Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
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design argument as, 209–215,
876, 877, 878
Reformed theology and,
137–138
Thomas Aquinas and, 650, 764
See also Design argument
Teleological ethics. See
Consequential ethics
Teleology, 876–880
Aristotelian, 26, 28, 92, 170, 209,
562, 602, 606, 681, 749–750,
876–877
autopoiesis and, 47
biological evolution and, 213,
640, 877–878
biological life and, 522, 524
biosemiotics and, 63
coining of term, 876
cosmology and, 170, 171
creation and, 187
definition of, 209, 876–877
end of the world and, 262
explanation and, 315
functionalism and, 343
Plato and, 681
purpose and, 562–563, 877, 879
Telepathy, 413, 533
Telescopes, 39, 142, 182, 317, 493
Galileo and, 180, 350
Newton and, 619
Television, 755, 777
Temin, Howard, 494
Tempier, Étienne, 124, 657–658
Temple, Frederick, 703
Temple, William, 128, 173
Templeton, Sir John, 774
Templeton Foundation, Science
and Religion Course Program,
774
Tempo and Mode of Evolutioln
(Simpson), 609
Temporal lobes, 314, 615, 617, 800
Temporal logic, 900
Tendai School (Mount Hiei), 84
Tenkalai (Hindu school), 335
Tennant, Frederick R., 211, 877–878
Tennessee anti–evolution law,
785–786
Tennessee Supreme Court, 786
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 527
Ten Principles (Fazang), 76–77, 78
Tensors, 375
Tepper, Sheri, 778
Teresa of Avila, 585
Terrorism, 67, 457, 458, 459, 460,
566, 624
Tertullian, 25, 123, 209, 539, 681,
846, 883, 905
Teske, John, 827
Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE),
732–733
Testing Scientific Theories (Earman),
652
Test tube babies. See In vitro
fertilization; Reproductive
technology
Thalassemia, 733
Thales of Miletus, 538, 667, 779,
780, 781
Thanatos (drive theory), 6
Thanksgiving prayer, 697
That Hideous Strength (Lewis), 778
Theism, 880
accidental free will, 339–340
adaptation and, 211
anthropomorphism and, 726
atheism versus, 39–41
chance/providence relationship
and, 765
cosmological argument and,
168–170, 181, 747
creatio ex nihilo belief and, 184,
591
creation and, 184–187
Darwinism and, 202, 303–304
design and, 209–215
determinism and, 97
divine action and, 218–223
divine attributes affirmed by,
641–642
divine omnipotence and,
627–628
Einstein and, 251, 253–254
emergence theory and, 256–257,
259
empiricism and, 261
essential free will, 339, 340
eternity and, 270–271
evil and suffering and, 40, 276,
277–279, 339–340
Final Anthropic Principle and, 15
Grand Unified Theory and, 388
Hinduism and, 185
humanism and, 427
human nature and, 436–437
Hume’s argument against, 441
idealism, 445
incarnation and, 450–451
laws of nature and, 509
materialism and, 541
mechanistic science and, 120
miracles and, 576
myths and, 590–591
naturalism and, 595–596
natural theology and, 211–212,
764
nature myths and, 590–591
Newton and, 120, 620, 621, 622
as nongeneric, 378
origin of universe and, 771–772
panentheism versus, 126,
641–645
pantheism versus, 645–646
prayer and, 696
process thought and, 220–221,
701
realism and, 714
religious psychology and, 709
scientists and, 378–380, 784
self–transcendent mysticism and,
799
sociobiology and, 811–813
space–time views and, 770, 823,
824–825
special providence and, 825
theological theories and, 882–885
Tillich’s argument for, 41
worldview and, 929
See also Deism; God;
Monotheism; Polytheism
Theism, Atheism, and the Big Bang
Cosmology (Craig and Smith),
381–382
Theistic evolution, 133
Theocracies, science fiction, 778
Theodicy, 880–882
as atheist argument, 39
Augustine and, 43
end–of–the–world beliefs and,
262–263
evolutionary ethics and, 285–286
fall and, 322
free process defense for, 339, 340
free will defense for, 339–340,
628
Last Judgment and, 178, 205, 262,
263
laws of nature and, 276–277
omniscence and, 628
philosophical debates about, 650
providence and, 704–705
Second Law of Thermodynamics
and, 889
theology of evolution and, 306,
338, 772
See also Evil and suffering
Theogony (Hesiod), 98
Theologia Naturalis sive Liber
Creaturarum (Raymond of
Sabunda), 905
Theological anthropocentrism, 19
Theological anthropology, 23, 345,
364, 438–439, 882
Theological apologetics. See
Apologetics
Theological creationism, 188–190
Theological Dictionary of the New
Testament (ed. Kittel), 417
Theology, 882
biblical, 219, 883
complementarity and, 73, 150
conceptions of God and,
377–378, 448–449
consciousness and, 158
determinism and, 217
emergence and, 258–259
evolutionary psychology and,
706–707
fall and, 321–322
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Theology (continued)
function in science of, 344
genetic issues and, 363–369
geometry and, 371–373, 375–377
historical criticism and, 411–412
of Holy Spirit, 415–416, 418
of Human Genome Project,
420–426
kenosis and, 500–502
models used in, 578
as natural or revealed, 883
nuclear energy perspective and,
625
omnipresence belief and,
628–629
origin and uses of term, 882–883
philosophy of religion and,
649–651
psychological contribution to,
708
rhetorical, 883
science as “handmaiden” to, 123,
125
Second Law of Thermodynamics
and, 889–890
self–organization and, 798
semiotics and, 802
tacit knowledge and, 860
transcendence and, 901
“Two–Newton” thesis and, 619
See also Natural theology
Theology and Science (journal), 766
“Theology and Spirituality:
Strangers, Rivals, or Partners?”
