Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
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and authors to express this guiding conviction and to represent the truly global
character of the dialogue has been one of the main goals of this Encyclopedia.
The Encyclopedia of Science and Religion highlights for our readers the
dynamic and ongoing discussion among the religions and the sciences, and
demonstrates that it is both possible and fruitful to bring together the spectacular
success of science and the wisdom of religion in a constructive interchange. In
doing this, the difficult but exciting interdisciplinary conversation between sci-
ence and religion moves forward to a more challenging phase of interreligious
dialogue where religions could be in conversation with each other through their
relationship to the sciences. This may go beyond regular interfaith dialogue. If
this can be achieved successfully, the multileveled and comprehensive scope of
this work will serve well the future of the science and religion interchange.
J. WENTZEL VREDE VAN HUYSSTEEN
NIELS HENRIK GREGERSEN
NANCY R. HOWELL
WESLEY J. WILDMAN
INTRODUCTION
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LIST OF ARTICLES
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Abortion
Ann Pederson
William J. Watson
Adaptation
Volker Loeschke
Aesthetics
George Allan
Age of the Universe
William R. Stoeger
Aggression
Boje Katzenelson
Algorithm
William A. Dembski
Algorithmic Complexity
William A. Dembski
Altruism
Colin Grant
Animal Rights
Andrew Linzey
Anthropic Principle
Michael A. Corey
Anthropocentrism
Roald E. Kristiansen
Anthropology
Paul K. Wason
Anthropology of Religion
Paul K. Wason
Apologetics
Paul Allen
Aristotle
Edward Grant
Art, Origins of
Paul K. Wason
Artificial Intelligence
Noreen L. Herzfeld
Artificial Life
Claus Emmeche
Astronomy
George F. R. Ellis
Astrophysics
George F. R. Ellis
Atheism
John Haught
Atomism
Dirk Evers
Attractor
Wolfgang Achtner
Augustine
Mathijs Lamberigts
Automata, Cellular
Thiemo Krink
Autopoiesis
Günter Thomas
Averröes
Muzaffar Iqbal
Avicenna
Muzaffar Iqbal
Axiology
George Allan
Baháhí
Stephen R. Friberg
Beauty
George Allan
Behavioral Genetics
V. Elving Anderson
Audrey R. Chapman
Behaviorism
Hans Schwarz
Biblical Cosmology
Norriss Hetherington
Big Bang Theory
Mark Worthing
Big Crunch Theory
Mark Worthing
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LIST OF ARTICLES
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Biological Diversity
Holmes Rolston, III
Biology
Celia Deane-Drummond
Biosemiotics
Claus Emmeche
Biotechnology
Ronald Cole-Turner
Black Hole
Mark Worthing
Bohr, Niels
Henry J. Folse, Jr.
Boundary Conditions
William A. Dembski
Buddhism
Jensine Andresen
Buddhism, Contemporary Issues in Science and
Religion
Ronald Y. Nakasone
Buddhism, History of Science and Religion
Naoki Nabeshima
Butterfly Effect
Wolfgang Achtner
Calvinism
E. David Willis
Cartesianism
Anne A. Davenport
Catastrophism
Arn O. Gyldenholm
Causality, Primary and Secondary
Mariano Artigas
Causation
Theo C. Meyering
Chance
Keith Ward
Chaos, Quantum
Wolfgang Achtner
Jens Noeckel
Chaos, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Denis Edwards
Chaos Theory
Wolfgang Achtner
Taede A. Smedes
Chemistry
David M. Knight
Chinese Religions and Science
Hing Kau Yeung
Chinese Religions, Confucianism and Science in
China
Hing Kau Yeung
Chinese Religions, Daoism and Science in China
Jiang Sheng
Chinese Religions, History of Science and Religion
in China
Hing Kau Yeung
Christianity
Keith Ward
Christianity, Anglican, Issues in Science and Religion
Stephen Sykes
Christianity, Evangelical, Issues in Science and
Religion
Alan G. Padgett
Christianity, History of Science and Religion
Edward B. Davis
Christianity, Lutheran, Issues in Science and Religion
