Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
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ecological ethics and, 238, 399,
419
emergent properties and, 413
Gaia hypothesis and, 349
holism and, 414
human interaction with, 418–419
management of, 235–236
nature and, 606
sacred designations for, 419, 743
self–organization of, 798
study of, 243, 531
two meanings of, 239
Ecotheology, 234, 240–241,
247–251, 532
beliefs of, 241, 250
chemistry and, 105
ecosystem respect and, 419
Gaia hypothesis and, 349
inclusive embodiment and, 255
moral hierarchy critiques and,
399
nature and, 250, 606
nuclear energy and, 625
science–religion research and,
769–770, 772
Ecotoxicology, 243
Ecstasy
mysticism and, 585, 586, 588,
827, 870
neuroscientific study of, 307, 615
self–transcendence and, 827
Ecumenical Council of Churches,
Third Plenary Assembly (1961),
144
Ecumenical Councils (early
Christian), 130, 415, 451
Ecumenical Patriarchate of
Constantinople, 130
Ecumenism, 26
Eddington, Arthur S., 893
Edelman, Gerald, 610
Edict of Toleration (1782; Austria),
493, 494
Edinger, Ludwig, 494
Edmundson, Mark, 848
Edwards, Denis, 250, 304, 747
Edwards, Jonathan, 121, 138, 313
EEG (electroencephalography),
309–310
Efficient cause
Aristotelian concept of, 92, 210
God of the gaps as, 382–384
Egg
cloning process and, 733, 867
embryo moment of personhood
and, 845
fertilization and division of, 226
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
into, 732–733
nuclear transfer and, 734
unfertilized parthenote stem cells
and, 842
in vitro fertilization of, 732
Ego, empirical versus
transcendental, 73
EGO Scale, 588
Egypt, ancient, 178, 567
Ehrlich, Paul, 494, 495
Eibl–Eibesfeldt, Irenaeus, 60
Eigen, Manfred, 797
Eigengesetzlichkeit (of science), 129
Eightfold Path (Buddhism), 869
Eight–fold way (nuclear matter
patterns), 668
Einhorn, David, 480
Einstein, Albert, 138, 251–254, 493
biocultural evolution pattern and,
288, 289, 290
Bohr debate with, 71, 839
design and, 212, 213
E = mc
2
equation of, 252, 542,
721, 866
early life and influences on, 252,
253
electromagnetic wave theory of,
416
EPR paradox and, 268–269, 413,
745
General Relativity theory of, 5,
99, 533, 717–719, 894
on geometry and experience,
374, 375
gravitation theory of, 171–172,
331, 389–390, 672, 673, 711,
844, 845
hidden–variables theory and, 673
light’s wave–particle duality and,
672
mass–energy equation, 252, 331,
332, 542
metaphoric statement and, 560
nuclear fission energy and, 866
Principle of Equivalence and,
717–718
on probability, 634
religious views of, 41, 251,
253–254, 323, 371, 376, 494,
495, 496, 541, 634, 839
singularity and, 373
space–time concept and, 824
Special Relativity theory of, 667,
719–722, 746, 894
on time intervals, 894
wave mechanics and, 672
Eitingon, Max, 495
Elastic behavior, 331
Eldelman, Gerald, 494
Eldredge, Niles, 193, 384, 385, 709
Eleatic school, 683
Elect. See Predestination
Electrical field, 329, 330, 331, 387,
664, 666
Electric charge, 666, 668
Electroencephalogy (EEG), 309–310
Electromagnetic force. See
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism, 71, 669
classical physics and, 664, 666,
671
constant for, 15, 387
discovery of, 129
as field, 329, 330
as field theory, 331, 332, 333,
334, 389, 416, 666
Grand Unified Theory and, 387,
388, 844, 848–849
gravitational force and, 388
quantum electrodynamics and,
853
radiation theory and, 49, 664, 666
space and time and, 824
Special Theory of Relativity and,
719, 824
wave expansion and, 416
