Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
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human spirit and, 827
as imago dei, 450
Judaism and, 477, 479
Kant’s view of, 562, 606
Luther’s view of, 127–128,
248–249, 250
meanings of concept, 605
mechanistic science and, 125
metaphysics and, 561, 562–563
modern scientific explanations
of, 606–607
as morally neutral, 606
myths as understanding of,
590–591
natural law theory and, 599–600
Newton’s view of, 621, 906
optimization principle and, 213
order in, 222, 633, 634, 751
Orthodox Christian view of, 130
pantheism and, 645–646, 650
patent law and, 352
playing God with, 682
probabilities and, 97
Protestantism and, 248–249, 250
purposiveness of, 299
Reformed Christian views of
136–137, 137–138’
Roman Catholic view of,
139–140, 249, 250
sacredness of, 646
as self–organizing, 606, 797–798
Shinto belief and, 805
stewardship ethics and, 19, 236,
241, 436
symmetries in, 853
theology of, 764–765
theology of evolution and, 305,
378
Two Books metaphor and, 621,
622, 789, 905–908
value and, 527, 747
as witness to God, 209
See also Laws of nature; Forces of
nature
Nature (magazine), 365
Nature of Doctrine, The (Lindbeck),
884
Nature of the Gods, The (Cicero),
209
Nature versus nurture, 607–609
behavioral genetics and, 58–59,
227, 337, 607–608
behaviorism and, 59–60
DNA and, 224, 225, 226, 227
gene expression and, 530–531
genetic determinism and, 337,
338, 359, 363–364, 422–424,
438, 761
inborn norms and, 60
language and, 504
sociobiology and, 761, 795–796,
809–813
Navigation, 544, 822, 871
Nazism
Aryan supremacy myth of, 591
Barth’s natural theology critique
in context of, 212
Bonhoeffer’s execution by, 500
Einstein’s emigration from, 253
eugenics policy of, 272, 273, 424,
808
millennialism of, 563, 566
sociobiological approach to, 812
See also Holocaust
NBAC. See National Bioethics
Advisory Commission
NCHGR. See National Center for
Human Genome Research
Neanderthal hominid, 300, 639
Near–death experiences, 521
Nebelsick, Harold, 138
Necessary Being (Avicenna
concept), 49, 50–51
Necessity
causation linked with, 92–93, 94,
95
contingency versus, 166
design and, 213
evil and suffering as, 279
of God’s existence, 631–632
laws of nature and, 511, 657
order and, 633
See also Determinism
Needham, Joseph, 111, 199, 752
Needham, Rodney, 22
Needs, theory of, 6
Negative analogy, 578
“Neglected Argument for the Reality
of God, A” (Peirce), 886, 887
Negus, Michael Robert, 773–774
Nehemiah, Book of, 786
Neher, Erwin, 494
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 403
Neidhardt, James, 138
Nelson, Lynn Hankinson, 260
Nelville, Robert Cummings, 447
Neo–behaviorism, 59–60
Neo–Confucianism, 108–109, 117
Neocortex, 298
Neo–Darwinism, 303–304, 609–610,
761
competition and, 149–150
definition of, 303, 558, 609
design argument versus, 737
evolutionary algorithms and, 282
genetic forces in, 363, 364, 530,
531
genetic variations and, 303, 364,
558, 559
Intelligent Design versus, 213
progressivist ideas and, 703
punctuated equilibrium theory
and, 193, 709
random mutation and, 379, 609,
878
reductionism and, 398
Teilhard’s evolution theory and,
875
Neo–evolutionists, 21
Neo–Kantianism, 499
Neo–Lamarckism, 503–504
Neo–Marxist sociology, 816
Neo–orthodox theology. See
Christianity, Reformed, issues in
science and religion
Neo–Platonism
Christian thought and, 124–125,
230, 398, 437, 544, 650, 681,
819, 882
Copernican thought and,
124–125
dualism and, 230, 250, 255, 398,
569
idealism and, 569
idea of God and, 174, 220, 882
Islamic scholars and, 44, 48, 472,
478
levels of being and, 398
Neo–pragmatism, 694, 695
Nerve cells. See Cell systems; Neural
networks; Neurons
Nervous system, 430
autopoiesis and, 47
clinical neuroscience and, 615
neurophysiology and, 610
neurosciences and, 614
pain and, 881
spiritual experience and,
308–309, 314
Nested hierarchies, 283
Nestorianism, 451, 472
Networks. See Neural networks;
World Wide Web
Neumann, Isador, 494
Neumann, John von. See Von
Neumann, John
Neural cells. See Neurons
Neural Darwinism, 610
Neural networks
artificial intelligence and, 33, 35
brain imaging and, 310
computer modeling and, 161
neural Darwinism and, 610
neurophysiology and, 610
Neurath, Otto, 685
Neurobiology
biosemiotics and, 64
individuality theory, 610
religious experience
understanding and, 314, 615
See also Neurophysiology
Neuroimaging
cognitive neuroscience and,
614–615
consciousness studies and, 163
of meditation, 310, 617
of placebo effect, 677
Neuromancer (Gibson), 777
Neuromodulators, 614
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Neurons
computer modeling of, 161
consciousness studies and,
161–162
critical property of, 612
emergence and, 257
formation from stem cells of, 613
Freud’s contribution to study of,
341
as independent cell, 612
mind–brain relationship and, 413
neurophysiological studies of,
610, 611, 612–613
stem cell renewal of, 367
See also Neural networks;
Synapses
Neuropharmacology, 613, 615
Neurophenomenology, 160, 162
Neurophysiology, 610
behaviorism and, 60
brain studies and, 612
cell system studies and, 610, 611,
612–613
computer modeling and, 161
meditation and, 832
spiritual experience and, 308,
312, 314, 556, 615–616, 835
Neuropsychological Bases of God
Beliefs (Persinger), 800
Neuropsychology, 610, 707
immune system and, 614
religious experience studies,
307–309, 314, 615–616, 617,
707, 709, 726, 773, 800
self–transcendence and, 800
spirituality and, 827, 835
symbolic references and, 508
Neuro–reductionism, 161
Neurosciences, 610–617
Buddhism and, 79
Chaos Theory and, 101, 102, 160