Niels Henrik Gregersen
Christianity, Orthodox, Issues in Science and
Religion
Alexei Nesteruk
Christianity, Pentacostalism, Issues in Science and
Religion
Amos Yong
Paul Elbert
Christianity, Radical Reformed, Issues in Science and
Religion
Christian Early
Nancey Murphy
Christianity, Reformed, Issues in Science and
Religion
E. David Willis
Christianity, Roman Catholic, Issues in Science and
Religion
George Coyne
Christology
Hans Schwarz
Clockwork Universe
Howard J. Van Till
Cloning
Ronald Cole-Turner
Closed Universe
Mark Worthing
Cognitive Fluidity
Steven Mithen
Coherentism
F. LeRon Shults
Competition
Arn O. Gyldenholm
Complementarity
K. Helmut Reich
Complexity
Niels Henrik Gregersen
Consciousness Studies
Joseph A. Goguen
Constructivism
Günter Thomas
Contextualism
Mikael Stenmark
Contingency
Keith Ward
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LIST OF ARTICLES
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Convergence
Simon Conway Morris
Copenhagen Interpretation
John D. Barrow
Cosmological Argument
David Manley
Cosmology
Norriss Hetherington
Cosmology, Physical Aspects
Robert John Russell
Cosmology, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Norriss Hetherington
Created Co-Creator
Hubert Meisinger
Creatio Continua
Keith Ward
Creatio Ex Nihilo
Keith Ward
Creation
Keith Ward
Creationism
Howard J. Van Till
Creation Science
Howard J. Van Till
Critical Realism
Kees van Kooten Niekerk
Culture, Origins of
Paul K. Wason
Cybernetics
Marion Grau
Cyborg
Anne Foerst
Cyclical Universe
Mark Worthing
Dao
James Miller
Darwin, Charles
John Hedley Brooke
Death
Duane H. Larson
Deep Ecology
Roald E. Kristiansen
Deism
Philip Clayton
Descartes, René
Anne A. Davenport
Design
Anna Case-Winters
Design Argument
Anna Case-Winters
Determinism
Taede A. Smedes
Dharma
Harold Coward
Disorder
Dirk Evers
Dissipative Structure
William A. Dembski
Divine Action
Thomas F. Tracy
DNA
R. David Cole
Double Agency
Thomas F. Tracy
Downward Causation
Theo C. Meyering
Dualism
Charles Taliaferro
Ecofeminism
Anne Primavesi
Ecology
Holmes Rolston, III
Ecology, Ethics of
James A. Nash
Ecology, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Jay McDaniel
Ecology, Science of
Stephanie Kaza
Economics
Max L. Stackhouse
Ecotheology
H. Paul Santmire
Einstein, Albert
Max Jammer
Embodiment
Catherine Keller
Emergence
Philip Clayton
Empiricism
Jerome A. Stone
End of the World, Religious & Philosophical Aspects
of
Richard Landes
Entropy
Lawrence W. Fagg
Epistemology
Paul D. Murray
EPR Paradox
John D. Barrow
Eschatology
William R. Stoeger
Eternity
Luco J. van den Brom
Ethnicity
Barbara A. Holmes
Eugenics
Abigail Rian Evans
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Evil and Suffering
Keith Ward
Evolution
Michael Ruse
Evolutionary Algorithms
Gregory R. Peterson
Evolutionary Epistemology
Tomas Hancil
Evolutionary Ethics
Jeffrey P. Schloss
Evolutionary Psychology
John A. Teske
Evolution, Biocultural
Michael Ruse
Evolution, Biological
Francisco J. Ayala
Evolution, Human
Kenneth Mowbray
Ian Tattersall
Evolution, Theology of
John Haught
Exobiology
Steven J. Dick
Experience, Religious: Cognitive and
Neurophysiological Aspects
Andrew B. Newberg
Experience, Religious: Philosophical Aspects
Matthew C. Bagger
Explanation
Eberhard Herrmann
Extraterrestrial Life
Steven J. Dick
Faith
Eric O. Springsted
Fall
Raymund Schwager
Fallibilism
Mikael Stenmark
Falsifiability
Mikael Stenmark
Feminisms and Science
Lisa L. Stenmark
Feminist Cosmology
Ann Pederson
Feminist Theology
Ann Pederson
Field
William R. Stoeger
Field Theories
William R. Stoeger
Fitness
Volker Loeschke
Forces of Nature
Howard J. Van Till
Foundationalism
F. LeRon Shults
Freedom
Ted Peters
Free Process Defense
Thomas Jay Oord
Free Will Defense
Thomas Jay Oord
Matthew Henry
Freud, Sigmund
William W. Meissner, S.J.
