Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
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Computing machines. See
Computers
Comte, Auguste
altruism and, 8, 9
functionalism and, 343
positivism and, 661, 751, 839
sociology and, 814, 815
Concept art, 690
Conception, embryonic personhood
and, 2, 396, 422
Concept of Nature, The (Whitehead),
926
Concept of the Mind, The (Ryle), 569
Concupiscentia carnis, 44, 45
Condillac, Etienne, 540
Conditionality, 94
Conditioning
behavioral, 59–60
placebo effect and, 677
Condon, Edward U., 909
Confessional theology, 884
Confessions (Augustine), 44, 453
Confirmation, 743
Conflict. See Models; Science and
religion, methodologies;
Science and religion, models
and relations
Conflict theory, 817
Confucianism. See Chinese religions,
Confucianism and science in
China
Confucius, 108, 115, 869, 914
Congar, Yves, 736
Congregation of the Holy Office of
the Catholic Church. See
Inquisition
Conkey, Margaret, 30
Connectionism, 161
Conscience, 7
Conscious agency, 413
Consciousness. See Consciousness
studies; Dualism; Soul; Spirit;
Thought
Consciousness and Cognition
(journal), 158, 159
Consciousness and Emotion
(journal), 158, 159
Consciousness studies, 158–163
anthropology and, 23
cognitivism and, 160
Copenhagen Interpretation and,
14, 73
“easy” versus “hard” problems of,
161
existence of God and, 162
faith healing and, 831–832
functionalism and, 59
mind–brain interaction and,
571–572, 574–575, 832
neural Darwinism and, 610
neurosciences and, 158, 159,
160–161, 309–310, 614–616
neurotheology and, 617
phenomenology and, 160–161,
162, 570
quantum mechanics and, 162
religious experience and,
309–310, 313–314, 615–616
spirit and, 827–828
supervenience and, 849–851
See also Soul
Consensus theory of truth, 902–903
Consequential ethics
anthropocentrism and, 18, 19
technology and, 864–865
Conservation laws of matter,
509–510
symmetry and, 853
Conservation of energy, 664, 666
Conservation of parity, 670
Conservative Judaism, 480–481, 482,
485, 491, 735, 843, 886
Consonance
definition of, 771
See also Science and religion,
methologies; Science and
religion, models and relations
Constantine, Emperor of Rome, 25
Constantinople, Council of (381
C.E.), 415
Constantinople, Council of (727
C.E.), 130
Constants
conservation of energy and, 664
cosmological, 718–719
fine–tuning of, 15, 16, 171, 173,
174, 214, 378, 382, 393
force coupling, 387
fundamental, 679
Planck’s, 171, 173, 174, 391, 392,
679
Constitutive principle, 634
Constructive empiricism, 654
Constructivism, 164–165
autopoiesis and, 47, 164, 165
definition of, 164
hermeneutics and, 395–396
religious experience and, 313
See also Social constructivism
Consubstantialization, 128
Contemplation. See Meditation
Contextual coherence theory, 149
Contextualism, 165–166
explanation and, 655
feminist empiricism and, 654
miracles and, 576–577
mystical experience and, 589
postmodern science and, 694
religious experience and, 313
theology of evolution and,
304–305
Continental evolution, 875
Contingency, 166
absence in classical physics, 667
cosmological argument and, 169,
381
creatio ex nihilo and, 173, 336
as design challenge, 212
determinism versus, 337
ecology and, 235
omnipotence and, 336, 379
quantum theory and, 337
theology of evolution and, 305,
338
Continuous bodies, 330
Continuous creation. See Creatio
continua
Contour maps, 112
Contra Celsum (Origen), 25
Contributory extrinsic value, 921
Convection patterns, 153
Conventionalism, 661
Convergence, 166–168
Teilhard’s Omega Point theory
and, 627, 640, 778, 874, 876
“Conversations with Zombies”
(Moddy), 159–160
Conversos (Spain), 495
Conway, John H., 46, 153
Cooley, Charles Horton, 792, 815
Cooperation
cellular automata and, 46
cultural development and, 195
reciprocal altruism as, 9, 285,
334, 791, 808–809, 809
symbiosis as, 851–852
Coordinate system, 719
Coordinate transformations, 853
Cope, Edward, 504
Copenhagen Interpretation, 168
Anthropic Principle and, 13, 14
Bohr and, 71–73, 162, 168, 269,
674, 745, 757
complementarity and, 150–151
consciousness and, 162
counterintuition and, 129
EPR paradox as challenge to,
268, 269
indeterminism and, 223
measurement problem and, 674
paradox and, 649, 745–746
probability and, 97
Schrödinger’s opposition to,
745
science–religion independence
model and, 757
self–reference and, 799
Copernicus, Nicolaus
apologetics and, 25
Aristotle and, 27
on axioms of astronomy, 546
cosmology of, 124–125, 128,
141–142, 170, 179, 180, 181,
349, 371, 375, 480, 681, 780,
822, 870. See also Heliocentric
universe
Euclidean geometry and, 375
Galilean arguments supporting,
180, 349–350, 681
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Copernicus, Nicolaus (continued)
as Kantian mind–experience
model, 498
neo–Platonism and, 124–125
Newton’s law of motion and,
665
planetary system and, 179, 316
Reformed theology and, 136
Roman Catholic view of, 128,
141, 142, 143, 180, 181, 350
theism and, 40, 824
Coping strategy, 835
Copleston, Frederick, 650
Copper production, Daoist, 112
Corelli, Marie, 777
Corinthians, Letters of Paul to the,
134, 137, 144, 417, 518, 846
key chapters and verses, 787
Cornell University, 752
Coronary artery disease. See Heart
disease
Corpuscula, 42
Corpus Hermeticum (Gnostic text),
565
Correns, Carl, 558, 609
Correspondence theory of truth,
683, 901, 902
Cortex, 612, 614
Cortical gyri, 611–612
Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany,
350
Cosmic background radiation. See
Background microwave
radiation
Cosmic Christ concept, 145
Cosmic coincidences. See Anthropic
principle
Cosmic consciousness, 158, 446, 569
Cosmic dust, 172, 797
Cosmic regularity, 510