clinical, 614
consciousness studies, 158, 159,
160–161, 309–310, 614–616
determinism and, 337
developmental, 613
emotions studies and, 763
fields covered by, 610, 611
functionalism and, 344
history of, 611–612
Jewish scientists and, 494
mind–brain interaction studies,
574–575, 615–616, 773, 832, 835
mystical experience perspective
and, 588–589, 726
neural Darwinism and, 610
philosophy of, 616
religious experience studies,
307–310, 312, 313, 314,
379–380, 615–616, 617–618,
697–698, 707–708, 709, 726,
773, 827–828, 832, 835
self–organization and, 798
self–transcendence and, 799–800
sensory and motor, 613–614
spirit concepts and, 827–828
supervenience and, 849–851
theological compatibilism with,
827
Neurotheology, 616, 617–618, 726
Buddhism and, 79
spirit and, 827–828
Neurotransmitters, 310, 613, 614
Neutral monism, 583
Neutrinos, 387
Neutrons, 330, 668
anthropic coincidences and, 15
atomic models and, 42
quark confinement and, 669
wavelike aspects of, 925
Neutron stars, 39, 71
Neville, Robert Cummings, 260, 883,
914
New Age movement, 521, 645, 693
New Atlantis, The (F. Bacon), 565
Newberg, Andrew, 276, 307, 314,
615–616, 707, 800
Newbigin, Lesslie, 860
New Book on the Investigation of
Astronomical Phenomena
(Zhao Youqin), 112
Newman, John Henry, 26, 319, 321,
520
New Organon (Bacon), 658, 659
New physics, 618, 670–671
science–religion dialogue and,
771–772
See also Grand Unified Theory;
Physics, particle; Physics,
quantum
New science. See Scientific
revolution
Newsletters. See Science and
religion, periodical literature
New Testament
afterlife and, 519
apologetics and, 25
Augustine and, 43, 44
on celestiel realm, 846
Christian fundamentalism and,
122
eschatology and, 417
faith healing and, 134
healing and, 553, 829
historical criticism and, 411–412
Holy Spirit in, 415, 830
hope in, 417
human embodiment in, 436
imago dei in, 449
key interpretative texts in, 787
on natural knowledge of God,
905
on resurrection of Jesus, 518
sin and, 806
spirit and, 826, 830
as theological source, 885
See also Scriptural interpretation;
specific books
Newton, Isaac, 101, 103, 117, 137,
618–624
Anglicanism and, 120, 620
argument from design of, 26, 56,
210
Aristotelianism and, 27
atomism and, 42
biocultural evolution pattern and,
288, 289, 290
calculus discovery and, 375, 545,
619, 750
causation and, 94, 337
cosmology and, 170, 179, 181,
182, 316, 375, 619, 622, 667
design argument and, 26,
621–622
determinism and, 452, 453
divine action and, 135–136, 170,
181, 182, 219, 220, 667, 750
end–time computation by, 263
Euclidean geometry and, 375
gravitation law of, 90, 94, 170,
171, 181, 330, 331, 389, 533,
545, 619, 663–664, 665, 822,
838
hypothesis rejection by, 658–659
law of inertia and, 719, 823
law of motion and, 294, 545, 663,
664, 665, 691, 823, 893
laws as paradigms, 652–653
laws of nature and, 509, 510,
545, 823, 838
life and accomplishments of,
619
locality and, 533
materialism and, 398, 542
mathematics and, 545, 546, 619,
823, 838
mechanistic science and, 120,
135, 210, 212, 248, 249, 337,
509, 542, 663–664, 667, 847
metaphoric use by, 560, 666
millennialism and, 566, 620–621
natural philosophy and, 781
natural theology and, 125, 210,
619, 621–623, 764
papal message (1988) on, 143
physico–theology and, 372
physics and, 542, 546
planetary elliptical orbits theory
and, 619, 659, 667, 823
rationality and, 140
on science–religion relationship,
749, 764
scientific method and, 658–659,
660, 780
scientific revolution and,
140–141, 591, 780
theological views of, 40, 181,
427, 619–623, 629, 667, 675,
824, 838, 906
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time (absolute/relative) theory of,
622, 623, 823, 838, 893–894,
897
Two Books metaphor and, 621,
622, 906
“Two–Newton” thesis and, 619
New York University, 159
New York University Medical
Center, 734
Nibbana. See Nirvana
Nicea, Council of (325 C.E.), 130,
451
Nicene Creed, 127, 649
Niche construction, 505
Nicholas V, Pope, 427
Nicholas da Cusa, 255
Nickles, Thomas, 656
Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle),
572
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 520
Niels Bohr Institute (Copenhagen),
71
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 903
atheism and, 39
final value and, 914
postmodernism and, 580, 581,
691
Nightingale, Florence, 553
Night of Power (Robinson), 779
NIH. See National Institutes of
Health
Nihonshoki ( Japanese text), 803
Niinamesai (Shinto ritual), 804
Nikaya Buddhism, 74, 94
Nikkel, David, 643
Ninth Bridgewater Treatise
(Babbage), 907
Nirenberg, Marshall W., 494
Nirvana, 19, 77, 107, 184, 204–205,
275, 829
described as “void,” 309
as liberation, 513
self and, 794
self–transcendence to reach, 799
Nitrous oxide, 390
Niz1m al–Mulk, 473
NMDA receptor, 612
Noachian Flood, 90, 188–189, 299,
577, 870
No actio in distans (omnipresence),
629
Noah’s Ark, 189, 870
Nobel, Alfred, 866
Nobel Peace Prize, 86, 866
Nobel Price in medicine or physics,
366, 494–495
Nobel Prize in chemistry, 493
Nobel Prize in physics, 253, 403,
409, 466, 493, 670, 718
Nobel Prizes, 866
“No Effect of Intercessory Prayer
Has Been Proven” (Harris),
831
Noether, Emmy, 853
Noise
data tranmission and, 462
self–organization and, 797
Nominalism, 178–179
empiricism and, 259
sensation and, 561–562
Nonattachment, Buddhist concept
of, 84, 85, 242
Nonbeing, Daoist, 117
Noncommutative geometry, 373,
389
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics
dissipative structures and, 218
order out of chaos and, 101,
154–155, 218
Non–Euclidean geometry, 372, 374,
375, 376, 546–547, 661
as space and time description,