Functionalism
Hubert Meisinger
Fundamentalism
Martin E. Marty
Gaia Hypothesis
John Cobb
Galileo Galilei
William R. Shea
Gene Patenting
Karen Lebacqz
Genesis
Christopher B. Kaiser
Gene Therapy
Brent Waters
Genetically Modified Organisms
Donna M. McKenzie
Genetic Defect
Brent Waters
Genetic Determinism
Ted Peters
Genetic Engineering
Ronald Cole-Turner
Genetics
Ted Peters
Genetic Testing
Brent Waters
Geocentrism
Denis Edwards
Geometry, Modern: Theological Aspects
Michael Heller
Geometry: Philosophical Aspects
John C. Puddefoot
Global Warming
Richard O. Randolph
God
Philip Clayton
Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem
W. M. Priestley
God, Existence of
Philip L. Quinn
God of the Gaps
Ernest Simmons
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Gould, Stephen Jay
Michael Ruse
Gradualism
Volker Loeschke
Grand Unified Theory
William R. Stoeger
Gravitation
George F. R. Ellis
Greenhouse Effect
Richard O. Randolph
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
John D. Barrow
Hermeneutics in Science and Religion
William J. Grassie
Hierarchy
Gregory R. Peterson
Hinduism
Harold Coward
Hinduism, Contemporary Issues in Science and
Religion
Harold Coward
Hinduism, History of Science and Religion
Klaus K. Klostermaier
Historical Criticism
Claude Welch
Holism
Christopher Southgate
Holy Spirit
Hans Schwarz
Hope
George Newlands
Human Ecology
Susan Powers Bratton
Human Genome Project
Ted Peters
Humanism
Brad Allenby
Human Nature, Physical Aspects
Michael L. Spezio
Human Nature, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Jan-Olav Henriksen
Hume, David
David Raynor
Hypothetical Realism
Tomas Hancil
Idealism
Arne Grøn
Imagination
Robert Cummings Neville
Imago Dei
Gregory R. Peterson
Immanence
Gregory R. Peterson
Incarnation
John Haught
Indeterminism
John D. Barrow
Infinity
Anne A. Davenport
Inflationary Universe Theory
George F. R. Ellis
Information
John C. Puddefoot
Information Technology
John C. Puddefoot
Information Theory
John C. Puddefoot
Intelligent Design
Howard J. Van Till
Islam
Osman Bakar
Islam, Contemporary Issues in Science and Religion
Bruno Guiderdoni
Islam, History of Science and Religion
Alnoor R. Dhanani
Judaism
Hava Tirosh-Samuelson
Judaism, Contemporary Issues in Science and
Religion
Laurie Zoloth
Judaism, History of Science and Religion, Medieval
Period
Gad Freudenthal
Judaism, History of Science and Religion, Modern
Period
Norbert M. Samuelson
Kant, Immanuel
Frederick Gregory
Karma
Harold Coward
Kenosis
John Haught
Lamarckism
Peter M. J. Hess
Language
Terrence W. Deacon
Laws of Nature
Yuri V. Balashov
Level Theory
Gregory R. Peterson
Liberation
John J. Thatamanil
Liberation Theology
John W. de Gruchy
Life after Death
Jan Bremmer
Life, Biological Aspects
Holmes Rolston, III
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LIST OF ARTICLES
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Life, Origins of
Kai Finster
Life, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Holmes Rolston, III
Life Sciences
Celia Deane-Drummond
Locality
John D. Barrow
Maimonides
David B. Burrell
Many-worlds Hypothesis
W. Michael Dickson
Materialism
Max Jammer
Mathematics
W. M. Priestley
Medical Ethics
Alfred I. Tauber