Cosmic strings, superstrings versus,
844
Cosmic time, 895
Cosmic Understanding (Munitz),
595–596
Cosmogony, 170
circular, 261–262
definition of, 61
See also Creation
Cosmological argument, 168–170,
179, 181–182, 381–382,
631–632, 650, 747
Avicenna and, 169, 896
design argument versus, 209
Kepler and, 181
Cosmology, 170–171
definition of, 61
hermeneutics and, 393
imagination and, 447–448
Cosmology, physical aspects,
171–177
age of the universe and, 4–5, 679
as anisotropic, 455
Anthropic Principle and, 13–17,
126, 173–174, 175–176, 393,
747, 764
astronomy and, 39
Big Bang Theory and, 61–62,
171–172, 173. See also as
separate listing
Big Crunch Theory and, 62, 99
black hole and, 39, 71, 389, 618,
718, 807, 889
carbon synthesis and, 17
chaos and, 99–100
closed universe speculation and,
148
concentric spheres belief and,
822
Copernicus and, 124–125, 128,
141–142, 170, 179, 180, 181,
349, 371, 375, 480, 681, 780,
822, 870
creatio ex nihilo and, 173, 392
cyclical universe and, 197, 821
Descartes and, 207
Earth–centered universe and. See
Geocentrism
ecotheology and, 250
Einstein’s General Theory of
Relativity and, 253, 718–719
end–of–the–world concepts and,
264–265, 888, 889
extraterrestrial life search and,
316–318
field theory and, 333
Galileo and, 85, 125, 170,
179–180, 349–351, 371, 389,
480, 681, 822
geometry and, 375
Grand Unified Theory and,
387–388, 844, 845
gravitation and, 388–390, 402
Hindu cosmology compared
with, 401–402
imagination and, 448–449
Inflationary Universe Theory,
454–455, 618
Kepler and, 125, 128, 350, 371,
380, 822
new physics and, 618
Newton and, 170, 179, 181, 182,
316, 375, 619, 622, 667
open universe and, 632
Planck time and, 679
quantum, 100, 168, 174–176, 330,
389–390, 618, 672–673, 676,
711
science–religion dialogue and,
762, 771, 771–772
singularity and, 373, 807, 845
Steady State Theory and, 99–100,
172–173, 182, 841
string theory and, 844, 845
Sun–centered universe and. See
Heliocentric universe
t
=
O and, 172–173, 859
time and, 895
Cosmology, religious and
philosophical aspects, 177–183
Anthropic Principle and, 12–17,
126, 173–174, 764
Aristotle and, 27, 28, 124, 170,
178, 179, 180, 181, 299, 316,
317, 371, 447, 488, 492, 536,
591, 665, 749–750, 821–822,
846, 891–892
biblical. See Biblical cosmology
Big Bang Theory and, 172–173,
175, 182, 379, 381–382, 747
Buddhism and, 75, 76, 82–83,
117, 774
changing status of, 182–183
chaos and, 98–99
Chinese religions and, 114, 116,
117
cosmic Christ and, 145
creatio continua and, 183–184
creatio ex nihilo and, 171, 173,
184, 392
cyclical universe and, 197, 400,
820–821
Daoism and, 117, 773
design argument and, 209–215
divine action and, 219–221,
769–770
end of the world and, 261–265,
565–566
era mundi and, 564
eschatology and, 269
extraterrestrial search and,
316–318
feminist theory and, 326–327
Genesis interpretations and,
355–356
God of the gaps and, 667
Greek philosophy and, 177, 178,
299, 664–665, 762, 821, 838,
846
hierarchical view of, 398
Hinduism and, 400, 401–402, 773
Holy Spirit and, 415
Intelligent Design and, 463. See
also as separate listing
Islam and, 178, 471, 473
Judaism and, 478, 479–480, 481,
486–487, 488
karma and, 400
Lutheranism and, 128, 179
Maimonides and, 488, 536
millennialism and, 564–565
multilevel universe theory,
447–448, 846
myths and, 591
neo–Platonism and, 124–125
Omega Point theory and, 627,
640, 778, 874, 876, 878
pantheism and, 645–646
Plato and, 591, 681, 821
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process theology and, 126, 338,
700–701
providence and, 769–770
Ptolemaic table and, 822
quantum cosmology and, 175,
676
Reformed theology on, 137–138
Roman Catholicism and, 125,
141, 143, 180–181, 350, 351
science–religion dialogue and,
762, 771, 771–772
singularity and, 379
special providence and, 747
Steady State Theory and, 172, 182
supernaturalism and, 846
symmetries and, 853
T + O and, 172–73, 175, 747
time and, 896–897
See also Creation; Creationism;
Creation science
Cosmos. See Universe
Cost–benefit analysis, 864
Coudé telescope, 493
Coulomb, Charles–Augustin de, 661
Coulson, Charles A., 383, 392
Council for Responsible Genetics,
354
Councils, religious. See key word,
e.g. Trent, Council of
Counterbalance Foundation, 755
web site, 767
Counterfactual conditional, 510–11
Counterintuitive theories
Lutheranism and, 129
particle physics and, 670
quantum physics and, 129, 376,
669
space–time concept and, 824
Counter–Reformation, 180, 885
Counting–information, 456–457
Coupled constant, 387
Coupled systems, emergence and,
155, 156
Courage to Be, The (Tillich), 381
Cours de philosophie positive
(Comte), 814
Cousins, Ewert, 829
Covering law model, 315, 512, 655
Covetousness, sin of, 805
Cox, Harvey, 862, 871
CPT–symmetry, 853
Craftsmanship. See Technology;
Technology and religion
Craig, William, 172, 381–82
Crane, Tim, 575
Created co–creator, 23, 183, 425,
531–532, 750, 772
Creatio continua, 183–84
autopoiesis and, 47
Christianity and, 171, 425
clockwork universe versus, 220,
384
divine action and, 220, 336, 425
genetic knowledge and, 425
Grand Unified Theory and, 388
Islamic concept of, 468
Planck’s constant and, 174
Reformed theology and, 139
Steady State Theory and, 841
theology of evolution and, 305
Creatio ex nihilo, 184, 185–186
autopoiesis and, 47
Big Bang Theory and, 126, 171,
172–173, 771–772
chaos and, 99
Christian belief ind, 171, 173, 175,
184, 186, 187, 602, 821, 891–892
creationism and, 188–190
as divine action, 184, 220, 336
free process defense versus, 340
Genesis interpretations and,
355–356, 821
Islam and, 184, 471, 473
Maimonides’s view of, 489, 787
modern cosmology and, 392
by monotheistic God, 378