823, 824
Nonfoundationalism, 624
postfoundationalism versus,
688–689
postmodernism and, 691
Nongravitational interactions. See
Field theories; Grand Unified
Theory
Nonhumans. See Animal rights;
Animals; Plants; Primates,
nonhuman
Nonlinear systems
Chaos Theory and, 101–103
complexity and, 151–158
cybernetics and, 197
new physics and, 618
See also Cyclical universe
Nonlocality, quantum effects and,
533, 673, 674–675
Non–over–lapping magisteria
(NOMA), 499
Nonpredictability. See
Unpredictability
Nonreductive physicalism. See
Physicalism, reductive and
nonreductive
Nonviolence, 12, 233
Noosphere (Teilhard de Chardin
term), 874, 878
Norepinephrine, 613
Northwestern University, 909
Noss, Reed, 235
“Note on the Universal Christ”
(Teilhard de Chardin), 145
Nöth, Winfried, 63
Nothing
creation out of. See Creatio ex
nihilo
nonscientific versus quantum
mechanical concept of, 392
Nothingness (Daoist concept), 107,
117
Nova, 264
“Novelty–seeking gene,” 58
Novum Organum: Indications
Respecting the Interpretation of
Nature (F. Bacon), 658, 659,
789
NPI Scale, 588
n–tuples (co–ordinates), 375
Nuclear energy, 624–625
accidents and, 624–625
astrophysics and, 39
Bohr atomic model and, 71,
671
end–of–the world and, 264, 265
ethical perspectives on, 624–625,
866–867, 871
from fission, 866
from fusion, 866–867
mass–energy transformation and,
721, 866
progress concept and, 703
Rutherford atomic model and,
671
strong and weak interactions
and, 329, 333, 334, 387, 669
theological perspectives on, 625,
871
war potential from, 625
weaponry and, 253, 265, 566,
625, 866, 917
Nuclear reactions. See Nuclear
energy
Nuclear structure, 668–670, 671
strong nuclear interaction and,
329, 333, 334, 387, 669
Nuclear transfer. See Somatic cell
nuclear transfer
Nuclear weapons. See Atomic
bomb; Nuclear energy
Nucleic acids, 296, 524, 530
Nucleotides, 225, 226, 293–294,
522
sequence mutation, 584
sequencing of, 420, 584
Nucleus. See Nuclear structure
Numbers
Arabic, 407, 545
order and, 680
ratios between, 543, 780, 838
terminology, 406
See also Computation
Numbers, Ronald, 553
Number theory, 546
transfinite numbers and, 454
Numerals. See Numbers
Numerology, Chinese, 109
Numrich, Paul, 734
Nuñez, Raphael, 165
Nuovo Scienza (Vico), 374
Nursing
Catholic orders and, 553
medical ethics and, 550
religious congregations and,
556
Nyaya–Vaisesikas, 260
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O
Oakley, Kenneth, 29
Oberlin College, 815
Objectivity
beauty and, 56, 57
behaviorism and, 58
Buddhist questioning of, 77
postmodern skepticism about,
758
theological apologetics and, 25
as worldview, 847–848
“Objectivity, Value Judgment, and
Theory Choice” (Kuhn), 653
Object relations theory, 793
Obligate symbiosis, 852
Obligation, religious values and,
915–916
Observations (Newton), 621
Observations on Man, His Frame,
His Duty, and His Expectations
(Hartley), 541
Observer–induced collapse theory,
674
Obsessional neurosis, 341, 342, 837
Occasionalism, 220, 472
Occult, 308, 892
Ockham’s Razor, 175
Intelligent Designer and, 214
statement of, 16
Ode on a Grecian Urn (Keats), 31
Oedipus complex, 342
Oersted, Hans Christian, 666
“Of Superstition and Enthusiasm”
(Hume), 311–312
Ogburn, William Fielding, 816
Ogden, C. K., 57
Old–earth episodic creationism,
189
Old Testament. See Hebrew Bible
Olfaction, convergent evolution
and, 167
Oliver, Harold H., 515
Olivi, Peter John, 453
Om (primal word), 396
Omega Point, The (Zebrowski), 778
Omega Point theory, 627, 640, 778,
874, 876
Omnibenevolence, 378, 583
Omnipathy, 643
Omnipotence, 531, 627–628
Anthropic Principle and, 173
as attribute of God, 336, 378,
379, 381
boundaries and, 628
causation and, 336, 562
determinism and, 217, 336
as divine love, 634
eternity and, 270
evil and suffering question and,
276, 336, 338, 339–340, 628
extraterrestrial life as evidence
of, 317
God’s self–limitations on, 336,
339–340
human freedom versus, 337–338,
340, 628, 634
metaphysics and, 562
monotheism and, 583, 627
panentheism and, 641, 644
process thought on, 336, 338,
339, 340, 628, 765
theodicy and, 880–881
Omnipresence, 628–629
Brahman and, 185
creation and, 185
geometric concepts and, 371,
372
human free will versus, 813
Newton’s space and time
conception and, 622, 629
panentheism and, 641
science–religion debate and,
770
of Western monotheistic God,
378, 531, 583, 622, 628–629
Omniscience, 378, 381, 629–630
Calvin’s view of, 704
Hinduism and, 400
human free will versus, 630, 813,
898–900
idealism and, 445, 569, 713
middle knowledge and, 900
monotheism and, 378, 583
Newton’s versus Leibniz’s view
of, 622
Omega Point and, 878
panentheism and, 641, 642
providence and, 704–705
theodicy and, 880–881
time and, 821, 898–900
UFOs associated with, 910
Omnitemporality, 622
On Christian Theology (Williams),
884
Oneness, sense of, 307–308, 615,
763
On First Principles (Origen), 787
On Generation and Corruption
(Aristotle), 890
On Growth and Form (Thompson),
155
On Prescription Against Heretics
(Tertullian), 25
On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured
Despisers (Schleiermacher), 155,
312, 727
On the Creation (Philo), 787
On the Eternity of the World
(Thomas Aquinas), 891
On the Harmony of Religion and
Philosophy (Averröes), 466
On the Heavens (Aristotle), 28,
890
On the Moral Nature of the Universe
(Murphy and Ellis), 771
On the Origin of Species (Darwin),
122, 132, 200, 211, 280, 281,
287, 290, 299–300, 503, 528,
577, 606, 638, 702, 760, 790,
807, 877, 907
On the Revolutions of Heavenly
Spheres (Copernicus), 179, 180,
780
On the Soul (Aristotle), 890