(Schneiders), 829
Theology and the Philosophy of
Science (Pannenberg), 746
Theology and the Scientific
Imagination from the Middle
Ages to the Seventeenth Century
(Funkenstein), 768
Theology for a Nuclear Age
(Kaufman), 625
Theology in the Age of Scientific
Reasoning (Murphy), 648, 746,
770–771, 884
Theology of Hope (Moltmann), 417
Theology of nature, 764–765
Theology, theories of, 882–888
afterlife and, 519–521
Anthropic Principle and,
173–174, 214
anthropocentrism and, 10–11, 18,
19
apologetics and, 25–27
Aristotle and, 27
autopoiesis and, 47
causation and, 91–92, 94, 97
Chaos Theory and, 102
classical physics and, 675
creationism, 188–190
critical realism and, 192
death and, 203
design argument and, 209, 214,
215
determinism and, 96, 364
divine action and, 91, 222–223
divine omnipotence and, 336,
337
dualism and, 230–231
ecology and, 234, 240–242
ecotheology and, 247–250
emergence and, 256
eschatology and, 269
eternity and, 270–271
evolutionary epistemology and,
284
evolution theory and, 202, 299,
301–306
existence of God and, 381
fall reinterpretation and, 322
feminism and, 327–328, 885
functionalism and, 344–345
Genesis interpretations and,
355–356
humanism and, 428
human versus divine freedom
and, 335–336, 337–338
imago dei and, 449–450
immanence and, 450
incarnation and, 451–452
indeterminism and, 96, 97
Kantian religion–science
separation and, 499
liberation theology and, 517
medical ethics and, 549–551
miracles and, 575–577
modes of, 886–887
naturalism and, 595–596
nature and, 248–249, 764–765
neurotheology and, 616, 617–618
Newton and, 40, 181, 427,
619–623, 629, 675
nonfoundationalism and, 624
panentheism and, 641–645
power and freedom and, 336,
337–338
providence and, 704–705
publics addressed by, 883–885
quantum cosmologies and, 175
quantum physics and, 97, 223,
241, 675–676
religious experience and, 314
revelation and, 736, 883
salvation and, 335–336
scientific knowledge analogies
and, 138
sin origins and, 806
sources for, 885–886
spirit and, 826–827
Thomas Aquinas and, 124, 125,
140, 650, 787–788, 883, 891–892
See also Natural theology;
Science and religion headings
Theorems, 374, 380, 823
Gödel’s, 151, 380–381, 547
Theoretical materialism, 538
Theoretical reductionism, 715
Theory of Determinism, A
(Honderich), 574
“Theory of everything” (quantum
cosmology), 711
Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith),
442
Theory realism, 653
Theosis, 743
Theravada Buddhism, 74, 77, 82–83
Thermodynamics
arrow of time and, 266, 894
characteristics of, 664, 894
complexity and, 151, 154
disorder and, 218
emergence and, 257
nonequilibrium and, 101,
154–155, 218
reductionism and, 656
Thermodynamics, First Law of, 664,
666
Thermodynamics, Second Law of,
888–890
anthropic design argument and,
15–16
entropy and, 265–266, 457, 894
explanation and, 512
information and, 457
time flow and, 266, 894, 895
Thermodynamics, Third Law of, 571
Thermonuclear reaction, 866
Thick naturalism, 596–597
Thing–in–itself (ultimate reality),
446
Thinking. See Thought
Thinking machines, 890
artificial intelligence and, 32–35,
890
Turing Test and, 904–905
This Star Shall Abide (Engdahl),
778
“This View of Life” (Gould), 385
Thomas, William Isaac, 815, 817
Thomas Aquinas, 374, 890–892
afterlife and, 519
analogy and, 650
apologetics and, 25, 56
“argument from design” of, 56,
210
Aristotelianism and, 890–892
Avicenna and, 51
on beauty, 56
canonization of, 891
cause and effect argument of,
210, 750
classical philosophical influence
on, 650, 765, 819, 890–892
cosmological argument of, 169,
650
cosmology and, 178, 186, 602,
749, 750, 787–788, 896, 897
on divine omnipresence, 629
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on divine omniscience, 630
on divine providence, 562, 769
dualism and, 230
embodiment and, 255
existence of God arguments and,
92, 210, 381, 562, 601–602, 650,
763–764, 788, 877
on faith, 319, 890, 891
on God as being, 381
on God as supernatural cause,
847
on God as unchanging, 256,
897
on God beyond time, 770
on God’s freely created universe,
278
on hope, 417
humanist challenge to, 427
on human rationality, 437
on human versus animal rights,
10–11
on infinity, 453
Maimonides’s biblical
commentary and, 536
metaphysical synthesis by, 765
natural law and, 599–600, 606,
812
on natural versus revealed
theology, 883
ontological argument critique by,
630
Platonism and, 230, 882
on primary and secondary
causation, 90, 220, 228, 305,
381, 602
on revelation, 763, 883, 890
sacramental universe and, 743
on self–organization, 91, 93, 186
soul belief and, 819
teleological argument of, 650,
764
theology and, 124, 125, 140, 650,
787–788, 883, 891–892
on time, 897, 898
Two Book metaphor and, 905
on types of knowledge, 374
Thomism. See Thomas Aquinas
Thompson, Benjamin, 560
Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth, 155
Thompson, Evan, 79, 160
Thomson, James, 367, 425
Thomson, Joseph, 668
Thomson, William. See Kelvin, Lord
Thoreau, Henry David, 9
Thought
artificial intelligence and, 32–33
cognitive fluidity and, 148
Descartes and, 50, 207, 208, 568