myths about, 591, 821
Planck’s constant and, 174
process theology on, 126
quantum cosmology and, 175,
379
Reformed theology and, 137
t
=
O and, 172–173, 175, 859
Creation, 184–187
age of the universe and, 5, 189,
190
Aristotle’s view of, 27, 28,
601–602, 891
autopoiesis and, 46, 47
Bahá’í belief and, 54
biblical account of. See Genesis
biblical cosmology and, 61, 99,
124
Big Bang Theory and, 61–62, 182
causation and, 91, 97, 137–138
chaotic gap and, 98–99
Christian beliefs and, 119, 124,
137–138, 175, 185–186, 187,
303, 785–786
Christology and, 144–145
clockwork universe concept and,
56, 103, 145, 384
continuous. See Creatio
continua; Steady State Theory
convergent evolution and, 168
cosmological argument and,
169–170
created co–creator theory and,
183, 425, 531–32, 750, 772
cycles of, 400, 591, 896
early Christian commentary on,
124
ecological philosophy and, 241
as ecosystem, 239–240
ecotheology and, 247–250
embodiment and, 254
emergence theories and, 256–257
end–of–the–world calculations
and, 261–265
eschatology and, 269
evangelical Christian beliefs and,
121–122, 303, 785–786. See also
Creationism
evolutionary ethics and, 286
evolution theory and, 305,
874–876
as free act, 97
gap (day–age) theory of, 132,
133–134
gene patenting and, 353
God’s role in. See Divine action
hierarchical view of, 10–11
Hinduism and, 400
Holy Spirit and, 415
hope and, 418
human origins and, 299
human stewardship of, 436
Intelligent Design and, 463
Islam and, 184, 185, 464–465,
471, 473, 474, 896
Judaism and, 185, 477, 482, 486,
489, 491, 527, 536, 896
kenosis and, 501–502
life sciences and, 529–530
Maimonides and, 536
mythic accounts of, 187,
261–262, 591, 821
Newton’s view of, 619
from nothing. See Creatio ex
nihilo
omnipresence and, 628
order and, 633, 634, 670, 762, 821
origins of life and, 524
panentheistic view of, 642
Pentecostalist view of, 132–133
Platonic dialogue on, 124
process theology and, 338
Protestant view of glories of,
248–249
providence and, 704
quantum cosmology and, 175
quantum vacuum state and, 712
religious views of abortion and,
2–3
Schleiermacher’s view of, 411
science–religion relationship and,
747, 762
singularity and, 373
Teilhard de Chardin’s
evolutionary view of, 874, 876
temporal beginning of, 896
Thomas Aquinas’s view of,
891–892
timetable of, 132, 133–134, 189,
411, 486, 638
web sites on, 756
See also Cosmology, physical
aspects; Cosmology, religious
and philosophical aspects
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Creation, The (Atkins), 594
Creationism, 187–190, 305, 810
apologetics and, 26
calculated age of the world and,
5, 188
catastrophism and, 90, 188–189
evangelical Christians and, 122,
760
evolutionary theology versus, 772
forms of, 188–189. See also
Creation science; Intelligent
Design
funamentalism and, 378
Gould’s testimony against, 386
Mendelian genetics and, 559
Pentecostal view of, 133
periodicals on, 767
Roman Catholic “moment of
conception” view and, 369
Scopes Trial and, 785–786
as theological answer to Darwin,
303
Two Book metaphor and, 907
Creation Magazine, 767
Creation myths, 187, 261–262, 591,
821
Creation Research Society, 189
Creation Research Society Quarterly,
189
Creation science, 190
beliefs of, 189, 303, 760
Christian fundamentalism and,
122, 162, 189, 346–347, 378,
760, 786
empirical confirmation and,
188–189, 346–347
publications of, 767
sin and, 806
as theological answer to Darwin,
303, 760
Creativity
art origins and, 30, 31
cognitive fluidity and, 148
complexity and, 156
cultural manipulation and,
193–194
imagination and, 447
Creator God. See Greation
Crescas, Hasdai, 490
Crick, Francis
DNA structure identification by,
65, 360, 363, 366, 420, 530
gene patents and, 425
reductionism and, 158, 398, 707
scientism and, 783, 784
Crimean War, 553
Criminal behavior, gene myth and,
422–423, 584
Critical analysis. See Historical
criticism
Critical realism, 190–193, 713
arguments for, 191–192, 392,
757–758
critics of, 758
hypothetical realism and, 443
logical positivism and, 685–687
as model, 579, 757–758
naïve realism versus, 190, 757
revelation and, 736
science–religion studies and, 746,
757–758, 762, 770–771
Critical theory, 395, 855
Critique of Judgment (Kant), 153,
797
Critique of Practical Reason (Kant),
211, 497
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant),
375, 447, 497, 498, 541, 569,
877
Cronin, Helena, 31
Cronk, Lee, 193
Cross, as symbol, 853
Cross–cultural analysis
empiricism and, 260–261
faith healing and, 831–834
myths and, 591
sacraments and, 744
Cross–level causation, 228
Crossroad Publishing World
Spirituality series, 829
Crucifixion, 500, 821
Crusades, 564
Cryopreservation, 732
Crystallins, 166
Crystallization, 798
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi, 856
CT. See Chaos Theory
C3PO (film robot), 35
CTNS Bulletin (journal), 766
Cultural anthropology, 21–24, 193,
194, 288
Cultural bias, 22
Cultural humanism, 428
Cultural materialism, 22
Cultural myths, 422
Cultural psychology, 163
Cultural relativism
anthropology and, 20, 21, 23
beauty judgments and, 57
complementarity and, 73
Culture
complexity and, 156
consciousness studies and, 163
definitions of, 21–22, 193
end–time beliefs and, 261, 264
ethnicity and, 271–272
fundamentalism and, 347
gender and, 324
human nature and, 438–439
memes as unit of, 21–22, 194,
556–557
mutations and, 290
nature versus nurture debate
and, 607–608
postmodern view of, 691
progress and, 702–703
religious rituals/beliefs and,
728–729
revelation and, 737
science–religion relationshipp
and, 762
science wars and, 782
shared value system and, 914
spirituality and health practices
and, 831–836
spirituality in science and, 839