On the Soul (Melancthon), 128
Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Gould),
385
Ontological argument, 381,
630–632, 650
Ontology, 632
autopoiesis and, 46, 47
Avicenna and, 50
Chaos Theory and, 102
complementarity and, 150
complexity, 152, 153
geometry and, 376
Greek philosophy and, 254
hierarchical, 398, 399
Hindu cosmology and, 402
idealism and, 445
Laplacian determinism and, 216
monism and, 583
naturalism and, 594
physicalism and, 662–663
pluralism and, 683, 684
realism and, 713, 714
reductionism, 364
scientism and, 783, 784, 785
temporal emergence and,
257–258
Oord, Thomas J., 748–749
Oparin, Aleksandr, 524
Oparin–Haldane model (prebiotic
evolution), 524–525
Open future models, 899–900
Open universe, 172, 632–633, 822
Operational constructivism, 164
Opiates, 310
Oppenheim, Hermann, 494
Oppenheim, Paul, 512
Oppenheimer, Paul, 150
Oppenheimer, Robert, 265
Opticks (Newton), 26, 42, 120, 619,
621, 659
Optics
ancient Chinese, 115
Daoism and, 112
Newton and, 619, 621
See also Telescopes
Optimism. See Hope; Progress
Oracle bones, 114, 115, 117
Oral Roberts University, 133, 134
Orangutans, 699
Order, 633–634
beauty and, 56, 670
creation and, 633, 634, 670, 762,
821
Daoism and, 117
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design argument and, 215, 382
dharma and, 217–218
disorder versus, 218, 633
dissipative structures and, 101,
154–155, 218, 257
entropy and, 266, 888–889
as expression of God, 378, 477,
509, 633, 634, 825
hierarchies and, 397–399, 633
laws of emergence of, 257
myths of emergence of, 797
in nature, 222, 263, 634, 751
numbers as expression of, 680
panentheistic conception and,
222
particle physics and, 669–670
self–organization and, 797–798
supernatural versus, 847
Teilhard de Chardin’s evolution
theory and, 874, 876
teleological argument and, 876
unified theory and, 825
See also Randomness
Ordination, 743
Oresme, Nicole, 124
Organisation of Thoughts, The
(Whitehead), 926
“Organismic Psychology” (Kantor),
59–60
Organisms
biological life of, 522–523
complexity and, 153, 155
ecological study of, 242–244,
530
ecosystems and, 418
evolution of, 280–281, 287, 291,
300
fitness and, 333–334
Gaia hypothesis and, 349
genetically modified, 358
genetic engineering and,
359–362
Hindu belief and, 404
intrinsic value as life forms of,
527
life sciences and, 529–530
moral standing of, 238
patent grants for, 352
reciprocal altruism in, 808–809
symbiosis among, 851–852
value and, 723
Organizational systems theory,
855
Organized complexity, 152
Organon (Aristotle), 479, 658
Organ transplants. See
Transplantation of tissues and
organs
Origen, 356, 883
cyclical universe and, 197
early Christian apologetics and,
25, 123
hell and, 519
Platonic reasoning and, 681
scriptural interpretation and, 787
on supercelestial realm, 846
Original sin. See Evil and suffering;
Fall; Sin
Origin and Evolution of Life, The
(Pontifical Academy), 142
“Origin and Fate of the Universe,
The” (Hawking), 825
Origin of life. See Life, origin of
Origin of Species (Darwin). See On
the Origin of Species
Origin of universe. See Big Bang
Theory; Cosmology;
Cosmology, physical aspects;
Cosmology, religious and
philosophical aspects; T
=
O
Origins and Design (journal), 767
Origins of Art, The (Hirn), 30
Origins of Order, The (Kauffmann),
155
Ormerod, Eleanor, 106
Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)
deficiency, 356
Orphics, 518
Orr, James, 122
Orrorin tugenensis, 430
Ørsted, Hans Christian, 129
Orthodox Judaism, 481–482, 485,
487, 491, 735, 843, 886
Orthodoxy, Eastern. See Christianity,
Orthodox, issues in science and
religion
Orthogeneis, 281
Oscillating universe. See Cyclical
universe
Osteoarthritis, 367
Otherness
chaos as, 100
feminist postmodernists and, 325,
328
Otherworld. See Life after death;
Possible worlds
Other worlds. See Many–worlds
Hypothesis
Otto, Rudolf, 604
Ottoman Empire, 465
Our Cosmic Habitat (Rees), 772
Our Friends from Frolix 8 (Dick),
778
Outcome ethics. See Consequential
ethics
Outline of Philosophy, An (Russell),
570
Out of the Silent Planet (Lewis),
778
Owen, Richard, 639
Oxford University, 120
science and religion studies, 754,
774
Oxygen, anthropic coincidences
and, 15
Ozone, 390
P
Pacifism. See Nonviolence
Packard, Norman, 797
Paganism, 25, 123, 124, 725
Page, Ruth, 772
Pagels, Heinz, 14
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, 872
Pain. See Evil and suffering;
Theodicy
Paine, Thomas, 907
Painting, 29, 31
Paired–Box (Pax–6) gene, 167
Paleoanthropology, 23, 637
art origins and, 29–30
cultural origins and, 193
human evolution and, 298–301,
430–431
missing link and, 577–578
naturalized epistemology and,
599
Teilhard and, 875
Paleobiology (journal), 385
Paleoclimatology, 640
Paleolithic art, 29
Paleontology, 637–641
common ancester evidence and,
62, 291–292
eschatology and, 269
Gould and, 384
human evolution and, 300–301
hypothesis formation in,
639–640
language evidence and, 505
natural selection and, 639
neo–Darwinism and, 609
neo–Lamarckism and, 503–505
Pentecostal interest in, 133
primatology and, 698–699
punctuated equilibrium model
and, 281, 296, 384, 385, 386,
709
Reformed Christian theology and,
138
Teilhard de Chardin and,
640–641, 874, 875
See also Fossil record
Paley, William, 56, 105, 200–201,
907
Anglicanism and, 120
design argument of, 200, 201,
210–211, 382, 441, 603, 737,
764, 789, 877
Palmer, Daniel David, 840
Pancamakarapuja, 744
Pancreas, 367
Panentheism, 641–645
Anglicanism and, 121
Chaos Theory and, 102
coining of term, 643–644
definition of, 880
immanence and, 450
natural order and, 222