Electromyography (EMG), 433
Electronic mail. See Email
Electrons, 330, 686
atomic model and, 42, 71–72,
671
emergence and, 257
fermions and, 844
fine–tuned anthropic
coincidences and, 15
Grand Unified Theory and, 387
indeterminate action of, 337
orbital jumps by, 671
quantum physics and, 666, 671
scattering of, 668
Electroweak action, 330, 387–388,
618
Elementary Forms of the Religious
Life, The (Durkheim), 311, 727,
814
Elementary particles. See Particles;
Physics, particle
Elements (Euclid), 50, 374, 546
Elements of Natural Philosophy, The
(Melancthon), 128
Eleventh Commandment, The (Del
Ray), 778
Elgin, Suzette, 778
Eliade, Mircea, 727, 728, 738
Eliminativism, reductionism versus,
715
Elion, Gertrude, 494
Eliot, T. S., 321, 703
Elixir, The (Herbert), 103
Elixir alchemy, Daoist, 116, 199
Elizabeth of Bohemia, 208
Ellis, George, 173–174, 747, 770, 771
Ellul, Jacques, 862, 871
Elster, Jon, 729
Elzevier, Louis, 351
Email, 459, 460, 461
science–religion discussion lists
for, 755
Emanationist creation, 220
Embodied Mind, The (Varela,
Thompson, and Rosch), 79, 160
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Embodiment, 254–256
consciousness and, 160
evolutionary ethics and, 285
Hindu karmic law and, 275
human nature and, 428–429, 436
incarnation and, 450–452
sin and, 805
soul and, 819–820
virtual reality versus, 924
virtual selves versus, 461–462
See also Body; Dualism;
Mind–body theories;
Resurrection
Embryo
abortion of, 1, 367, 368
cloning and, 66, 146–147, 425
convergent evolution and, 167
DNA and, 225
fourteen–day formation rule for,
369
freezing of, 732
genetic testing of, 65–66, 357,
358–359, 361, 370–371, 403,
421, 422, 732, 733
Hindu view of, 403
pre–implantation abortion of, 422
pre–implantation diagnosis of,
65–66, 357, 361, 370–371, 403,
421, 732, 733, 735
as research subject, 3
rights and status of, 1, 2, 146,
368, 369, 422, 842, 843
stem cell research and, 66, 146,
147, 367–369, 371, 425, 841–843
surplus versus specially created,
369
in vitro fertilization process and,
65, 422, 732
See also Fetus
Embryology, 62
biotechnology and, 65
common descent evolution
evidence and, 280, 291, 293
complexity and, 153
Emergence, 256–259
Baháhí belief and, 54–55
biosemiotics and, 64
complexity theory and, 153, 155,
156
consciousness studies and, 163
definition of, 256
disorder and, 218
downward causation and, 228
evolution theology and, 305, 379,
874
hierarchy and, 257, 414
holism and, 413, 414
laws of nature and, 277
level theory and, 513
of order, 257, 797
organicism and, 153
philosophical, 256, 257–260
reductionism versus, 398, 399
supervenience and, 257–259, 398
systems theory and, 855
See also Life, origins of
Emergence of consciousness. See
Cognitive fluidity; Complexity;
Consciousness studies;
Emergence
Emergence of life. See Emergence;
Life, origins of
Emergentism. See Emergence
Emergent properties, 413
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 447
Emerton, Norma, 209
Emory University, 698
Emotional Brain, The (LeDoux), 433
Emotions
art and, 30
behaviorism and, 59
bodies and, 433–434
brain region triggers for, 616
cognition and, 160
consciousness and, 160
evolutionary survival and, 800
health and, 835–836
immune system effects of, 614
language capacity and, 507
placebo effect and, 677
prayer and, 697
religious belief and, 553–554
of religious experience, 307,
615–616
science–religion parallels and,
763
values and, 920
See also Aesthetics
Emotivism, 259, 921
Empathy
art and, 30
of God, 306