dualism and, 230, 568
as human marker, 298
Many–minds Hypothesis and,
673–674
phenomenology and, 570–571
quantum theory experiments. See
Copenhagen Interpretation;
Schrödinger’s Cat
Thousand and One Nights, 471
Three–dimensional space, 15, 629,
894
Three Mile Island nuclear accident
(U.S.), 624–625
Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch
(Dick), 778
Thymine, 225, 419, 530, 584
Thymos (body–soul), 517
Tiamat (chaos figure), 98
Tibbonid family, 490
Tibetan Buddhism, 74, 79, 80, 83,
84–85, 86, 158
mysticism and, 586, 587, 588, 590
prayer wheel of, 871
TIGR. See Institute for Genomic
Research
Tikkun olam, 487
Tillich, Paul, 128, 520
ecotheology and, 249
existence of God argument of,
41
Ground of Being concept and,
381, 448, 882
humanism and, 428
metaphoric statement and, 560
on nature of God, 381, 448, 882
panentheism and, 643, 644
science–religion dialogue and,
757
spirit–life relationship and, 827
on theological use of Logos, 144
theology and, 886
Timaeus (Plato), 98, 124, 681
Time: physical and biological
aspects, 893–896
absolute beginning of, 172, 676
age of the universe and, 5
as arrow, 893–895
classical versus quantum theories
of, 893–894, 895
dilation of, 720
end–time computation and,
263–264
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 392
irreversible nature of, 266
Lorentz transformation and,
719–720
Newton’s absolute/relative
distinction, 622, 623, 823, 838,
893, 897
Planck time, 174, 175, 176, 676,
679
reference frames and, 719–720,
823, 824, 893
as sequential order, 893
t
=
O and, 172–173, 175, 859
See also Absolute time; Space
and time
Time: religious and philosophical
aspects, 896–901
ancient theories of, 820–821, 896
Augustine on, 175, 372–373, 823,
896, 900
Christian concept of, 821–822,
896–897
concepts in stationary
understanding of, 897–898
creation views and, 187, 188,
189, 486, 564
cyclical versus linear models of,
261, 262, 263, 821, 896
end–of–the world beliefs and,
261–265, 564–566
eternity and, 269–271, 372–373,
896–897
Genesis six–day creation debate
and, 355–356, 411
millennialism and, 563–566, 621
omnipresence and, 770
process thought and, 700
timelessness of religious
experience and, 309
Time and space. See Space and time
Time equals zero. See T
=
O
Time travel, science fiction, 778
Timothy, Letters to, 787
Tipler, Frank, 174, 213–214, 627
Tipler, John, 15
Tiptree, James, 777, 778
Tirumala Tirupati (South Indian
temple), 403
Tissues, human
genetically modified, 358
patents for, 352
regenerative stem cells and, 367,
425, 841
See also Transplantation of
tissues and organs
Titan series (Varley), 778
TM. See Transcendental meditation
Tokugawa Yoshimune, 805
Tokyo University, 805
Toland, John, 541
Toll–like receptors (TLRs), 430
Tolman, Edward C., 60
Tolstoy, Leo, 30
Tomasello, Michael, 195
Tonelli, M. R., 832
Tools. See Stone tools; Technology
Top–down causation. See
Downward causation
Torah, 477, 478, 479, 487
Modern Orthodox Judaism and,
481
See also Hebrew Bible
Torah U–Mada Journal, The, 481
Torrance, Thomas, 26, 123, 138,
736, 746, 757, 860
Touchstone, The (Qalonimos), 491
Toulmin, Stephen, 289, 746
Tower of Babel, 862, 870
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Toynbee, Arnold, 690
To Your Scattered Bodies Go
(Farmer), 778
Tractatus de praedestinatione et de
futuris contingentibus (William
of Ockham), 899
Tractatus Theologico–Politicus
(Spinoza), 411
Tracy, David, 645–646, 883–884, 887
Tracy, Thomas F., 642, 643, 747
Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox
Thought, 481
Traditional Chinese medicine,
78–79, 82, 83, 84–85, 107, 109,
110, 111, 116, 553, 833
Traherne, Thomas, 120
Tramer, Moritz, 495
Trance, 308, 799
Transcendence, 901
Anthropic Principle and, 173
behaviorism versus, 59
classical Christian versus process
theological emphasis on, 765
definition of, 641, 901
idealism and, 445, 446
immanence contrasted with, 450
infinity and, 453, 454
miracles and, 576
mystical experience and, 309
naturalism versus, 594, 595–596
neo–orthodox theology and, 126
neurocognitive origins of,
307–308
omnipresence and, 628, 629
ontological idealism and, 445
order and, 633
panentheism and, 641, 643, 701
Roman Catholic belief and, 140
UFOs associated with, 910
See also Self–transcendence
Transcendental ego
definition of, 570, 571
empirical ego versus, 73
Transcendental idealism, 569, 606,
570
Transcendentalism, 520
Transcendental meditation, 615,
697–698
Transcendent Other, 380
Transcience, 78
Transfinite set theory, 454
Transformation and Convergence
in the Frame of Knowledge
(Torrance), 138
Transgenic animals, 65, 358, 532,
867
“Transgressing the Boundaries:
Toward a Transformative
Hermeneutics of Quantum
Gravity” (Sokal), 782
Transient values, 914
Transmigration, 529, 901
Buddhist six realms of, 82–83
Hindu death perspective and,
204, 901
liberation from, 513
root causes of, 514
See also Reincarnation
Transmitter substances. See
Neurotransmitters
Transmutation. See Evolution
Transplantation of tissues and
organs
adaptive immunity rejection and,
432
Buddhist view of, 78, 79