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Panentheism (continued)
pantheism versus, 642, 643, 646
process thought and, 126, 255,
642, 643–644, 701
traditional views of God and, 378
view of God in, 102, 641–642,
643, 701
Panexperientialism, 257, 701
P1nini, 408
Pannenberg, Wolfhart
on analogy, 576
anthropology and, 23
apologetics and, 26
on God’s eternity, 271
Holy Spirit doctrine of, 415, 416
hope and, 417
on human nature, 435–436
hypothesis theory and, 746
omnipotence and, 627
proleptic theology and, 887
self–referential statements and,
799
spirt–life relationship and, 826,
827
theological falsifiability and, 758
Panpsychism, 643
Panskeep, Jaak, 160
Pantheism, 645–646
definition of, 645
Einstein and, 41
God’s immanence in world, 901
myths and, 590
naturalism and, 595, 596
on nature of God, 448, 642, 645,
645–646, 650, 901
nineteenth–century science and,
104
panentheism and, 642, 643, 646
popular appeal of, 646
secularist critics of, 646
Spinoza and, 596, 645, 650
types of, 645
Pantheisticon (Toland), 541
Pantokrator, 627
Papal infallibility, 3, 752, 885
Paper making, Chinese invention of,
110, 114
Paradigms, 647–648
Buddhist shifting of, 78
of field theory as Holy Spirit,
416
Kuhn’s theory of science and, 78,
289–290, 447, 579, 647–648,
652–653, 752, 763, 782
meanings of, 647, 763
new physics and, 618
resistance to falsification of, 763
science–religion debate as,
774–775
sociology of religion and, 817
systems theory and, 855–856
Paradise. See Heaven
Paradiso (Dante), 822, 905
Paradox, 648–649
Copenhagen Interpretation and,
129
divine omnipotence and, 628
divine wisdom manifestation
and, 633
EPR effect and, 268–269, 413,
533, 669
Gödel’s incompleteness theorem
and, 380
in quantum theory, 129, 268–269,
670, 673, 745–746
reference frames and, 720
of Schrödinger’s Cat, 673,
745–746
self–referential statements and,
799
wave–particle duality and, 649,
670, 925
Parallel distributed processing, 161
Parallelisms (Teilhard term),
874–875
Parasitology, 111, 852
Parasympathetic nervous system,
308
Parcelsus, 906
Pargament, Kenneth, 836
Parietal lobes, 615
Paris Basin, 638
Paris Talks (iAbduhl–Bahá), 54
Park, Robert E., 816
Parker, G., 697
Parkes, Samuel, 104
Parkinson’s disease
placebo effect and, 677
stem cell treatment and, 367, 842
Parmenides (Plato), 681
Parmenides of Elea, 568, 569, 683
Parousia. See Second Coming
Parsons, Talcott, 343, 816, 817
Parthenotes, 842
Partial differential equations, 329
Participatory Anthropic Principle,
14–15
Particle accelerators, 669
Particle physics. See Physics, particle
Particles
atomic models and, 668
classical physics and, 542
electrically negative. See
Electrons
EPR paradox and, 268–269, 413
fields and, 329, 330, 332–333,
389, 542, 711
Grand Unified Theory and, 387
gravitation and, 389
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 391–392, 712
phase space of, 649, 673
quantum, 413
quantum field theory and, 711,
844
quantum vacuum state and, 712
quantum wavelengths of, 925
superstrings as more
fundamental, 844, 848
wavelike aspect of, 925
See also Spin particles;
Wave–particle duality
Particularism, 20, 804
Part–whole teleology, 877
Pascal, Blaise, 454, 545
Pascal Centre for Advanced Studies
in Science and Faith (Ontario),
768
Pascal Centre Notebook, The
(newsletter), 768
Pascal’s wager, 454
Passions of the Soul (Descartes),
206, 208
Passover, 744
Pasteur, Louis, 524
Patañjali, 401, 408
Patent and Trademark Office, U.S.,
352, 425
Patents. See Gene patenting
Path. See Dao
Pathogen–associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), 431
Paths from Science towards God
(Peacocke), 772
Pathway complexity, 152
Patients’ rights, 836
Patriarchalism
dualisms and, 762
ecofeminism on, 233–234, 242,
250
ecotheology and, 769
feminist cosmology and, 326–327
feminist theology on, 327, 328,
762
Hinduism and, 402, 403
women’s participation in science
and, 323–324, 654–655
Patriarchiataes, 130
Patristic Greek Lexicon, A (Lampe),
417
Pattern formation
complexity theory and, 151, 155,
156
of nuclear matter, 668
self–organization and, 798
Pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs), 431
Patterson, Francine, 699
Paul (apostle and saint)
apologetics of, 25
on celestial realm, 846
Christology of, 144–145
Holy Spirit and, 415
hope and, 417
imago dei doctrine and, 449
nature and, 249, 905
on resurrection, 144, 518
on self–emptying love, 500
on sin, 204
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speaking in tongues and, 134
spirit and, 826, 830
Paul III, Pope, 179
Paul V, Pope, 180
Pauli, Wolfgang, 671
Pavlov, Ivan, 59
PBS/New River Media, 755
Peace, 307
Peace of God (France), 564
Peacocke, Arthur, 700, 747
accidental free will theism and,
339–340
adaptative processes and, 277
Anthropic Principle and, 173
apologetics and, 26
creatio ex nihilo and, 173
creation and, 187
critical realism and, 191, 746,
757–758
divine action and, 222–223, 384,
414, 642–643, 770
downward causation and,
642–643, 770
free process defense and, 339
on immanence, 450
panentheism and, 121, 450,
642–643
reductionism critique by, 399
revelation and, 737
science–religion studies and, 126,
128, 155, 753, 764–765, 769,
770, 772
tacit knowledge theory and, 860
theistic evolution and, 747,
764–765, 772, 827
whole–part influence
terminology and, 414
Pea experiments, Mendel’s, 558
Pearson, Karl, 609
Peebles, P. James E., 100
Peirce, Charles Sanders
biosemiotics and, 63
causation and, 95
fallibilism and, 322
imagination and, 447
naturalism and, 596
open future model of, 899
pragmatic theology and, 886, 887
pragmatism and, 694, 695, 759
semiotics and, 801, 802