human symbolic capacity and,
507
positive health outcome and, 835
Empedocles, 683
Emperor’s New Mind, The (Penrose),
799
Empirical ego, transcendental ego
versus, 73
Empiricism, 259–261
American, 260
axiomatics and, 546
as behaviorism predecessor, 59
causation and, 91, 94, 95
classic, 260
computational complexity and,
154
creation science and, 188–189
critical realism and, 192
cross–cultural perspectives on,
260–261
definition of, 685
existence of God and, 381–382
feminist, 654
functionalism and, 344
human nature theories and, 437
Hume and, 260, 440, 660, 685,
714
Kant and, 498
laws of nature and, 509
Locke and, 440
logical positivism and, 260,
685–686
metaphorical thinking and, 648
mind–body theories and, 570
naturalized epistemology and,
599
natural theological, 621–622
neurocognitive basis of religious
expierence and, 259–261,
309–310, 312
neuroscience and, 616
realism and, 714
scientific method and, 654, 659,
660
value theory and, 921, 922
Employment, genetic discrimination
and, 421
Emptiness, as Buddhist theme, 74,
107, 515, 880
Emptiness of the Unreal, The (Seng
Chao), 107
Enarrationes in Psalmos
(Augustine), 44
Enchiridion (Augustine), 44
Encoding/encryption systems,
457–458, 459, 463
Encyclopédie (ed. Diderot), 540
Endangered species
ecotheology and, 250
numbers estimate, 62
population ecology and, 243
See also Extinction
Endocrine system, 429
End of the world, physical. See
Cosmology, physical aspects;
Eschatology
End of the world, religious and
philosophical aspects of,
261–65
Christian belief on, 119, 887
circular versus linear approach
to, 261, 262, 263, 564
fundamental Christian belief on,
122
Islam belief and, 262–263, 264,
335
Last Judgment and, 178, 205, 262,
263, 264, 335
millennialism and, 2, 261, 263,
264, 265, 564
religion–science dialogue on, 772
this–world millennialism and,
563, 564–66
See also Apocalypticism;
Eschatology
Endorphins, 677
Endosymbiosis theory, 852
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Endothelial cells, 367
Ends
Aristotelian, 209, 877
genetically designed babies as,
367
Kantian view of, 425, 913
See also Teleology; Value
Ends of the World and the Ends of
God (eds. Polkinghorne and
Welker), 772
End Time. See End of the World,
religious and physical aspects
of; Eschatology
Energy
ecosystems and, 531
expanding universe and, 632
field interactions and, 329–330,
333
–flux concept, 331
Grand Unified Theory and,
387–388, 669
gravity theory and, 389
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 392
–mass relationship, 252, 331, 332,
542, 720–721, 866
metaphoric statements of, 560
nuclear fission release of, 866
order and, 633
particle accelerators and, 669
photons and, 330, 666
quanta of, 332, 671
scalar field and, 455
Second Law of Thermodynamics
and, 888–889, 894, 895
thermodynamics and, 571, 664,
666, 894
See also Nuclear energy
Engagement theologians, 304
Engdahl, Sylvia, 778
Engels, Friedrich, 195, 810
dialectical materialism and,
541–542
Engine of Reason, the Seat of the
Soul, The (Churchland), 819
England. See Great Britain
Enlightenment (seventeenth– and
eighteenth–century Europe)
afterlife views and, 519–520
apologetic writing and, 25, 312
contextualism as reaction against,
165
cultural origins and, 193
definition of beauty and, 56
deism and, 384, 641
empiricism, 260
faith concept and, 319–320
fall viewed by, 322
feminist critiques of, 326, 328
historical criticism and, 410, 411
humanism and, 427, 427–428
imago dei doctrine and, 450
Judaism and, 480, 490
Lamarck and, 503