religious values and, 917
stem cell research and, 358, 367,
368, 425
xenotransplantation and, 358,
532, 931
Transubstantiation, 128
Traube, Ludwig, 494
“Traveler, The” (Matheson), 778
“Traveling salesman problem”
(evolutionary algorithm), 282
Treatise Concerning the Principles
of Human Knowledge
(Berkeley), 713
Treatise on Human Nature (Hume),
440, 441–442, 597
Treatise on Light (Huygens), 658
Treatise on Man (Descartes), 206
Treatise on Sociology (Hughes),
814–815
Tree of life, 299, 301
Trees
planting in India, 403
sacred, 419
Torah prohibitions and, 419
Trent, Council of (1545–1563), 47,
125, 180, 847
Triadicity concept, 853
Tribulation preaching, 122
Trigg, Roger, 770
Trillion Year Spree: The History of
Science Fiction (Aldiss), 778
Trinity
Christian God as, 378
Copernican universe as symbol
of, 125
God’s self–emptying as
underlying dynamic of, 501
Holy Spirit and, 378, 415–416
monotheism and, 583
Newton’s arguments against, 620,
621, 623
as superessential, 846
theory of self and, 794
See also Christology
Trinity College (Cambridge
University), 620, 925
Trismegistus, Hermes, 565
Troeltsch, Ernst, 576
Troster, Lawrence, 481
Trust, hope and, 417
Truth
art linked with, 31
Augustine’s search for, 44, 45
Baháhí and, 54
beauty linked with, 56
Buddhist shifting perspective
and, 78, 515
Hindu quest for, 405
“self–evident,” 546
ultimate versus scientific,
515–516
Truth, theories of, 901–904
Aristotle’s scientific method and,
657
axiomatic method and, 545–547
coherence theory and, 901, 902
coherentism and, 149, 684, 689,
901, 902, 903
contextualism and, 165
correspondence theory and, 683,
901, 902
critical realism and, 191
Descartes and, 207–208
epistemology and, 266–268, 598
falsifiability and, 323, 686
hermeneutics and, 394–395
holism and, 413
Kant and, 283, 375, 376, 603
logical positivism and, 685–686
pluralism and, 683
postfoundationalism and,
688–689
postmodernism and, 395, 683
pragmatism and, 695, 901
verification principle and, 686
See also God, existence of
Tschermak, Erich von, 558, 609
Tube worms, 317
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, 78, 773
Turek, Alan, 174
Turing, Alan, 904
symbolic artificial intelligence
and, 32–33, 34
universal algorithm and, 7–8
Turing machine, 8, 46
Turing Test, 34–35, 890, 904–905
Turner, Victor, 24, 307, 738
Turretin, Francis, 138
Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 272
Twelve–step programs, 835
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the
Sea (Verne), 777
Twilight Zone, The (television
series), 777
Twins. See Cloning; Identical twins
Twistor theory, 389
Two Books, 905–908
Bacon (Francis) on
complementarity of, 789, 906
fall and, 322
Newton’s adherence to, 621, 622,
906
“Two–Newton” thesis, 619
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2001: A Space Odyssey (Clarke),
778
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 35,
777
Tylor, Edwrd Burnett, 24, 184
definition of culture by, 21, 193
theory of religion, 727
Tyndal, William, 410–411
Types of Christian Theology (Frie),
885
U
Uexküll, Jakob von, 63
Uexküll, Thure von, 63
UFO, 909–911
Ugarit, 98
Ugliness, aesthetic judgment of, 4.
See also Beauty
Ukraine, nuclear power accident,
625
Ulam, Stanislaw, 45–46
Ulstrasound, 2
Ultimate
Dao as the, 199–200, 915
God as the, 377, 381, 602, 915
Hegel’s concept of, 446, 569,
914
metaphysics and, 561
mysticism and, 585
religious hermeneutics and, 395
religious values and, 915
Ultimate Observer, 15
Ultimate Realities (ed. Neville), 883,
915
Ultimate reality, 446
Ultra–Orthodox Judaism, 482
Ulysses and the Sirens (Elster), 729
Umayyad caliphate, 454, 470, 474,
535
Umbilical cord stem cells, 841
UNARIUS Society, 910
Unbelief. See Atheism
Uncaused cause. See Cause, primary
and secondary; First Cause
Uncertainty
Buddhist belief and, 78
fallibilism and, 322–323
M–theory and, 390, 711
new physics and, 618
quantum theory and, 42, 78, 150,
212, 272, 332, 542, 770, 839
Uncertainty Principle. See
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle
Unde malum. See Theodicy
Underlying Fire, The (Wells), 777
Understanding
experience of beauty and, 57
postfoundationalist definition of,
690
Understanding Computers and
Cognition (Winograd and
Flores), 33
Underworld, 518. See also Hell
Unearthly powers. See
Supernaturalism
Unger, Franz, 558
Unidentified flying object. See UFO
Unified field theory. See Grand
Unified Theory
Uniformitarianism, 411, 503, 558
Unifying Scientific Theories
(Morrison), 655
Unio mystica, 309
Union of Orthodox Jewish
Congregations of America, 735
Unitarianism, 520, 541, 620, 753
Unitarian Universalism, 428
United Church of Christ, 3, 734, 842
United Methodist Church, 734, 842
United Nations
Conference on the Environment
and Development (1992), 234
millennial dreams and, 566
United States
atomic bomb development by,
253, 566, 866
chaplain training in, 555
Christian Darwinism in, 126
Christian fundamentalism in, 122,
346, 428
civil rights and, 271, 421
creationism and, 190, 382, 386,
772
creation science and, 122, 162,
189, 190, 303, 760, 806