spiritual sensibility and, 839
value and, 914
Peking Man, 300
Pelagianism, 43–44, 45
Peloponnesian War, 680
Penance, 743
Pence, Gregory, 273
Pendulum, 42, 101, 350
Pennock, Robert T., 382
Penrose, Roger, 693
Anthropic Principle and, 13–14
argument against thinking
machines by, 799, 890
consciousness explanation and,
162
cosmological theory and, 172,
174, 176
self–reference and, 799
Pensées sur l’Interprétation de la
Nature (Diderot), 540
Pentateuch, 411
Pentecost, Holy Spirit and, 415
Pentecostalism. See Christianity:
Pentecostalism, issues in
science and religion
Penzias, Arno, 61–62, 493, 841
Pepper, Stephen, 914
Peppered moth, 294, 334
Perceiving God (Alston), 381
Perception
Buddhist view of, 77–78
causation and, 95
consciousness and, 161
critical realism versus, 190
empiricism and, 260
God’s omnipresence and, 378
Kant’s theory of, 57, 446–447,
498, 562
UFOs and, 909
See also Idealism; Realism; Senses
Percussion instruments, 29
Perelandra (Lewis), 778
Perennialists, 313–314, 468
Perfect–being theology, 681
“Perfect” children. See “Designer
babies”
Perfection
infinite, 453
millennialism and, 563–564
natural law and, 599–600
ontological argument and,
630–631
UFOs associated with, 910
Performative theory of truth, 903
Periodicals. See Science and
religion, periodical literature;
specific titles
Perl, Martin, 493
Perrault, Charles, 579
Perry, Ralph Barton, 914, 920, 921
Persinger, Michael, 314, 617, 800
Personal God. See God; Theism
Personal Knowledge (Polanyi), 859
Personal religion. See Experience,
religious, philosophical aspects
Personhood
abortion and, 1, 2
algorithm capacity and, 8
anthropocentrism and, 18–19
attributes of, 436, 528
belief foundations and, 689
cloning and, 366, 367, 772
at conception, 2, 422
gene patenting and, 353
genetic determinism and, 364,
366
genetic testing and, 273, 371, 422
in Hindu and Buddhist beliefs,
436
human dignity and, 367, 422,
424, 425–426, 842
of human embryo, 66, 368, 369,
371, 396, 842
imago dei and, 425, 436, 437,
449–450, 528
modern concept of, 582
neurobiological theory of, 610,
617
neurotheology and, 617–618
nonhuman animals contrasted
with, 10–11
organ transplants and, 79
science–religion dialogue and,
773
self differentiated from, 791
self–transcendence and, 439
valuation of life and, 1, 2,
722–723, 914
xenotransplantation and, 931
See also Human beings; Human
nature, religious and
philosophical aspects
Perspectives on Science and
Christian Faith (periodical),
766–767
Perutz, Max Ferdinand, 493
Pesticides
ecological impact of, 235, 236,
243
genetically engineered
replacements for, 360, 404, 532
insect adaptation to, 294
Peter Lombard, 743
Peters, Ted, 172, 173, 531, 747, 771,
773, 842
Peterson, Gregory, 450
Petrarch, Francis, 427
PET scans, 310, 614–615, 677
Pfeiffer, John, 29, 30
Pfieffer, Michael, 195
Pfister, Oscar, 341–343
PGD. See Pre–implantation genetic
diagnosis
Phaedo (Plato), 230, 398, 567, 601,
680
Phaedrus (Plato), 230, 680
Pharmaceuticals. See Pharmacology
Pharmacology
abortion drug and, 1
Ayurvedic, 407
biotechnology and, 67–68, 69
Buddhist, 84
Chinese, 107, 118
Daoist, 111
genetic engineering and, 360,
361, 364, 403
human gene patents and, 352
neuropharmacology and, 613,
615
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Pharmacology (continued)
placebo effect and, 677
psychopharmacology and, 615
Phase space, 649, 673
Phenomenology
causation and, 95
consciousness and, 160–161, 162,
570
critical realism versus, 191
definition of, 160, 584
evil and, 806
human nature and, 439
Islam and, 468
metaphysics and, 562–563
mind–body theories and,
570–571, 806
mystical experience and, 585
as reductionism, 715
religious experience and, 313
Phenomenon of Man, The
(Teilhard), 300, 640
Phenotypes, 224, 225, 227, 362,
530–531
DNA coding and, 523
gradualism theory and, 386, 609
Phenylketonuria (PKU), 421
Philebus (Plato), 453
Philip, King of Macedon, 27
Philip II, King of Spain, 582
Philippians, Letter of Paul to the,
500
Phillips, D. Z., 166, 650
Philo of Alexandria, 123, 453, 681,
787
Philosophical anthropology,
437–438
Philosophical emergence, 256,
257–260
Philosophical humanism, 428
“Philosophical Ideas of Nature”
(Hepburn), 137
Philosophical Investigations
(Wittgenstein), 569
Philosophical medical ethics, 549
Philosophical theology, 886
Philosophical Theology (Tennant),
211, 877–878
Philosophie zoologique (Lamarck),
503
Philosophy
Christian heaven and hell
concepts and, 520
coining of term, 543–544
consciousness studies and, 158
critics of religion in, 650–651
definition of knowledge in,
266–267
determinism and, 336
emergence and, 256, 257–260
epistemology and, 266–267
eternity and, 270
geometry and, 374–377
God in systems of, 650
hermeneutics in, 392, 394, 396
holism and, 413
human nature theories in, 437
idealism and, 445–446
imagination theories and,
447–448
infinity and, 454
logical positivism and, 685–687
materialism and, 538–539
naturalistic fallacy and, 393,
697–698, 806
of neuroscience, 616
nonfoundationalism and, 624
possible worlds concept in, 537
realism and, 713–714
reductionism in, 715–716
religious experiences and,
311–314
religious tools and, 651
semiotics and, 801, 802
sociobiology and, 811–813
systems theory and, 855
value theory and, 913–914,
920–922
Whitehead and, 926–927
See also Epistemology; specific
philosophers
Philosophy of mind. See Mind–body
theories
Philosophy of religion, 649–651
anthropology and, 23, 24, 364
of Einstein, 41, 251, 253–254,
323, 371, 376, 494, 495, 496,
541, 634, 839
faith and, 319–320
feminist theology and, 327–328
Freud–Pfister debate on, 341–342