Medicine
Harold G. Koenig
Meditation
Ernest Simmons
Memes
Mary Midgley
Mendel, Gregor
Richard C. Weikart
Metaphor
Mary Gerhart
Allan M. Russell
Metaphysics
Jitse M. van der Meer
Millenialism
Richard Landes
Mind-body Theories
Stephen Priest
Mind-brain Interaction
Stephen Priest
Miracle
William Lane Craig
Missing Link
Ian Tattersall
Mitochondrial Eve
Michael Ruse
Models
Lou Ann G. Trost
Modernity
Michael Welker
Monism
Dennis Bielfeldt
Monotheism
Philip Clayton
Morality
Rodney L. Petersen
Mutation
R. David Cole
Mystical Experience
Jensine Andresen
Mysticism
Jensine Andresen
Mystics
Jensine Andresen
Myth
Marcelo Gleiser
Naturalism
Willem B. Drees
Naturalistic Fallacy
Ulrik B. Nissen
Naturalized Epistemology
Andy F. Sanders
Natural Law Theory
Ulrik B. Nissen
Natural Theology
Keith Ward
Nature
Ulrik B. Nissen
Nature versus Nurture
Holmes Rolston, III
Neo-Darwinism
Volker Loeschke
Neural Darwinism
John A. Teske
Neurophysiology
Warren S. Brown
Neuropsychology
Warren S. Brown
Neurosciences
Warren S. Brown
Neurotheology
Palmyre M. F. Oomen
New Physics
William R. Stoeger
Newton, Isaac
Stephen D. Snobelen
Nonfoundationalism
F. LeRon Shults
Nuclear Energy
Richard O. Randolph
Omega Point Theory
Mark Worthing
Omnipotence
Luco J. van den Brom
Omnipresence
Luco J. van den Brom
Omniscience
Luco J. van den Brom
Ontological Argument
David Manley
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LIST OF ARTICLES
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Ontology
Dennis Bielfeldt
Open Universe
Mark Worthing
Order
Jitse M. van der Meer
Paleoanthropology
Ian Tattersall
Paleontology
Ian Tattersall
Kenneth Mowbray
Panentheism
David H. Nikkel
Pantheism
Nancy Frankenberry
Paradigms
Antje Jackelén
Paradox
James E. Loder
Phase Space
W. Michael Dickson
Philosophy of Religion
Anders Jeffner
Philosophy of Science
Alisa Bokulich
Philosophy of Science, History of
Alisa Bokulich
Physicalism, Reductive and Nonreductive
Dennis Bielfeldt
Physics
Howard J. Van Till
Physics, Classical
Howard J. Van Till
Physics, Particle
John Polkinghorne
Physics, Quantum
W. Michael Dickson
Placebo Effect
Howard Brody
Planck Time
John D. Barrow
Plato
George H. Rudebusch
Playing God
Ted Peters
Pluralism
Dennis Bielfeldt
Pneumatology
Sigurd Bergmann
Positivism, Logical
Roger Trigg
Postfoundationalism
F. LeRon Shults
Postmodernism
Graham Ward
Postmodern Science
F. LeRon Shults
Pragmatism
Eberhard Herrmann
Prayer and Meditation
Fraser Watts
Primatology
Gregory R. Peterson
Process Thought
Thomas Jay Oord
Progress
Michael Ruse
Providence
Thomas F. Tracy
Psychology
Fraser Watts
Psychology of Religion
K. Helmut Reich
Punctuated Equilibrium
Arn O. Gyldenholm
Quantum Cosmologies
John D. Barrow
Quantum Field Theory
John D. Barrow
Quantum Vacuum State
Niu Shi-wei
Realism
Roger Trigg
Reductionism
Dennis Bielfeldt
Reincarnation
Harold Coward
Relativity, General Theory of
George F. R. Ellis
Relativity, Special Theory of
Howard J. Van Till
Religion and Values, Origins of
Holmes Rolston, III
Religion, Theories of
Matthew C. Bagger
Reproductive Technology
Suzanne Holland
Revelation
Christopher C. Knight
Ritual
Hans J. L. Jensen
Robotics
Anne Foerst
Sacramental Universe
Matthew Fox
Sacraments