materialism and, 539–541
mathematics and, 545, 546
medical ethics and, 548
modernity and, 580
natural freedom and, 336, 337
natural law and, 600
natural theology critiques, 907
neurosciences and, 611–612
Newton’s work and, 619
philosophy of religion and, 649
progress belief of, 417
quarrel of ancients and moderns
and, 579
rationalism and, 428
self–evident truths concept and,
546
twentieth–century challenges to
optimism of, 212
on value–free nature, 527
Enlightenment (spiritual state), 83,
84, 275, 409, 588
Enoch fragment, 518
Enquiry Concerning Human
Understanding, An (Hume),
412, 440
Enquiry Concerning the Principles
of Morals, An (Hume), 440
Entelechy, 522
Enthusiasm, religious experience
and, 311–312
Entity realism, 653
Entropy, 265–266
Anthropic Principle and, 15, 16
coining of term, 894
disorder and, 218, 265–266, 888,
894
dissipative structures and, 154,
218
emergence and, 257
existence of God despite, 379
information and, 457
life as countercurrent to, 522
progression of, 893
Second Law of Thermodynamics
and, 888–889, 893, 894, 895
self–organizing system versus,
797
Enuma Elish (Babylonian epic),
98
Environment
adaptation to, 4, 226, 333
aggression and, 6, 60
anthropocentrism and, 18, 19
behavioral genetics and, 58–59
behavioral interaction with,
59–60
biotechnology and, 63
carrying capacity and, 63
complex interactions with, 152,
153
DNA and, 226, 227
eugenics and, 273
in two–part determinism, 337,
338
See also Nature versus nurture
Environmental ethics. See Ecology,
ethics of
Environmentalism. See Ecology;
Ecology, ethics of; Ecology,
religious and philosophical
aspects of; Ecology, science of
Envy, sin of, 805
Eoanthropus dawsoni (“Piltdown
Man”), 300
Ephesians, Letter of Paul to the, 787
Epicureanism, 209, 539, 749
Epicurus, 539
Epidemiology, 840
Epigenetic rules, 290
Epigoniad (Wilkie), 442
Epilepsy
clinical neuroscience studies of,
615
mind–body studies of, 611
mystical experience and, 588,
615, 800
Epiphenomenalism, 540, 574
Episcopal Church. See Christianity,
Anglicanism, issues in science
and religion
Episodic creationism, 188
Epistemic scientism, 783, 784, 785
Epistemological anarchism, 652
Epistemological dogmatism, 722
Epistemology, 266–268
autopoiesis and, 46–47
Averroës and, 47, 48
Bohr and, 73
causation and, 95–96
coherentism and, 149
complementarity and, 150
constructivism and, 164–165
critical realism and, 190–192
digital reconfiguration of, 462
ecofeminism and, 324–325
evolutionary. See Evolutionary
epistemology
existence of God and, 381
fallibilism and, 267–268, 322, 323
feminisms and, 325, 326, 328,
654
foundationalist–nonfoundationali
st debate and, 688
geometry and, 376
Gödel’s incompleteness theorem
and, 380
hermeneutics and, 392–397
Hinduism and, 405
holism and, 412–413
idealism and, 267, 445, 568–569
Islam and, 463–464, 466, 468,
471, 474
Judaism and, 486, 488–489
Kant and, 283, 376, 498–499
materialism and, 761
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Epistemology (continued)
metaphysics and, 562
models and, 578–579
Mohism and, 116
naturalized, 598–599
Newton’s dualistic, 621
phenomenology and, 570–571
philosophical definition of,
266–267
postmodernism and, 683
realism and, 267, 713
reductionism in, 761
relativism and, 721
scientific method and, 658, 788
scientism and, 783, 784, 785
systems theory and, 855–856
tacit knowledge and, 859–860
transcendental idealism and, 569
See also Knowledge
Epistles of the Sincere Brethren
(Islamic text), 472, 473
Epistulae ad Lucilius (Senaca), 838