empiricism and, 260
eugenics in, 273
first in vitro fertilization success
in, 732
first nursing professional training
in, 553
human cloning opposition in,
734
human embryo research in,
146–147
Human Genome Project in,
419–426
Lutheran churches in, 127
medical ethics and, 549–551
neo–Lamarckism and, 503–504
nuclear power accident in,
624–625
patent law in, 352, 353
Reformed theology in, 138
religious experience in, 313
science and religion publications
in, 766–768
science and religion studies in,
753, 754
science fiction in, 777, 778–79
science wars in, 782
Scopes Trial in, 760, 785–786
“self–evident” truths belief and,
546
sociology in, 814–816, 817
spirituality/health relationship
studies in, 553–554
stem cell research in, 368–369,
841–843
Transcendentalism in, 520
UFO phenomenon in, 909–910
United States Supreme Court, 760,
786
Unity
Dao and, 869
pantheism and, 645
pluralism versus, 682–684
science–religion relationship as,
769
as value of modernity, 581
Unity being. See Absolute Unitary
Being
Unity of science theory, 661
Universal algorithm, 7, 46
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, 353
Universal design argument, 877
Universal House of Justice (Baháhí),
53, 55
Universal Natural History and
Theory of the Heavens (Kant),
497
Universals
anthropological search for
human, 22
digitalization and, 458–459
laws of nature and, 511
Plato and, 458
postmodern skepticism about,
691
scientific determinism and, 216
Universal values, 41
Universe
age of, 4–5, 15, 172, 189, 190,
264, 844, 845
Anthropic Principle and, 13–18,
126, 173–174, 211, 212,
213–224, 876
Buddhist view of, 76, 81–83
causal machinery of, 92
chance in, 96–97
clockwork analogy for, 56, 103,
145, 181, 702
contingent, 166
as cosmos, 98, 114, 116, 543
creation myths, 187, 261–262,
591, 821
creation of. See Big Bang Theory;
Creatio continua; Creatio ex
nihilo; Creation; Creationism
cyclical, 197, 262, 400, 564, 821
design and, 187, 213–214
end of, 62, 264, 389, 772, 888,
889, 894
entropy of, 265–266, 889, 894
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Universe (continued)
evil and suffering in, 277–278,
303
expansion of. See Expanding
universe; Inflationary Universe
Theory
field theory and, 333
fine–tuning of, 15, 16, 171, 378,
393
geocentric versus heliocentric,
61, 125, 128, 141, 179–180, 349,
350
God’s providence and, 704–705
Grand Unification Theory and,
387, 388
gravitational forces in, 388–390
Hindu view of, 400, 401–402
as incarnate God, 451–452
Intelligent Design theory and,
209, 463
Islamic view of, 464–465
mathematical language of, 544
millennialism and, 564
movement of, 61, 62
multilevel theory of, 447–448
multiplicities of. See
Many–worlds Hypothesis
“natural” geometry of, 375
origin of. See Cosmology;
Cosmology, physical aspects;
Cosmology, religious and
philosophical aspects
as “other” than God, 305
panentheistic view of, 641
panpsychism and, 643
possible types of, 632. See also
Closed universe; Flat universe;
Open universe
sacramental, 349, 743
singularity and, 62, 99, 172, 373,
379, 389, 807, 845
Steady State Theory of, 99–100,
172–173, 176, 182, 841
structure and evolution of. See
Cosmology
symbiotic, 14–15
t
=
O as temporal finitude
evidence for, 172, 859
teleological view of, 878, 879
young–earth episodic creationism
and, 188
Universe in a Nutshell, The
(Hawking), 771
Universe or Treatise on Light, The
(Descartes), 206, 207
Universes. See Many–worlds
Hypothesis
Universities
Aristotelianism and, 780, 891
creation science, 190
Pentacostalism and, 133, 134
science–religion studies
programs, 754, 774
sociology course development,
815
See also Scholasticism; specific
universities
University College London, 926
University of Arizona, 159
University of Bologna, 49
University of Chicago, 59, 817
first sociology department, 815,
816
University of Colorado, 159, 909
University of Copenhagen, 71
University of Edinburgh, 440, 442
University of Frankfurt, 494
University of Heidelberg, 492
University of Königsberg, 497
University of Montpellier, 51
University of Padua, 49, 480, 493,
494
University of Paris, 49, 124, 540, 890
University of Pisa, 349, 350
University of Skoevde, 159
University of South Africa, 767
University of Vienna, 557, 558
University of Virginia, 159
University of Wisconsin, 367, 425
University of Wittenberg, 128
Unmoved Mover, 27, 28, 169, 210,
254, 591, 601, 822
progress and, 702
Unna, Paul, 494
Unpredictability, 911
Butterfly Effect and, 87, 101, 257
chance and, 96
Chaos Theory and, 102, 642, 911
of chaotic systems, 98, 102
of electron action, 337
new physics and, 618
science–religion dialogue and,
765
See also Chaos, quantum
“Unreality of Time, The”
(McTaggart), 897
Unto Others (Sober and Wilson), 195
Upanishads
chaos and, 99
creation doctrine and, 185, 402
denial of causation by, 93
holism and, 405
on primal word, 396
reality levels and, 405–406
science and, 409
Upaya (Buddhist concept), 395
Up the Walls of the World (Tiptree),
778
Upward causation, 911
computational complexity and,
154
divine action and, 384
ecological studies and, 531