Duane H. Larson
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LIST OF ARTICLES
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Schrödinger’s Cat
John D. Barrow
Science and Religion
Robert John Russell
Kirk Wegter-McNelly
Science and Religion, History of Field
John Hedley Brooke
Science and Religion in Public Communication
Stacey A. Ake
Adrian M. Wyard
Science and Religion, Methodologies
Gregory R. Peterson
Science and Religion, Models and Relations
Ian Barbour
Science and Religion, Periodical Literature
Karl Giberson
Science and Religion, Research in
Christopher Southgate
Science Fiction
Noreen L. Herzfeld
Science, Origins of
Peter Harrison
Science Wars
Niels Viggo Hansen
Scientism
Mikael Stenmark
Scopes Trial
George E. Webb
Scriptural Interpretation
Kurt Anders Richardson
Selection, Levels of
Michael Ruse
Self
Léon Turner
Fraser Watts
Selfish Gene
Mary Midgley
Self-organization
Palmyre M. F. Oomen
Self-reference
James E. Loder
Self-transcendence
Brian L. Lancaster
Semiotics
Michael L. Raposa
Shinto
Masakazu Hara
Sin
Ted Peters
Singularity
George F. R. Ellis
Skyhooks
Holmes Rolston, III
Sociobiology
Michael Ruse
Sociology
William H. Swatos, Jr.
Soul
Charles Taliaferro
Space and Time
Jennifer L. Trusted
Special Divine Action
Thomas F. Tracy
Special Providence
Charles Taliaferro
Spirit
John A. Teske
Spirituality
Claire E. Wolfteich
Spirituality and Faith Healing
Jensine Andresen
Spirituality and Health
Jensine Andresen
Spirituality and the Practice of Science
Peter Van Ness
Steady State Theory
Mark Worthing
Stem Cell Research
Suzanne Holland
String Theory
William R. Stoeger
Supernaturalism
Graham Ward
Superstrings
William R. Stoeger
Supervenience
Theo C. Meyering
Symbiosis
Jeffrey P. Schloss
Symmetry
Yuri V. Balashov
Systems Theory
Kathia Castro Laszlo
T = 0
Mark Worthing
Tacit Knowledge
Andy F. Sanders
Technology
Frederick Ferré
Technology and Ethics
Frederick Ferré
Technology and Religion
Frederick Ferré
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
Ludovico Galleni
Teleological Argument
William A. Dembski
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LIST OF ARTICLES
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Teleology
Keith Ward
Theism
Philip Clayton
Theodicy
Ulf Görman
Theological Anthropology
Jan-Olav Henriksen
Theology
Robert Cummings Neville
Theology, Theories of
Robert Cummings Neville
Thermodynamics, Second Law of
William R. Stoeger
Thinking Machines
Thiemo Krink
Thomas Aquinas
Edward Grant
Time: Physical and Biological Aspects
Dirk Evers
Time: Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Peter Øhrstrøm
Transcendence
Ernest Simmons
Transmigration
Ernest Simmons
Truth, Theories of
Arne Grøn
Turing Test
Thiemo Krink
Two Books
Peter M. J. Hess
UFO
Ted Peters
Unpredictability
Dirk Evers
Upward Causation
Theo C. Meyering
Value
George Allan
Value, Religious
Robert Cummings Neville
Value, Scientific
Frederick Ferré
Value, Value Theory
George Allan
Virtual Reality
Anne Foerst
Wave-particle Duality
John D. Barrow
Whitehead, Alfred North
Thomas Jay Oord
Womanist Theology
Barbara A. Holmes
Worldview
Mikael Stenmark
Xenotransplantation
Donna M. McKenzie
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