EPR paradox, 268–269, 413, 533,
669
atomism and, 42
Schrödinger’s Cat and, 745
Equations
Einstein’s mass–energy, 252, 542,
721, 866
of electromagnetism, 866
Heisenberg’s, 672
mathematical beauty of, 669
wave mechanics, 72, 671, 672,
895
Equinoxes, 821, 822
Equivalence, Principle of, 717–718
Era mundi, 564
Erasistratos, 611
Erasmus, Desiderius, 427, 428, 826
Erigena, John Scotus, 846
Erikson, Erik, 495, 584
Erlangen program, 495, 853
Erlanger, Joseph, 494
Eros, 6, 98
Erring: A Postmodern A/Theology
(Taylor), 884
Esau (Hebrew Bible), 236
Eschatology, 269
eternity and, 269–271
evolutionary theory and, 286, 417
flat and open universes and, 632
hell and, 519
Holy Spirit and, 415
hope and, 269, 417, 708
Newton’s premillenarian,
620–621
nuclear annihilation and, 625
providence and, 704
Purgatory and, 269, 519
redemption and, 747
religion–science dialogue and,
772
resurrection and, 518
as science fiction theme, 778
Second Law of Thermodynamics
and, 889
Teilhard de Chardin’s views and,
874, 875
theology and, 887
See also End of the world,
religious and philosophical
aspects of; Millennialism
Essay on Population (Malthus), 201
Essays in Postfoundationalist
Theology (van Huyssteen), 688
Essays on the Active Powers of the
Human Mind (Reid), 93
Esse est percipi (Berkeley
philosophy), 445
Essence of Christianity, The
(Feuerbach), 725–726
Essenes, 518
Essential free will. See Free process
defense
Essential singularity, 172
ESSSAT. See European Society for
the Study of Science and
Theology
ESTs. See Expressed Sequence Tags
E.T. (film), 777
Eternal law, natural law and, 606
Eternal life. See Eschatology;
Eternity; Life after death
Eternal world argument (Aristotle),
264, 891
Eternity, 269–271
Christian conception of, 205
circular motion as symbol of, 821
death and, 205
end–time beliefs and, 264
eschatology and, 269
hope and, 417
Maimonides’s view of, 489
Newton’s absolute time concept
and, 622
omniscience and, 630
relativity theory and, 372–373
time and, 269–271, 372–373,
896–897
See also Life after death
Ether, 416
Ethical pluralism, 683–684
in science fiction, 779
Ethics
abortion and, 1, 3
altruism and, 9
animal rights and, 11
anthropocentrism and, 18–19
of artificial life creation, 37
consciousness studies and, 162
consequential, 18, 19, 864–865
cultural origins and, 195
ecological, 234, 235, 237–239
evolutionary, 281, 285–287
feminist epistemology and, 328
final value and, 914
global, 856
naturalistic fallacy and,
597–598
sociobiological theory of,
812–813
value scientism and, 784–785
See also Medical ethics; Morality;
Technology and ethics; Value;
Value, value theory
Ethics (Spinoza), 546
Ethics in an Age of Technology
(Barbour), 625
“Ethics of Belief, The” (Clifford), 40
Ethnic cleansing, 212
Ethnicity, 271–272
eugenics and, 272, 273
feminism and, 325–326
feminist theology and, 327–328
hierarchy and, 385
misuse of imago dei doctrine
and, 449
Nazi Aryan supremacy myth and,
591
scientific bias and, 654
See also Anthropology; Race
Ethnocentrism, 20
Ethnography, 20, 23
Ethnomethodology, 163
Ethology
aggression theory and, 5–6, 60
art origins and, 30
biosemiotics and, 64
causation and, 92
Eucharist, 28, 743, 744
Luther and, 127, 128
transubstantiation and, 128
Euclid, 50, 372, 374, 375, 490, 546,
547, 823, 824
Euclidian geometry, 13, 372,
374–375, 376, 546, 547, 661
space concepts and, 823, 824
Eugenics, 273–274
Christian belief and, 126
donated gametes and, 733
ethnicity and, 272, 273
euthanasia and, 368
fetus or embryo testing and, 359,