of spiritual experiences, 308–309
See also Downward causation
Uranium–235, 866
Urban VIII, Pope, 125, 180–181, 351
Urinary system, 430
Urjuza fi
h
’l tihh (Avicenna), 48
USENET, 755056
Ussher, James, 411
Utilitarianism
gene patenting and, 354
Hume’s moral argument and, 442
as model, 579
stem cell debate and, 369
supernaturalism contrasted with,
847–848
Utopianism, 563, 565, 777
i
Uyun al–Hikmah, al–Isharat wa
h
l
tanbihat (Avicenna), 50
V
Vacuum
Aristotle on, 28, 658, 892
Grand Unified Theory and, 387
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 392
quantum field theories and, 100,
416
quantum state and, 100, 387, 392,
612, 712
scalar field and, 455
velocity of light in, 679
Vacuum aspiration, 1
Vaisnavism, 275
Vajay1na Buddhism. See Tantric
Buddhism
Valla, Lorenzo, 425
Value, 913–915
aesthetics and, 4, 51, 56–57
axiology and, 51
biocentric versus ecocentric
systems of, 238
definition of, 722, 913, 917
fact versus, 915, 920, 921
“final value” concept and, 913,
914
hierarchy and, 397–399, 914
of human personhood, 878
language and, 508
of life, 1, 2, 527, 722–723, 747,
914
medical ethics and, 548, 549
of modernity, 51, 581, 582
morality and, 584, 916–917
naturalistic fallacy and, 597–598
paradigms and, 648
of postmodernity, 581
religious. See Value, religious
scientific. See Value, scientific
scientism and, 784, 785
soul and, 819–820
theory of. See Value, value theory
types of, 913, 914, 921
worldview and, 928–929
See also Ultimate
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Value, religious, 915–917
as absolute, 920–921
of all life forms, 1, 2, 527,
722–723, 747, 914
anthropocentrism and, 18–19
axiology and, 51
“final value” notion and, 913, 914
Hindu male bias and, 402–403
natural law theory and, 600
obligation–making function of,
915–916
pantheism and, 645–646
technological inventions counter
to, 872, 917
ultimate and, 915
xenotransplantation and, 931
See also Religion and values,
origins of
Value, scientific, 917–920
anthropocentrism and, 18–19
axiology and, 51
in biological life, 722, 723
fact versus, 915, 920, 921
feminist theory and, 325–326
hypotheses and, 918–919, 921
Value, value theory, 913–914,
920–923
axiology and, 51
systems theory and, 856
universal values and, 41
Vampires, 848
Van Andel Creation Research Center
(Ariz.), 189
Van den Brom, Luco, 629
Vanderbilt University, 159
Van de waals force, 712
Van Fraassen, Bas, 511, 654, 655
Van Gennep, Arnold, 738
Van Huyssteen, J. Wentzel, 23, 191,
260, 684
postfoundationalism and, 688,
689, 736, 737, 758
science and religion studies and,
746, 770, 771, 774–775
Van Ness, Peter, 828
Vanstone, W. H., 384
Van Till, Howard, 173
Var1hamihira, 406
Varela, Francisco J., 79, 153
autopoeisis and, 46, 47, 797
on consciousness, 160, 162
theory of self and, 794
Varieties of Religious Experience,
The ( James), 311, 312, 313, 645,
727
Varley, Cromwell, 495
Varley, John, 778
Varmus, Harold, 494
Vasubandhu, 75, 77, 82, 447
Vatakalai (Hindu school), 335
Vatican. See Christianity, Roman
Catholic, issues in science and
religion; specific popes
Vatican Conferences on science and
technology (1987–2000), 769,
770
Vatican I (1869–1870), 601
Vatican II (1965), 422
Vatican Observatory, 141, 143, 618,
751
Vedanta, 158, 409, 513, 514, 515,
645, 799, 869
Vedas, 399, 400, 401, 403, 405, 407,
408, 885
Vedic Science (journal), 406
Vedic tradition. See Hinduism;
Vedas; Vedanta
Velocity, 351
Venter, J. Craig, 419–420, 424
Venticular theory, 611
Venus (planet), 350
Verbal Behavior (Skinner), 160
Verifiabiity (verification principle),
686–687
Vermigli, Peter, 136
Vernadskij, Vladimir, 874
Verne, Jules, 777
Vertebrate paleontology, 638
Vesalius, Andreas, 128, 611
Via negativa (analogical
knowledge), 140
Vico, Giambattista, 163, 374
Victoria Institute (England), 122, 767
Vienna Circle, 260, 568, 661,
685–687, 751
basic tenets of, 686
See also Positivism, logical
View of the Evidences of
Christianity, A (Paley), 877
Vihara movement, 84
Viking space missions, 306, 317
Vimalaprabh
1
t
3
k
1
(Buddhist text),
75
Violence. See Aggression; Terrorism;
Warfare
Virgin Mary, 415
Virtual reality, 923–924
artificial life and, 37
community and, 459, 460–461,
923–924
computational complexity and,
154
definition of, 923
information technology and,
460–461
postmodernism and, 691, 692
quantum vacuum and, 100
in science fiction, 777
Virtue, 446, 417
Viruses (biological), 523
Viruses (computer), 460
Vishnu, 275, 405
Vision, 167, 613–614
Visitor, The (Tepper), 778
Visual imagery, 309, 588, 589. See
also Imagination
Visualization, 833
Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), 77
Vitalism, 531, 877
Vivekananda, Swami, 400, 401
Vivisection, 11, 918
Voetius, Gisbert, 137
Vogt, Karl, 541
Volcanic rocks, 638
Volitional causation, 94–95, 97, 299,
562, 877, 879
Vollmer, Gerhard, 283
Voltaire, 56, 440, 520, 650, 751
Von Blerkom, L. M., 833
Vonnegut, Kurt, 777, 778
Von Neumann, John
cellular automata and, 36, 45, 46
Copenhagen Interpretation and,
162
cybernetics and, 153
quantum theory and, 672
Von Wright, G. H. See Wright, G. H.