supernaturalism and, 847
values and, 914, 916, 919
womanist theology and, 928
See also Cross–cultural analysis
Culture, origins of, 193–196
anthropology and, 21–22, 23
anthropology of religion and,
24
art origins and, 30–31
contemporary theories of,
194–196
economic activity and, 244–245
evolutionary theory and,
287–291
evolution of God and, 378
functionalist theory and, 345
human evolution and, 298–299
language and, 504–506
memes and, 21–22, 194, 556
myths and, 590–592
naturalistic fallacy and, 393
science–religion dialogue and,
195
sociobiology and, 194, 532, 607,
808–809
technology and, 860, 862–863,
871–873
Culture wars, 304, 782
Cure, The (Avicenna), 473
Current, electrical, 666
Cuvier, Georges
anti–Lamarckism campaign by,
503
catastrophism and, 90, 280, 299,
638
critique of progress by, 702
paleontology and, 638
Cyber–communities, 924
Cybernetics, 196–197
artificial intelligence and, 32–35,
196
artificial life and, 36, 196
automata and, 45–46, 153
cognitivism and, 160
complexity and, 151, 153–154,
197
development of, 153, 196
genetic code analogy with, 523
neofunctionalism and, 344
robotics and, 740
self–organization and, 196, 797
systems theory and, 855
Cyberpunk, 777
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Cyberspace. See Information
technology; Virtual reality;
World Wide Web
Cyborg, 35, 196, 197, 740, 848
Cyc (AI project), 33, 34
Cyclical universe, 197
creation and, 400, 591, 896
karmic traces and, 400
millennialism and, 564
time concepts, 261, 262, 263,
820–821, 896
See also Reincarnation
Cystic fibrosis
gene for, 421, 872
gene therapy for, 68, 356, 365,
424
genetic transmission of, 358
pre–implantation genetic testing
for, 733
prenatal genetic testing for, 2,
370
Cytosine, 225, 419, 530, 584
D
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 816
Dai Zhen, 261
Dake’s Annotated Reference Bible,
133
Dalai Lama, 79, 86
Dalton, John, 668
Daly, Martin, 810, 811
Damascenus, Johannes. See John
Damascene
Damasio, Antonio, 616
Dana, James Dwight, 122, 138
Dance, 29, 30
Daniel, Book of, 263
Danishnama–yi
i
ala
h
I (Avicenna),
50
Dante Alighieri, 49, 374–375, 725,
822, 905
Dao, 107, 117, 184, 199–200, 744
chaos and, 99
immortality and, 110, 111
technology and, 869–870
theology and, 883
See also Chinese religions,
Daoism and science in China
Daode jing. See Dao
Daoism. See Chinese religions,
Daoism and science in China
Dappled World, The (Cartwright),
656
D’Aquili, Eugene, 307, 314, 615–616,
617, 707, 726, 800, 827–828
Darius I, King of Persia, 400
Dark–light dichotomy, 272
Dark Materials trilogy (Pullman),
692
Dark matter, 148
Dark Night symbol ( John of the
Cross), 99
Darkover Landfall (Bradley), 779
Darrow, Clarence, 785–786
Darwin, Annie, 202
Darwin, Charles, 200–202
on “abundance of life,” 527
adaptation theory and, 4, 201,
226, 235, 281, 295, 299–300,
303, 639, 764, 877
Anglicanism and, 120, 200
apologetics and, 25, 26
art origins and, 30
biocultural evolution and, 289
biological research by, 200–201
common ancestor theory of,
577
on death, 286
“descent with modification”
theory. See subhead
adapatation theory above
design argument refutation and,
201, 211, 603, 764
economic theories and, 246
evolutionary epistemology and,
283
evolutionary ethics and, 202, 285,
286, 289
on facial expression, 433
feminist critiques of, 810
fitness concept and, 333, 334
fossil record and, 639, 200, 201
Gould’s critiques of, 384, 385,
761
gradualism and, 639, 760
on human–ape similarities, 698
human nature and, 437, 809
Huxley’s defense of, 300
influences on, 200–201, 558
materialism and, 541
Mendel’s genetic experiments
and, 558
misuse of ideas of, 761
natural selection theory of. See
Evolution, biological
nature viewed by, 606
Neo–Lamarckism versus, 503–504
paleontology and, 638–639
progress concept and, 702–703,
723
Reformed theology and, 138
religious views of, 201–202, 837
Roman Catholicism and,
142–143
science–religion conflict model
and, 760
science–religion dialogue and,
751, 752, 772, 781, 789
social behavior and, 808–809
species modification and, 65, 200
species similarities and, 11
spirituality and, 837
teleology and, 877–878
theological responses to, 202,
248, 249, 289, 303–304, 752,
760
web sites for texts by, 756
See also Evolution headings;
Neo–Darwinism
Darwin, Emma Wedgwood, 200, 201
Darwin, Erasmus, 200, 280, 281,
287, 288
belief in progress by, 702
Darwinism. See Darwin, Charles;
Evolution, biological; Evolution,
human; Neo–Darwinism
Darwinism, neural. See Neural
Darwinism
Darwinism, social. See Evolution,
biocultural; Social Darwinism;
Sociobiology
Darwin’s Black Box (Behe), 383
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (Dennett),
807
Darwin’s finches, 296
Data. See Information; Information
technology; Information theory
Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent
de Paul, 553
Davenport, Charles Benedict, 273
David (Hebrew Bible), 144
Davidson, Donald, 572–573, 583,
849
Davies, Nicholas, 809
Davies, Paul, 213, 764, 771, 879
Davis, Kingsley, 816
Davy, Humphry, 104, 106
Dawkins, Richard
atheism and, 378, 634, 650
critique of Gould by, 385
evolutionary algorithms and, 282
evolutionary ethics and, 285
genetic determinism and, 761
memes theory of, 289, 290,
556–557
reductionism and, 398
science–religion conflict thesis
and, 761, 768, 772
scientism and, 783, 784, 785
“selfish gene” concept of, 363,
530, 795–796, 809
sociobiology and, 706, 761
Day of Judgment. See Last Judgment
“Days” of Genesis. See Gap
(day–age) theory
Day the Earth Stood Still, The (film),
910
DDT pesticide, 236, 243, 294
Deacon, Terrence, 30
Dead Sea Scrolls, 518
Dean, William, 260
Deane–Drummond, Celia, 531, 773