361, 422, 733
Mendelian genetics and, 559
misuse of Darwinian natural
selection in, 761
Nazism and, 272, 273, 424, 808
progress belief and, 703
social behavior evolution and,
808
See also Germline invention
Eugenics Records Office (Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 273
Eukaryotic cells, 852
Euripides, 518
Europa (moon), 306, 317
European Science Foundation,
754
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European Society for the Study of
Science and Theology, 753,
767, 774
European Union Directive (1998),
353
Euthanasia, 368, 528
Euthyphro (Plato), 680
Evangelical Lutheran Church in
America, 3, 129, 734
Evangelical theology. See
Christianity, evangelical, issues
in science and religion
Evans–Pritchard, Edward, 22, 24
Eve. See Adam and Eve
Even Bohan (Qalonimos), 491
“Evensong” (Del Ray), 778
Everett, Hugh, 16, 168, 537
Ever Since Darwin (Gould), 385
Evidence and Inquiry (Haack),
689
Evidence as to Man’s Place in
Nature (Huxley), 300
Evidence–based medicine, 832
Evidences of Christianity (Paley),
441
Evidential cosmological argument,
170
Evil. See Evil and suffering; Sin;
Theodicy
Evil and suffering, 274–279
aggression and, 6, 7, 60
of animals, 11–12
atheist versus theist beliefs in
face of, 39, 40
Augustine’s explanation of, 398
Buddhist focus on release from,
74, 76, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 107,
184, 185, 274–275, 794, 869,
880
chemistry and, 105
Christian hierarchical theology
and, 398
Christian views of, 881
darkness as synonym for, 272
as Darwin’s belief system
influence, 201
death and, 204
deist answer to, 206
determinism and, 217
divine action and, 217, 277–279,
339, 340, 625, 880–881, 889
entropy as metaphor for, 266
evolution theory and problem of,
202, 285–286, 303, 306
from fall, 278, 321, 322
free process defense and,
339–340, 340, 927
free will defense and, 174,
339–340, 881
as frustration of goodness, 274
genetic defect issues and, 359
God’s involvement with, 500,
880–882
God’s omnipotence and, 276,
336, 338, 339–340, 379, 628
as God’s punishment, 278–279
Hindu concept of, 185, 275–276,
880
human moral responsibility and,
628
Hume’s argument on, 339, 447
as Intelligent Design
counterargument, 212
Judaic view of, 276, 278, 880
Newton’s view of, 620
nuclear weaponry and, 866
pantheistic view of, 645,
645–646
process thought and, 126, 212,
241, 339, 500, 765, 927
providence and, 704–705
religious contradictions on, 650
science–religion studies and, 747,
764
sin relationship with, 278–279,
321, 805–806, 812
sociobiological approach to, 812,
813
theology of evolution and, 306,
338, 772
twentieth–century theological
responses to, 212
See also Theodicy
Evolution, 279–281
algorithms and, 46, 282
anthropocentrism and, 18
ban on teaching of, 785–786
biological diversity and, 62
biology and, 62–63
Christian beliefs and, 122–123,
125–126, 132–133, 138,
142–143, 279, 766–767
competition and, 149–150
complexity theory and, 155, 156,
214
consciousness studies and, 162
convergent, 166–168
creationism versus, 187–190,
785–786
creation science versus, 189
Darwin and, 200, 201–202,
558
as design argument alternative,
211, 382, 603
directional theory of, 875,
878–879
emergent, 153
eugenics theory versus, 273
evangelical Christian views on,
122–123, 766–767
evidence for, 62, 280, 291–293
evil and suffering and, 202, 277,
285–286, 303, 306
fact of, 280, 291
first and second order causality
and, 91
genetic forces in, 363, 364, 530,
531. See also Neo–Darwinism;
Sociobiology