von
Vries, Hugo de, 558, 559, 609
Vygotsky, Lev, 163
W
Waal, Franz de, 809
Wacker, Grant, 134
Waddington, C. H., 153
Wagner, Rudolph, 541
Wahhabi Islam, 346
Wakon yosai, 85
Waksman, Selman, 494
Wald, George, 494
Walden Two (Skinner), 60
Walker, Alice, 928
Walking the Moon (Hand), 778
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 30, 201, 299,
577
on group over individual natural
selection, 790
web sites for texts by, 756
Wallace, Robert, 442
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 816
Wall paintings, 29
Wang Fuzhi, 261
Wang Jia, 113
Wang Yang–ming, 108–109
Wan Hoo, 113
WAP. See Weak Anthropic Principle
Warburg, Otto, 494
Ward, Keith, 651, 737, 770, 886
Ward, Lester Frank, 815
Warfare, 459, 566
nuclear potential for, 625
religious values and, 916, 917
technological ethics and, 866
Warfield, B. B., 122
Warner, R. Stephen, 817
War of the Worlds (radio play), 777
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War of the Worlds (Wells), 777
Warring States period (471–220
B.C.E.), 115, 117, 199
Washoe (chimpanzee), 699
Wasimann, Friedrich, 685
Wasps. See Hymenoptera
Watchmaker analogy. See
Clockwork universe
Water clock, Daoist, 112
Waters, chaos associated with, 98,
99
Watson, James
DNA double–helix structure
discovery by, 65, 363, 366, 530
Human Genome Project and,
420, 421, 425
Watson, John B., 59
Watts, Fraser, 773, 827
Wave function, 14, 72
classical physics equations and,
672
field theories and, 330, 416, 6666
gravitational, 718
holism and, 413
matrix mechanis and, 672
new physics and, 618
probability determination by, 452
quantum chaos and, 98
Wavelength values, 666
Wave mechanics, 72, 671, 672, 895
Wave–particle duality, 925
Bohr complementarity and,
72–73, 762
Buddhist and Daoist duality
analogy with, 676
as paradox, 649, 670, 925
Planck time and, 679
quantum physics and, 332, 542,
670, 672
science–religion independence
model and, 757, 762
Way. See Dao
Way of Heaven, 184
W boson, 387, 844
Weak Anthropic Principle, 13, 214
definition of, 14, 16
Weak artificial intelligence. See
Functional artificial intelligence
Weak nuclear interaction, 329, 333,
334, 387–388, 669, 844, 848
Weak pluralism. See Substantival
pluralism
Weak supervenience, 574
Weaponry, 459
nuclear, 253, 265, 566, 624, 625,
866
technological ethics and, 866,
871, 917
Weather forecasting . See
Meteorology
Weber, Max, 129, 246, 692, 839
on process of disenchantment,
847, 848
sociology of religion and, 814,
815, 816, 817–818
Webster, Charles, 752
Wedgwood, Emma. See Darwin,
Emma Wedgwood
We Have Never Been Modern
(Serres), 692
Weinberg, Steven, 39, 213, 214, 277,
879
electroweak theory and, 330, 387
Nobel Prize in physics, 493
Weinberg–Salam–Glashow theory,
853
Weismann, August, 609
Weiss, Paul, 643
Weizenbaum, Joseph, 458
Weizsäcker, Carl F. von, 383, 457
Welker, Michael, 606, 772
Welles, Orson, 777
Wells, H. G., 777
Wernicke, Carl, 612
Wertheim, Margaret, 323–324
Wesley, John and Charles, 121
Westminster Abbey, 619
Westminster Confession and
Catechisms (1646–1647), 89
Westminster Dictionary of Christian
Ethics, 482
Westra, Laura, 235
Wetware, artificial life, 38
Whataever Happened to the Soul?
(project report), 773
What Dreams May Come
(Beresford), 778
What is Darwinism? (Hodge), 138
What is Life? (Schrödinger), 522
Wheeler, John, 14, 168
When Worlds Converge (eds.
Matthews, Tucker, and Hefner),
773
Whewell, William, 120, 659–660
Whirlpools, 218
Whiston, William, 181, 623
White, Andrew Dickson, 177, 752
White, Lynn, Jr., 871
White, Randall, 195
White dwarf star, 39
Whitefield, George, 121
Whitehead, Alfred North, 925–928
“all things flow” phrase of, 700
apologetics and, 26
concept of God and, 650,
927–928
free procee defense and, 339
kenosis and, 500
life and influences, 925–926
mathematics and, 380, 547
modern atomism and, 42
on modernity and science, 580
naturalism and, 596
on panentheism and, 642, 643
panexperientialist hypothesis
and, 701
process theology and, 126, 199,
220–221, 250, 255, 256, 336,
400, 454, 594, 643, 701, 759,
886, 887
on science and religion
relationship, 749, 765
self–organization and, 797
symbolic artifical intelligence
and, 32
value and, 914
Whiten, Andrew, 194, 699
Whole–part causation, 413–414. See
also Downward causation
Whole/part difference. See
Complexity
Whole systems. See Holism
Whose Justice? Which Rationality?
(MacIntyre), 165
Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?
(Harding), 165
“Why Alternative Medicine Cannot
Be Evidence–Based” (Tonelli
and Callahan), 832
Why questions. See Explanation
Wieman, Henry Nelson, 260, 261,
596
Wiener, Norbert, 153, 160, 196
Wigner, Eugene, 674, 675
Wilberforce, Samuel, 26, 300, 639
Wilcox, David, 23
Wilcox, Fred, 35
Wildman, Wesley J., 448, 772
Wilkie, William, 442
Wilkins, Maurice, 530
William of Conches, 562
William of Ockham, 56, 374, 398,
454, 883
open future model of, 899–900
Williams, Duncan, 78
Williams, George, 285, 286
Williams, Rowan, 884, 887
Willis, Thomas, 611
Willstaetter, Richard, 493
“Will to Believe, The” ( James), 40
Wilmut, Ian, 365, 367, 425, 733
Wilson, David Sloan, 195, 285
Wilson, Edward O.
aggression theory and, 6
on art origins, 31
atheism and, 378, 634
behavioral genetics and, 809–810
behavior theory and, 60
biological pessimism, 703
biophilia term coining by, 838
on economic behavior, 246
epigenetic rules and, 290
science–religion conflict thesis
and, 761, 768, 772
scientism and, 783
selfish gene and, 796
sociobiology and, 6, 363, 634,
706, 761
Wilson, George, 104–105
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Wilson, Margo, 810, 811
Wilson, Robert, 61–62, 841
Winch, Peter, 166
Winograd, Terry, 33
Wisdom of God. See Divine
wisdom
Wisdom of God Manifested in the
Works of the Creation, The
(Ray), 120
Wisdom of the West (Russell), 546
Wisdom of Unity, The (Mahadevan),
586
Wise, Isaac Mayer, 480
Wise, Robert, 910
Wish fulfillment (Freudian theory),
837
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 32, 166, 191,
650
cognitive pluralism and, 683
linguistic theory of, 396, 569,
650, 757, 922
Vienna Circle and, 685
Wizards, 848
W massive bosons, 844
Wöhler, Friedrich, 541
Woiwode, Larry, 31
Wolfenbuettel Fragments (Lessing),
411–412
Wolff, Christian, 497, 582, 632
coining of term teleology, 876
pluralism and, 683
Wolpert, Lewis, 772
Womanist theology, 328, 928
Women
abortion and, 1–2
aesthetics and, 4
altruism and, 9
cultural transmission by, 195
ecofeminism and, 233–234
hierchical oppression of, 399
Hindu patriarchalism and, 402,
403
mitochondrial Eve theory, 578
participation in science and,
323–326, 654
physical beauty assessments of
and by, 431
reproductive technology and,
732–733
womanist theology and, 328, 928
See also Feminisms and science;
Feminist cosmology; Feminist
theology; Gender; Sexual bias
“Women Men Don’t See, The”
(Tiptree), 777
Wonderful Life (Gould), 385
Wood, K. A., 773–774
Woolgar, Steve, 782
Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, 138
Word. See Logos
Word of God, 188, 189
Work of Love, The (ed.