De Anima (Aristotle), 818
Death, 203–205
Buddhist view of, 78, 79, 84,
204–205
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Death (continued)
Daoist view of, 107, 205
eschatology and, 269
euthanasia and, 368, 528
evolutionary ethics and, 285–286
fall and, 278, 321
materialistic explanation of, 539
near–death experiences and, 521
as oppposite of life, 529
salvation and, 528
Second Law of Thermodynamics
and, 888, 889
sin and, 806
spirituality and, 836
theodicy and, 881
See also Life after death
Death of Nature: Women, Ecology,
and the Scientific Revolution
(Merchant), 324
De Broglie, Louis. See Broglie, Louis
de
Decimal system, 115, 407, 545
Decision theory, 922
Decisive Treatise on the Harmony
between Religion and
Philosophy (Averröes), 474
De civitate Dei (Augustine). See City
of God
Declaration of Independence (1776;
United States), 546
Declaration of the Rights of Man
(1789; France), 480
Deconstructionism, 235, 395
De Corpore (Hobbes), 542
De doctrina christiana (Augustine),
801
Deductive method
Aristotle’s necessary first
principles and, 657, 658
cosmological argument and,
169–70
Descartes and, 658
geometry and, 374, 375–376, 546,
823
hypotheses and, 652, 658, 746
Newton and, 658–659, 660
See also Axiomatic method
Deductive–nomological explanation,
655
Deely, John, 63
Deep Blue (chess–playing
program), 33–34
Deep ecology, 205–206, 241, 242
ecofeminism and, 233
Gaia hypothesis and, 349
holism and, 414
pantheism and, 645
Deep Impact (film), 265
Deep inelastic scattering, 668
Deep–sea hydrothermal vents, 317,
525–526
Deep time, 338
Deer, social behavior of, 809
De eventu futurorum (Richard of
Lavenham), 898
Defence of Poesie (Sidney), 846
De Fide Orthodoxa ( John
Damascene), 453
Defilement, 806
Degradation, ecological, 237–238
Deikman, Arthur, 698
Deism, 206
clockwork universe concept and,
56, 103, 145, 206, 384
creatio continua versus, 220
Darwin’s views and, 201
definition of, 206, 641, 880
genetically based human nature
and, 227
Lamarck and, 503
materialism and, 541
panentheism and, 641, 642
progressionists as, 702
religion–science relationship and,
650, 764
transcendence of the world view
of, 901
Two Books metaphor and, 907
view of supernaturalism of,
848
De l’Esprite (Helvétius), 540
Deliverer from Error, The (Ghazali),
466
Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, 480,
492
DeLong, Howard, 547
Del Ray, Lester, 778, 779
De magistro (Augustine), 801
“Dematerialization of Matter, The”
(Hanson), 542
Dembski, William, 162, 282, 303,
760, 879
Demiurge, 92, 591, 821
Democritus, 42, 408, 539, 561, 568,
667, 683
Demons, 620, 835, 848, 892
Demski, William, 378
Demythologizing, 448
De Natura Deorum (Cicero), 441,
650
Dendrites, 613
Dennett, Daniel, 282, 301, 398, 807
Deontological ethics
anthropocentrism and, 18, 19
Judaism and, 484
technology and, 864, 865
Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA
Depression (emotional) 614, 697’
De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 539
De revolutionibus orbium
caelestium (Copernicus), 179,
180
Derham, William, 26
Dermatology, 494
Derrida, Jacques, 395
Descartes, René, 206–208
analytic geometry and, 372, 375,
545
animals’ lack of soul belief of,
11, 89–90, 231, 299, 300, 437,
539–540, 918
Avicenna and, 50
causation and, 92, 93
Christian theology and, 137
coordinate system and, 719
deductive science and, 658
divine omnipotence view of, 628
dualism and, 85, 89–90, 159, 208,
230, 231, 255, 402, 437, 568,
569, 572, 573, 691, 819, 827
existence of God proof and, 26,
630, 650, 906
infinity view of, 454
influence of, 208
laws of nature and, 822
mechanical laws and, 89, 90, 92,
432, 437, 539, 750, 822
naturalism and, 207, 299
natural theology and, 210
Newton’s theology versus, 622,
623
rationalism and, 140, 208, 432,
545
reflex concept and, 611
scientific revolution and, 780
on self, 50, 207, 208, 568, 793
self–organization concept and,
797
theism and, 40, 509, 824
theology of, 886
Two Books metaphor and, 906
See also Cartesianism
Descent of Man (Darwin), 200, 289,
577, 698, 809
Descent with modification. See
Adaptation
Descriptive complexity, 152
Design, 209–215
adaptation and, 303, 764, 879
chance as challenge to, 212, 213,
603, 764
Christian belief and, 187, 200,
787–788, 789
convergence and, 167–168
Darwin’s rejection of, 201, 211,
603, 764
nature as revelation of, 209,
321–322
Plato’s cosmology and, 681
teleology and, 209–215, 876, 877,
878
Design argument, 209–215,
215–216
Anglican science and, 120
Anthropic Principle as, 14, 173,
174, 175–176, 211, 212,
213–214, 747, 764
apologetics and, 26
beauty and, 56
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evolutionary theory and, 379, 750
for God’s existence, 26, 56,
209–215, 379, 382, 603–604,
763, 764
Hume’s critique of, 211, 382, 441,
751, 877
Intelligent Design and, 190,
210–211, 463, 764, 876
Kant’s critique of, 211, 877
natural theology and, 104,
603–604, 763
neo–Darwinism versus, 737
Newton’s belief in, 26, 621–622
scriptural traditions and, 789
teleological argument as,
209–215, 876, 877, 878
twentieth–century arguments for,
211–212
in twenty–first century, 212–215
Two Books metaphor and, 905
Design–Centered Anthropic
Principle, 14
“Designer babies,” 68, 70, 147, 273,
357, 361–362, 367, 422, 424,
733
Desmond, Adrian, 200
Desmond, William, 922
Destutt de Tracy,
Antoine–Louis–Claude, 540
De substantia orbis (Averroës), 48
Determination of the Coordinates of
Positions for the Correction of
Distances between Cities, The
(al–Biruni), 474–475
Determinism, 216–217
Calvinism and, 89, 704
causation and, 91, 222, 573
chance versus, 96, 97, 212
Chaos Theory and, 101, 102,
216–217