functionalism and, 344–345
geometry and, 376–377
of Gould, 385–386, 757
hermeneutics and, 393–394
of Hume, 311–312, 313, 441–442,
650, 726–727, 728, 729
logical positivism’s effect on, 687
methodologies of
science–religion studies and,
758
natural theology and, 605
pragmatism and, 695
self and, 794
sociobiology and, 811–813
supernaturalism versus, 848
theology and, 882–887
truth and, 904
values and, 722–724, 915–917
worldview and, 929
See also Religion, theories of;
Science and religion headings
Philosophy of science, 651–657
autopoiesis and3, 46
chemistry and, 105
critical realism and, 736,
757–758
feminist theories and, 323–326,
328, 654–655, 757, 762
freedom versus determinism and,
336–337
functionalism and, 344–345
fundamentalists and, 346–347
genetic determinism and,
363–364
God beliefs and, 379–380
God of the gaps and, 379,
382–383
Gould and, 385–386
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 391–392
hermeneutics and, 393, 396–397
holism and, 413–414
imagination and, 447–449
infinity and, 454
Islam and, 467–469, 471–474
Judaism and, 477–479, 488–489
Kuhn’s paradigms and, 289–290,
447, 579, 647–648, 652–653, 782
laws of nature and, 509, 510–512
logical positivism and, 685–687
methodologies of
science–religion studies and,
757–759
millennial hopes and, 566
models and, 578–579, 763
myth transition to, 591–592
naturalistic fallacy and, 598
paradigm concept and, 648, 763
“playing God” and, 337
postmodernism and, 691–693
pragmatism and, 695
Protestantism and, 768, 818
reductionism critiques and, 399
religious parallels with, 763
science–religion research and,
770–771
science wars and, 782
scientific worldview and,
345–347, 381, 928
spirituality and, 829, 837–840
systems theory and, 854–855
tacit knowledge and, 860
Two Books metaphor, 789
values and, 722, 723, 917–920
See also Science and religion
Philosophy of science, history of,
657–662
Aristotle and, 27
ecological awareness and, 241
See also Science, origins of;
Scientific method; Scientific
revolution
Philosophy of Science (periodical),
542
Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences,
Founded Upon Their History,
The (Whewell), 659–660
Phosphates, 526
Photoelectric effect, 332, 666, 925
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Photons, 330, 666
Photosynthesis, 418
Phrenology, 611–612
Phyletic gradualism. See Gradualism
Phylogeny, 280, 283, 301
Physical anthropology
definition of, 22
See also Evolution, human
Physical atomism, 42
Physical cosmology. See Cosmology,
physical
Physicalism, reductive and
nonreductive, 662–663, 715
Cartesianism and, 90
downward causation and,
228–229
monism and, 583
neuroscience and, 616
scientism and, 784–785
soul and, 819
Physical laws. See Laws of nature
“Physician, Heal Thyself: How
Teaching Holistic Medicine
Differs from Teaching CAM”
(Graham–Pole), 833
Physicians. See Doctor–patient
relationship; Medicine
Physico–theology
apologetics and, 25, 26
chemistry and, 103, 105
Newton’s writings and, 372
religion and science relationship
and, 650
study of nature and, 322
Two Books metaphor and, 906
Physico–theology (Derham), 26
Physics, 663–664
Anthropic Principle and, 14
areas of concern, 663
Aristotle’s views and, 28
astrophysics and, 39
boundary conditions and, 74
Cartesian, 90, 207, 208
Chaos Theory and, 101
consciousness studies and, 158
cosmic coincidences and, 13
dematerialization of matter and,
542
design and, 604
Duhem on methodological
limitations of, 660–661
Einsteins’ contribution to, 251,
252–253
entropy and, 265–266
feminisms and, 323–334
fields and, 329–332, 389, 664
four interactions in, 329–330,
333, 334, 388, 669
geometrization of, 373, 375, 718
God of the gaps explanation in,
383
Grand Unified Theory and,
387–388
gravitation and, 388–390
handedness and, 670
of information, 457
Jewish Nobel Prize winners in,
493–494
mathematical, 546
mechanistic science and, 606
metaphoric statements in, 560
need for new, 618, 670–671. See
also Physics, particle; Physics,
quantum
science–religion debate and, 768,
771–772
symmetries in, 853
Physics (Aristotle), 27, 28, 98, 890
Physics, classical, 664–667
atomic model in, 668, 671
atomism and, 42
chaos and, 98
cosmology and, 822–823
determinism and, 98
field theories, 329–330, 331, 389,
664, 666, 672
gravitation and, 388–389,
663–664, 665–666
limitations of, 666–667, 669–671,
675
materialism and, 542
motion and, 663–666
Newtonian mechanics and, 664
Newton’s theology and, 619, 623,
675
phase space and, 649
predictability in, 911
quantization of, 672
quantum physics development
and, 332, 669–671, 675
relativity principle and, 719
scientific determinism and, 216
space and time and, 822–824
time and, 893–894
unanswered problems in, 666,
670–671
wave mechanics and, 672
Physics, particle, 667–670
emergence and, 257
EPR paradox and, 268–269, 413
fields and, 329, 330, 332–338
four forces in, 334, 669
Grand Unified Theory and, 387,
669
gravitation and, 389
hidden–variables theory and, 673
as new physics, 618
quantum field theory and,
711–712
Standard Model, 669
symmetry and, 853
Physics, quantum, 670–676
atomic models and, 42, 671
Bohr and, 71, 72–73, 671, 757,
839
Buddhist analogies with, 78, 516
chaos and, 98, 100, 101, 453
Chaos Theory and, 101
chemistry and, 105
Christian sacraments analogy
with, 744
complementarity and, 72–73,
150, 392, 757, 839
consciousness studies and, 162
Copenhagen Interpretation and,
13, 14, 97, 129, 168, 223, 674,
745, 757
cosmology and. See Quantum
cosmologies
counterintuitive notions and, 129,
376, 669
definition of, 664
dematerialization of matter and,
542
design argument versus, 212