God of the gaps explanation
versus, 383
hermeneutics and, 393
hierarchical creation belief and,
11
hope and, 417
of humans. See Evolution, human
Intelligent Design versus, 303,
382, 463
Lamarckism and, 37, 281, 287,
299, 503–504
materialism and, 202, 303, 304,
541
mechanism of, 280–281
nature concept and, 606
original sin doctrine and, 322
Pentecostalists’ view of, 132–133
phase transitions and, 155
process thought and, 926
progress belief linked with, 280,
287, 288–289, 290, 702–703,
723, 874–876, 878
Reformed theology and, 138
religious responses to, 202, 248
Roman Catholic doctrine and,
142–143
Scopes Trial publicity on, 760,
785–786
skyhooks metaphor and, 807
spirit concepts and, 826, 827
systems theory and, 854, 855–856
thermodynamical basis theory
and, 155
Two Books metaphor and, 907
value and, 723
World Wide Web sites on, 756
Evolution and Christian Thought
Today (Mixter), 122
Evolution and Ethics (Huxley), 286
Evolutionary algorithms, 46, 282
Evolutionary computing. See
Evolutionary algorithms
Evolutionary epistemology, 281,
283–285, 287, 289–290, 291
critiques of, 284
naturalized epistemology and,
599
postfoundationalist rationality
and, 684
See also Evolution, theology of
Evolutionary ethics, 195, 285–287,
289
argument for, 290
evil and suffering and, 202,
285–286, 306
human nature and, 281, 285
See also Evolution, theology of
Evolutionary psychology, 287, 706,
810
altruism and, 8–9, 195
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Evolutionary psychology
(continued)
cultural development and, 194,
195, 290
evolutionary epistemology and,
284
imago dei belief and, 379
nature versus nurture and,
607–608
See also Sociobiology
Evolutionary scenario, 640
Evolutionary Synthesis, 639
Evolutionary tree, 640
Evolution, biocultural, 287–291
aggression and, 6
altruism and, 9, 195, 277, 334,
795, 835
anthropology and, 23
artificial life and, 37
behavioral ecology and, 243
biosemiotics and, 63–64
Christian afterlife concept and,
520
competition and, 149–150
cultural origins and, 194–195
design argument and, 202, 211,
531, 750
economic theory and, 246
ethics and, 285–286, 289, 811
evolutionary epistemology and,
281, 283–285, 287, 289–290,
684
evolutionary psychology and,
287, 706–707
functionalism and, 344
genetic determinism and, 337
Gould’s critiques and, 761
group selection and, 791
hermeneutics and, 393
human language ability and,
504–506
memes and, 289, 290, 556–557
naturalism and, 594, 596
purpose belief and, 879
religious experience and, 708
self–transcendence and, 800
sin and, 806
sociobiology and, 58, 60, 194,
363, 379, 532, 706, 795–796,
807–813
spirit and, 827
value scientism and, 784–785
Evolution, biological, 291–298
adaptation and, 4, 26, 235, 277,
281, 295, 300, 303, 584
alternatives to Darwinian, 281
apologetics and, 25, 26
art origins and, 30, 31
chance and, 764
cladistics and, 639–640
complexity theory and, 151, 155
convergence in, 166–168
death and, 881
descent with change theory. See
Neo–Darwinism
design argument and, 212, 214,
603
discontinuous variation and, 558
ecology and, 235, 249
emergent processes and, 257–258
equilibrium and, 809
explanation model and, 655
fitness and, 333–334, 527
fossil record as evidence of, 62,
280, 291–292, 296, 577, 638,
639
genetic adaptation and, 226, 531
genetic engineering and, 63
Gould’s non–Darwian arguments
for, 384–385, 761
gradualism theory and, 90, 281,
296, 300, 301, 386, 558, 609,
638, 639
gravitation and, 388
group selection and, 790
hermeneutics and, 393