classical physics and, 98, 667
divine action and, 222
divine providence and, 102
dualism versus, 230
ethnicity and, 272
freedom versus, 217, 335,
336–337, 364, 812–813
genetic. See Genetic determinism
hidden–variables theories and,
673
indeterminism versus, 216, 337,
452–453
karma and, 499
laws of nature and, 509
materialism and, 539, 541
mind–brain interaction and,
574–575
in modern science, 336–337
nature versus nurture and, 337,
338
neuroscience and, 616
omnipotence and, 217, 336
omniscience and, 898–899
process theology’s rejection of,
701
providence and, 704
psychophysical laws and, 573,
575
quantum uncertainty versus,
72–73, 97, 98, 216, 337, 392,
675, 839
religious thought and, 675
scientific spirituality and,
838–839
sociobiology and, 809–813
theistic, 97
three–part, 337, 338, 364
types of, 38, 216–217, 337, 364
See also Predestination
De Trinitate (Augustine), 44
Deus ex machina, 383, 384
skyhooks and, 807
Deuterium, 99, 866–867
Deutsch, Helene, 495
Devaney, Robert, 101
Development, social and economic
cultural development and, 193,
194, 195
modernity and, 580–582
See also Ecology, ethics of;
Economics; Globalization;
Sociology
Developmental neurosciences, 613
Devil, the. See Satan
De Vries, Hugo. See Vries, Hugo de
De Waal, Frans, 699
Dewey, John, 59, 596
empiricism and, 260
pragmatism and, 694, 695
value theory and, 913, 914, 921,
922
Dharma, 217–218
ecology and, 403, 404
meaning of, 76, 218
mutual dependence and, 78
Diabetes, 360, 367, 842
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM), 840
Dialectic, 246, 887
Dialectical materialism, 538,
541–542, 565
Dialogal personalism, 794
Dialogue. See Models; Science and
religion, methodologies;
Science and religion, models
and relations
Dialogue (Galileo), 142, 180–181
Dialogue on the Two Chief World
Systems (Galileo), 349, 351
Dialogues Concerning Natural
Religion (Hume), 211, 441, 498,
751, 877
Dialogue with Trypho ( Justin
Martyr), 25
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 352
Dick, Philip K., 777, 778
Dictionnaire historique et critique
(Bayle), 538
Diderot, Denis, 56, 440, 520, 539,
540
Difference, as postmodern value,
245
Differential equations, 331
Differential reproduction, 213, 281,
293, 613, 790
Digges, Thomas, 136–137
Digital computer. See Computers
Digitalization, 456, 457, 458–459,
462
Dignity, human, 422, 424, 425–426,
842
“designer babies” and, 367
xenotransplantation and, 931
See also Medical ethics;
Personhood
Dijksterhuis, E. J., 752
Dilation and evacuation (D&E), 1
Dilthey, Wilhelm, 163, 394, 690,
839
Diluvium, causes of, 90
Dimensions
geometric spaces and, 372–373
superstring theory and, 845
See also Fourth dimension; Space
and time
Dinosaur, 639
Dioxin, 243
Dirac, Paul, 332, 669, 672
Direct god–experiences, 650
Directionality. See Convergence
Discalced Carmelites, 585–586
Discontinuous variation, 558
Discourse, artificial intelligence and,
34–35
Discourse on the Comets (Galileo),
351
Discourse on the Method
(Descartes), 206, 207, 375
Discourse on Two New Sciences
(Galileo), 351
Discourse pluralism, 683, 684
Discourse theory of truth, 903
Discrimination. See Genetic
discrimination; Race; Sexual
bias
Diseases
clinical neurosciences and, 615
Daoist prescriptions text for, 111
eugenics and, 273
faith healing and, 829–830,
831–834
gene therapy for, 68, 356, 360,
361, 365, 419
genetic, 1–2, 65–66, 68, 225,
358–359, 361, 370, 419, 420,
531, 584
genetically engineered
pharmaceuticals and, 360, 364
placebo effect and, 676–678
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Diseases (continued)
religious belief/spirituality and,
554, 835–836, 840
stem cell research and, 66, 367,
368–369, 842
See also Medicine; specific
diseases
Disorder, 218
anthropic design versus, 16
chaos and, 98–99
Gnostic view of, 633
See also Entropy; Order
Displacement, 506
Disquisitions on Matter and Spirit
(Priestley), 541, 750–751
Dissanayake, Ellen, 30
Dissipative structures, 218
complexity and, 154
emergence and, 257
self–organization and, 797
Dissonance. See Models; Science
and religion, methodologies;
Science and religion, models
and relations
Distributive justice, 600, 842, 867,
916–917
Diversity. See Biological diversity;
Pluralism
Divination, 109, 114
Divine action, 218–224
apologetics and, 24–25
Aristotle’s view of, 27–29
autopoiesis and, 46, 47
Big Bang Theory and, 172, 182
causality and, 90–91, 93, 94, 97,
219, 220, 221, 336, 562, 747,
750, 769
chance versus, 96
Chaos Theory and, 102
classical physics and, 667
clockwork universe and, 56, 103,
145, 181, 182
complexity theory and, 156,
157
created co–creator belief and,
183, 425, 529, 531–532
creatio continua and, 183–184,
336, 384, 388
creatio ex nihilo and, 184, 220,
336, 340
creation science’s view of,
189–190
Darwin’s view of, 764
design argument and, 209–215,
621–622
determinism and, 217
deus ex machina as intervention
in, 383, 384, 807
double agency and, 228, 769
downward causation analogy of,
228, 384, 414, 642–643, 765
end–of–the–world and,
264–265
evil and suffering and, 217,
277–279, 339, 340, 625,
880–881, 889
evolution theory and, 202, 531,
750, 764
fine–tuning and. See Anthropic
Principle
forces of nature and, 334
freedom and, 335, 336, 339–340
free process defense and, 339
God of the gaps approach to,
223, 382–384, 667
healing and, 829–830
holism and, 413
Holy Spirit and, 415
Intelligent Design and, 190
intercessory prayer and, 696, 697
Islam and, 880–881
Judaism and, 491, 536
kenosis and, 501–502
Laplace’s view of, 219, 675
Leibniz–Clarke debate on, 169,
181, 622, 750
life sciences and, 529–530
Maimonides’s view of, 536
metaphysics and, 91, 561–562
miracles and, 222, 279, 379, 562,
