not; I doubt if (whether)…;
scarcely; hardly
(ВСЕ) КАК ОДИН – absolutely everyone, excluding no one: one and all; all to
a man; all, without exception; every (last) one of us (you, them); (right) down to the
last man; as one man
ВСЕМИ ФИБРАМИ ДУШИ ненавидеть, презирать кого-что,
стремиться к чему и т.д. (rather lit.) – (to hate, despite someone or something, want
something etc.) very intensely: with every fiber of one’s being; with a passion; with
one’s heart and soul
ВСЕРЬЁЗ И НАДОЛГО (coll., often humor.) – for a long period of time and
in a serious, fundamental etc. way: for a good long while (time); something is not
easily or quickly remedied (fixed)
ВСЕХ (ЛЮБЫХ, РАЗНЫХ) МАСТЕЙ – of all or various groups, beliefs,
trends etc.: of every stripe (persuasion, hue, color); of all denominations
В СИЛУ чего – by reason of: because of; owing to; as a result of; in view of;
on account of; on the strength of; by force of; в силу привычки – by force of habit; в