Polkinghorne), 770
World
as body of God metaphor, 642,
643, 747, 769
God as identical with, 645
God’s immanence in, 901
See also Earth; Universe
World Council of Churches, 424
World Health Organization, 840
Worldview, 928–929
biblical cosmology and, 61
Buddhist, 86
complexity theory and, 156
Einstein’s versus Kant’s, 376
fundamentalist, 345–347
geocentric, 371
hermeneutics and, 395
metaphysical determinism and,
216
modernity and, 579
naturalist, 594
objectivist, 847–848
paradigm and, 647–648
postmodern, 692–693
scientific, 345–347, 381, 928
scientific–religious systematic
synthesis of, 765
scientism and, 784–785
Vedic, 399
Worldview of Physics, The
(Weizsäcker), 383
World War I, 703
Christian theological effects of,
122, 126
problem of evil and, 212
sociology studies and, 815
World War II, 703
atomic bomb development and,
253, 566, 866
Christian theological effects of,
122–123, 126
Holocaust and, 212, 272, 273,
591, 808, 815
Japanese State Shinto and, 804
millennialism and, 566
problem of evil and, 212
sociology studies and, 815
World Wide Web
censorship and, 460
cyborg and, 197
information technology and, 459,
460–461
as science and religion
information source, 755–756,
767
as virtual reality, 923–924
Worrall, John, 653–654
Worthing, Mark, 173, 174, 747
Wrath. See Anger
Wren, Christopher, 611
Wright, G. Ernest, 219
Wright, G. H. von, 922
Wright, Sewall, 334, 609
Wright, Thomas, 181
Wu (nothingness), 107, 117, 869
Wukeitis, Franz M., 599
Wundt, Wilhelm, 59
Wu qin xi (gymnastic technique),
111
Wuxingzhan (Chinese document),
117
Wu Yue Zhen Xing Tu
(topographical maps), 112
Wyschogrod, Edith, 9
X
X chromosome, 423
Xenotransplantation, 358, 532, 931
X–Files, The (television series), 777
X–linked diseases, 733
Xunzi, 261
Y
Yahoo!, 756
Yahweh, 378, 415, 416, 627
Yajñvalkya, 402
Yajurveda, 407
Yale School (theology), 138, 884,
885
Yale University, 815
Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman, 494
Yang. See Yin and yang
Yang, Chen Ning, 670
Yan Yuan, 261
Yao, W., 833
Yasukuni Shrine (Tokyo), 804
Yates, Francis, 565
Y chromosome, 423
Year of the Great Allelulia, 564
Yeast, 64
Yerkes, Robert, 698
Yesh (Hebrew term), 587
Yeshe Tsogyal, 590
Yeshiva College (N.Y.C.), 481
Yetzer ha–ra (“evil inclination”), 620
YHWH Sebaoth, 627
Yi (righteousness), 108
Yin (people), 114, 115
Yin and yang, 107, 116, 117, 118,
676, 869
Yinger, J. Milton, 817
Yixing (Buddhist monk), 83
Yi Yulgok, 261
Yoga, 75, 116, 400, 830
karma and, 717, 901
Yogacara Buddhism, 77, 78, 79,
85–86
idealism and, 159
imagination and, 447
Yoga of Patañjali, 401, 408
Yohanan ben Zakkai, 477
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Yorke, James, 101
Young–earth episodic creationism,
133, 188, 189, 190, 379
Yuan Dynasty, 112
Yu–huang–da–di (Daoist emperor
deity), 116
Yu Yang Qi Hou Qin Ji (Daoist
scripture), 112
Z
Zacut, Abraham, 490
Zahid, Isma’il al–, 50
Zahraw3, al–, 473
Z boson, 387, 844
Zebrowski, George, 778
Zechariah, Book of, 787
Zen and the Brain (Austin), 79
Zen Buddhism, 79, 84
Zeno of Citium, 98
Zero, concept of
Buddhist impermanence concept
and, 82
origins of, 402, 407, 861
See also T
=
O
Zero net energy, 771–772
Zhang Zhihe, 112
Zhao Youqin, 112
Zhen Yuan Miao Dao Yao Lue
(Daoist scripture), 111–112
Zhou dynasty, 199
Zhou Hou Bai Yi Fang (Ge
Hong/Tao Hongling), 111
Zhoukoudian (China), 300
ZIFT. See Zygote intrafallopian
transfer
Zihlman, Adrienne, 195
Zimsum model, 336, 338
Zionism, 253, 496
Zizioulas, John, 131
Z massive bosons, 844
Zodiac, 262
Zoology. See Animals; Life sciences
Zoroaster, 54
Zoroastrianism, 262, 846
Zouhou Beiji Fang (medical text),
118
Zuanzong, Emperor of China, 83
Zwingli, Huldreich, 127–128, 136,
788
Zycinski, Joseph, 747
Zygon: Journal of Religion and
Science, 23, 150, 753, 766,
774
Zygon Center for Religion and
Science (Chicago), 774
Zygote intrafallopian transfer, 732,
733
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