575–577, 825
of monotheistic God, 378
nature’s self–productivity and,
606
new theories of, 384
Newton’s laws and, 135–136,
170, 181, 182, 210, 219, 220,
621–622, 675, 747, 750
nuclear war and, 625
omnipresence and, 185, 628
order and, 634, 762
particular instances of, 221–223,
825–826
Plato on, 92, 591, 681, 821
process thought on, 338, 701,
765, 769–770
providence and, 704–705
quantum uncertainty and, 136,
223, 384, 392, 675–676, 765,
770
Radical Reform Christians’ view
of, 135
revelation and, 736–737
salvation and, 335–336
science–religion dialogue on,
749–754, 769–770
scientists’ views of, 378, 379
as Scopes Trial issue, 785–786
self–limitation and, 336, 339–340
self–organization and, 156, 157,
182, 186, 305, 798
special providence and, 825–826
t
=
O and, 172–173
theodicy and, 880–881
Thomas Aquinas’s view of, 90
time and, 821
upward causation and, 384
Vatican conferences on, 769–770
Whitehead’s view of, 650,
927–928
See also Creation; Creationism
Divine agency. See Divine action;
Omnipotence
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 375,
822
Divine concurrence, 220
Divine conservation, 220
Divine foreknowledge. See
Omniscence
Divine grace. See Grace
Divine healing. See Spirituality and
faith healing
Divine immanence. See Immanence
Divine incarnation. See Incarnation
Divine justice. See Theodicy
Divine love, 44, 105, 137, 140, 304,
305, 339, 340, 426, 531
grace and, 278
kenosis and, 451, 500–502, 770
metaphor and, 560
omnipotence as, 634
Whitehead’s view of, 927
Divine Milieu, The (Teilhard), 416
Divine presence. See Sacraments
Divine reason, natural law and,
599–600
Divine Relativity, The (Hartshorne),
886
Divine revelation. See Revelation
Divine transcendence. See
Transcendence
Divine will
Islamic belief in, 464
nature versus, 606
special providence and, 825–826
See also Divine action
Divine wisdom, 415, 531
order and, 633
as Sophia, 415, 560
DNA, 224–228
base pairings of, 530
behavioral genetics and, 58
biotechnology and, 63, 65, 68,
69, 146, 530
chemistry and, 105
cloning process and, 66, 146,
147, 365, 368, 425, 733, 867
complex order and, 633
computer–generated models of,
459
copying technique. See Genetic
engineering
as cultural icon, 422
design and, 604
determinative influence of, 337,
363. See also Genetic
determinism
embryo pre–implantation
diagnosis and, 733
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evolutionary success and,
293–294
formation of life by, 522–523,
524
genes as segments of, 362–363
genetic engineering and, 359,
360
hermeneutics and, 393
human genome and, 255–256,
363, 420, 422, 423
molecular biology and, 530
molecular composition and, 419
molecular drive theory and, 281
multiple copies of, 65
mutations and, 225, 294, 358, 584
nature versus nurture and,
607–608
nuclear transfer and, 734
nucleotide bases and, 522–523
patenting debate, 69, 352, 354,
360–361, 420, 424–425
playing God with, 682
protein evolution and, 296–297
reductionism and, 398
replication of, 293–294, 530
RNA–world model and, 526
sequences, 294, 296, 360, 363,
419, 420, 522–523, 584
structure of, 224–225, 360, 363,
366, 420, 530, 872
transposition, 432
See also Gene therapy; Genetic
code; Genetics; Human
Genome Project
Dnyaneshwar, 587
Do Androids Dream of Electric
Sheep? (Dick), 777
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 609, 703
Doctor–patient relationship
medical ethics and, 548, 550, 551
patients’ rights and, 836
patient’s spiritual history and,
554–555
Does God Play Dice? The
Mathematics of Chaos (Stewart),
212
Doha tradition, 586
Doi, Ibrahim, 587
Dollard, John, 6
Dolly (cloned sheep), 66, 79,
145–146, 365, 425, 733, 867
Dome of the Rock mosque, 56
Domestsic violence, 810
Dominicans, 890, 891, 892
Donald, Merlin, 193–194
Donatism, 43
Donne, John, 179–180
Donum Vitae (1987 encyclical), 2–3,
369, 734
Dopamine, 310, 613
Dorff, Elliot, 481
DoSER (Dialogue on Science,
Ethics, and Religion), 756
Double agency, 228
clockwork universe and, 145
providence and, 769
Double–blind experiment, 677
Double helix structure, DNA, 225,
360, 363, 366, 420, 530
Douglas, John, 441
Douglass, Mary, 22, 728
Dowie, John Alexander, 134
Down syndrome, genetic testing for,
2, 422, 424, 733
Downward causation, 228–229
computational complexity and,
154
definition of, 228, 911
as divine action analogy, 228,
384, 414, 642–643, 765, 770
ecological studies and, 531
effect of large wholes and, 413
emergence and, 258
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 392
neurosciences and, 616
new physics and, 618
spiritual experience and, 309
supervenience and, 851
whole–part causation and,
413–414
See also Upward causation
Drake, Frank, 317
Draper, John, 752
Drees, Willem B., 747, 768, 770
Dretske–Tooley–Armstrong theory,
511
Drewermann, Eugen, 322
Dreyfus, Hubert, 33, 160
Drive theory, 6
Drosophila, 293
Dr. Strangelove (film), 777
Drugs. See Pharmacology
Dual aspect monism, 25, 572,
582
Dual inheritance model, 194
Dualism, 229–231
anomalous. See subhead
Cartesian below
Augustine’s view of, 44–45
Avicenna’s view of, 50
beauty judgments and, 57
behaviorism versus, 59, 60
biosemiotics and, 65
Cartesian, 85, 89–90, 159, 208,
230, 231, 255, 402, 437, 568,
569, 572, 573, 691, 819, 827
Christianity and, 159, 519, 819,
830
consciousness and, 158, 159–160,
162, 229–230, 827
contemporary science and, 230
death and, 204, 230
downward causation and, 228
embodiment and, 254
emergence versus, 258
evolutionary ethics and, 285
existence of God and, 162
feminist critique of, 326, 759, 762
hardware–software analogy, 8,
160
hierarchical thinking and, 398
history of concept, 230–231
holism versus, 413, 414
medical thought and, 402