determinism and, 216, 675
divine action parallels, 136, 223,
384, 392, 675–676, 765, 770
dualism and, 230
early research in, 670–671
Einstein and, 253, 268–269, 332,
494, 634, 839
emergence in, 257
EPR paradox and, 268–269, 413,
533, 669
field theory and, 100, 329, 330,
331, 332–333, 389–390, 413,
416, 542, 672–673, 711–712, 844
Grand Unified Theory and,
387–388, 844
gravitation and, 389–390,
672–673
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 391–392, 542,
618, 672, 838
holism and, 413, 763
imagination and, 448, 449
indeterminism and, 97, 98, 216,
223, 230, 332, 337, 384, 392,
452–453, 501, 618, 642,
673–674, 675, 765, 770, 911
Inflationary Universe Theory and,
454–455
interconnected universe and, 277
Jewish Nobel Prize winners in,
493, 494
kenosis and, 501–502
limitations of classical physics
and, 666–667
logical positivism and, 685, 686
matrix mechanics and, 72,
671–672
measurement problem and,
673–674
metaphysical interpretations and,
395
as new physics, 618
noncommutative geometry and,
373
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Physics, quantum (continued)
non–Euclidean geometries and,
376
nonlocal effects of, 533, 674–675
panentheism and, 642, 643
paradoxes in, 129, 268–269, 670,
673, 745–746
Planck time and, 679
probability and, 97, 510, 634,
642, 643, 673, 765, 839
process thought and, 700
reductionism and, 656
relativistic, 332–333
Schrödinger’s Cat and, 673
science–religion models and,
757, 770, 771–772
self–reference and, 799
special providence and, 747
Special Relativity theory and,
332–333
string theory and, 844–845
superposition and, 537, 673–674
symmetry and, 853
theological interpretations and,
97, 223, 241, 675–676
time and, 893, 895
uncertainty and, 78, 272, 839
unpredictability and, 911
wave mechanics and, 72, 671,
672, 757
wave–particle duality and, 925
as Whitehead influence, 926
See also Physics, particle
“Physics of a Believer” (Duhem),
660–661
Physics of Immortality, The (Tipler),
627
Physiocrats, 245
Physiological ecology, 243
Physiology, 530
adaptation and, 4
causation and, 92
Chaos Theory and, 101
definition of, 529
human, 428–434
Judaism and, 477
spiritual experience and, 308
See also Biology;
Neurophysiology
Piaget, Jean, 284, 599
Pickering, Andrew, 782
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin,
L’ouevre Scientifique
(Moormann and Moormann),
874
Piety, noncognitive nature of, 312
Pig organs, 931
Pike, Kenneth, 23
Pike, Nelson, 586
Piltdown controversy (1912), 300,
385
Pimentel, David, 235
Pindar, 417
Pinel, Phillipe, 495
Pippard, A. B., 799
Pithecanthropus alalus, 577
Pitts, Walter, 161
Pituitary gland, 614
Pius IX, Pope, 26
Pius XI, Pope, 2
Pius XII, Pope, 141, 142, 143, 172
Big Bang Theory endorsement
by, 182, 771
Place, U. T., 568
Placebo effect, 614, 676–679, 696
Placenta, stem cells in, 841
Planck, Max, 71, 332, 560, 671, 679,
845
Planck era. See Planck time
Planck’s constant, 171, 173, 174, 679
Heinsenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 391, 392
Planck time, 679
age of the universe and, 5, 845
Big Bang cosmology and, 174,
175, 176, 676, 771, 845, 889
Planetary system
ancient Chinese record of, 117
ancient religious connections
with, 178
astronomy and, 39
atomic models of, 42
circular orbits belief, 821–822
Copernicanism and, 179, 316,
349
divine action and, 219
exobiology and, 306, 316–318
extrasolar, 306
Galileo’s findings and, 349, 350,
389, 780
General Theory of Relativity and,
389, 718
gravitation and, 388, 389, 545,
664, 665
Islamic theory, 473
Kepler’s elliptical orbits findings,
181, 371, 389, 545, 619, 665,
822, 823
Newton’s theories of, 619, 659,
667, 823
scriptural interpretation and, 780
Plans and the Structure of Behavior
(Miller, Galanter, and Pribram),
160
Plantinga, Alvin, 339, 378, 599, 628,
631
Plants
adaptation and, 4
Aristotelian soul concept and,
818
biotechnological modification of,
64–65, 67, 350, 360, 364, 532
breeder patents for, 352
breeding variations of, 64, 65,
293, 358, 557
Buddhist belief and, 78
common ancestry evolution of,
292
ecological ethics and, 238
extinction causes for, 90
in food chain, 418
genetically engineered, 360
genetically modified, 358
in hierarchy of order, 633
Hindu belief and, 404, 405, 407,
409
innate immunity in, 431
Mendelian genetic experiements
with, 557, 558
moral values and, 18, 238
polyploids, 296
religious views of, 10
symbiosis and, 852
Plaskow, Judith, 327
Plato, 137, 679–682
Aristotle and, 27, 237, 679, 681
artificial life and, 37
as Augustine influence, 43, 44,
230, 398, 568, 681
on beauty, 55–56, 57
causation and, 92
chaos interpretation by, 98
complexity and, 153
concepts of, 679, 680–681
cosmic order view of, 178
cosmology of, 591, 681, 821, 846
Demiurge and, 591
dialogues of, 679, 680–681
divine action belief of, 92, 591,
681, 821
dualism and, 230, 254, 255, 398,
437, 567, 818, 819, 820
early Christian apologetics and,
25, 124
economic theory and, 244, 245
end of the world and, 262
eugenics and, 273
on freedom of human will, 335
geometrical objects and, 371, 374
hierarchical thinking and, 398
on hope’s twin aspects, 417
on human rationality, 437
idealism and, 445, 568–569, 681,
821
idea of God of, 174, 681
imagination and, 447
immortality belief of, 518, 544,
679, 680
infinity and, 453
influence of, 544, 681
mathematics and, 162, 544, 546
metaphysics and, 561, 838
monotheism and, 28, 627
natural theology and, 601
on philosophy, 838
reincarnation belief of, 680, 717
soul concept of, 124, 230, 437,
518, 544, 601, 679, 680, 681,
818, 819, 820
I
NDEX
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