metaphysics and, 561–563
mind–body, 517, 567–568, 818,
819. See also Soul
monism versus, 583, 750–751
mysticism and, 586
naturalist–theistic position on,
595, 596
nature versus nurture and, 608
of Newton’s epistemology, 621
nomological, 573
Platonic, 230, 250, 254, 255, 398,
437, 567, 569, 818, 819, 820
process thought’s rejection of,
701
psychophysical laws and, 573
quantum theory compared with
Eastern religious, 676
science–religion discussions of,
763
soul and, 818, 819, 820
supernaturalism and, 846–847
value judgments and, 51
yin–yang, 107, 116, 117, 118,
676, 869
See also Wave–particle duality
Dubay, Thomas, 31
Duchenne, G. B., 433
Duhem, Pierre, 124, 413, 658,
660–661
Duhkha (suffering), 274, 869
Dune series (Herbert), 778
Duns Scotus, John, 374, 453
Durham, William, 23, 194
Durkheim, Émile, 24, 495, 650, 691
functionalism and, 343, 839
reductionism and, 715
on rituals, 738, 739
sociology and, 814, 815, 816,
817, 839
theory of religion of, 311, 724,
727–728, 814
value system and, 727–729, 914
Dürrenmatt, Friedrich, 253
Dust, cosmic, 172, 797
Duster, Troy, 423
Dutch Reformed Church, 906
Dynamical systems
attractors and, 42–43, 101
complexity research and,
151–157
consciousness studies and, 158,
163
ecosystem as, 63
systems theory, 855
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Dynamite, invention of, 866
Dyson, Freeman, 632
Dystopian science fiction, 777
Dzogchen school (Buddhism), 158
E
E = mc
2
(Einstein mass–energy
equation), 252, 542, 721, 866,
331, 332, 667, 720–721
Early Christianity. See Augustine;
Christianity
Earman, John, 216, 652
Earth
age of, 280
Anthropic Principle and, 17
appearance of life on, 280
biological diversity and, 62
catastrophism and, 90, 411,
638
as center of universe, 61, 125,
170, 180, 186, 371, 478,
821–822
deification of, 590
extraterrestrial life search and,
306, 316–318
Gaia hypothesis and, 349, 530,
531, 769, 852
Galilean telescopic findings and,
180
global warming effects on, 237,
390, 566, 624
gravitation of, 388–390, 664, 665,
717
greenhouse effect and, 390
Many–worlds Hypothesis and,
13
rotation around Sun by. See
Heliocentric universe
sedimentary history of, 638
See also Cosmology headings;
Solar system; Universe
Earth Charter, 78, 241
East Chou period (China), 109
Easter dating, 263, 822
“Eastern and Western Paradigms”
(Griffiths), 833
Eastern Orthodoxy. See Christianity,
Orthodox, issues in science and
religion
Eastern religions. See Buddhism
headings; Chinese religions
headings; Hinduism
Eating disorders, 589
Eaubonne, Françoise d’, 233
Eaves, Lindon, 747
EBM. See Evidence–based medicine
Ecclesiastes, Book of, 620
key chapters and verses, 786
Eckhart, Meister, 381, 586, 799
Eclipses, 821, 822
Ecofeminism, 233–234, 241, 242,
328
ecotheology and, 250
feminist cosmology and, 327
Hinduism and, 403, 404
spirituality and, 839
on women and science, 324–325
Ecology, 234–237
biological diversity and, 62, 527
biological research and, 63
Chaos Theory and, 101
chemistry and, 103
deep ecology and, 205–6, 241,
242
entropy and, 889
feminisms and, 233–234, 323–326
first theological construct of, 249
first use of word, 242
Gaia hypothesis and, 349, 530,
531
holism and, 413, 414
human, 418–419
as life science, 529, 530, 531
nuclear fusion energy benefits
and, 867
as science fiction theme, 777
six approaches to, 242–243
symbiosis and, 852
technological effects on, 871
two meanings of, 239
See also Ecosystems
Ecology, ethics of, 234, 235, 236,
237–239
anthropocentrism and, 18, 19
biodiversity and, 527, 532
biotechnology and, 532
deep ecology and, 205–206, 241,
242, 414
ecofeminism and, 233–234, 241,
242, 328
extinction concerns and, 63
feminisms and, 323–326
feminist theology and, 328
Gaia hypothesis and, 349, 530,
531, 747, 769
genetically modified organisms
and, 532, 772
global warming and, 237, 377,
624
greenhouse effect and, 390, 624
Hinduism and, 403
holism and, 414
human status and, 772
modernity and, 580
naturalistic fallacy and, 598
natural law theory and, 600
nature concept and, 606
nuclear energy and, 624–625
science–religion relationship and,
764
sustainability and, 238–239
See also Ecotheology;
Evolutionary ethics
Ecology, religious and philosophical
aspects, 239–242
biblical references and, 236, 237
Buddhism and, 78, 86, 241–242
in classical religions, 236–237
deep ecology and, 205–6, 241,
242
ecofeminism and, 233–34, 241
ecosystem care and, 419, 532
Gaia hypothesis and, 349
genetic engineering and, 63, 532
Hinduism and, 403
human ecology and, 418–419
moral hierarchy critiques and,
399
Orthodox Christianity and, 131
science–religion research and,
769–770
See also Ecotheology
Ecology, science of, 242–244
biodiversity and, 62, 527, 531,
627, 642
entropy and, 889
global warming and, 377
greenhouse effect and, 390
nuclear energy and, 624–625
See also Ecosystems
Ecometrics, 244
Economics, 244–247
basic disputes and issues in,
245–246
Chaos Theory and, 101
complexity theory and, 151
dialectical materialism and, 538,
541–542, 565
distributive justice and, 917
ecofeminism and, 233
ecotheology and, 247
gene patenting and, 352–353,
360–361, 404
genetic commodification fears
and, 367
genetic discrimination and,
421–422
information technology and, 459
liberation theology and, 516,
517
Marxian hermeneutics and, 394
Marx’s theory of, 245, 246, 691
modernity and, 246, 580
religion and, 246, 730
sociobiology and, 246, 811
sociology of religion and, 814
See also Globalization;
Industrialization
Economy and Society (Weber), 246
Ecoscience fiction, 777
Ecosystems
biodiversity of, 62
definition of, 418
dynamic, 63
ecological concept of, 234–235,
239
I
NDEX
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