history of ideas of, 280, 638–639
Intelligent Design versus, 213
Islamic responses to, 773
levels of selection and, 790–791
life formation and, 523, 530
Mendelian genetics and, 558, 609
mutation and, 200, 201, 300, 303,
364, 559, 584, 609, 633, 764,
877, 878
naturalized epistemology and,
599
natural selection and, 38, 39, 40,
62, 63, 65, 122, 132, 200, 201,
202, 213, 277, 280, 281, 283,
285–289, 293, 294, 295, 299,
303, 305, 364, 530, 531, 577,
584, 609, 639, 764, 790,
807–808
neo–Darwinism and, 609
neo–Lamarckism and, 503–504
niche construction and, 505
origins of life and, 523–526
paleontology and, 638–639
philosophy of religion and,
650–651
primatology and, 698–700
process thought and, 241, 338,
700–701
progress and, 702
punctuated equilibrium theory
and, 193, 281, 296, 386, 639,
709
random order in, 633, 877, 878
religious implications of. See
Evolution, theology of
science–religion conflict model
and, 760
selective breeding and, 65
self–organization and, 798
suffering and death and, 277, 278
symbiosis and, 852
Teilhard de Chardin’s theory of,
249, 300, 306, 415–416,
451–452, 640–641, 874–876,
878, 879
teleology and, 213, 640, 877–878
three issues in, 291
Two Book metaphor and, 907
as uncontested, 62
See also Sociobiology
Evolution, human, 298–301
altruism and, 285
Anthropic Principle and, 13–17,
171, 173–174, 382, 878
ape–like ancestors and, 698
archaeology and, 299, 431
artificial intelligence and, 35
Baháhí belief and, 54–55
biocultural. See Evolution,
biocultural
cognitive fluidity and, 148
common ancestor theory and, 62,
149, 291, 292, 300, 577, 578,
639
convergence and, 167–168
created co–creator concept and,
183, 425
cultural origins and, 193–195
Darwin’s natural selection theory
and, 200, 202, 277, 288
dating of, 280, 292, 505
emotions and, 433–435
epistemology and, 283–284
evolutionary ethics and, 285, 289
evolutionary psychology and,
287, 288, 379
fall and, 278
fossil record and, 298–299,
300–301
genera and species and, 301, 302
genetic forces in, 363, 364–365
genetic futurism and, 365
genetic natural selection and,
226
genetics and, 226–227
genetic technology and, 337
gradualism and, 300, 301, 638,
639
human distinctiveness and, 528
human intervention in, 63
human nature and, 437–438
Huxley’s defense of Darwinian
theory of, 300, 751
intelligence and, 740
language ability and, 504–506
levels of selection and, 790–791
missing link and, 577–578
mitochondrial Eve hypothesis
and, 578
paleoanthropology and, 23,
298–301, 430–431, 577–578, 637
paleontology and, 640–641
physical aspects of, 429–434
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progress concept and, 702–703,
878
religious implications of. See
Evolution, theology of
science–religion conflict model
and, 760
single origin theory of, 301
sociobiology and, 288, 795–796,
809–810
steps in, 430–431
Teilhard de Chardin’s finalism
and, 300, 874, 876
Evolution, theology of, 202, 248,
289, 299, 301–306, 378,
531–532, 752
atheist arguments and, 39–40,
279, 634
causation, primary and
secondary, and, 562
creation science and, 760
design argument and, 202, 211,
379, 531, 750
fall interpretation and, 322
genetics and, 363–364, 379
God’s incarnation with world
and, 451–452
human dignity and, 425
Judaism and, 480
kenosis and, 304, 500, 501, 502
nature concept and, 606
Omega Point theory and, 627,
640, 778, 874, 876
order and, 634
original sin doctrine and, 306,
322
periodical literature and, 766–767
process thought and, 241, 338,
765
Roman Catholicism and, 249
science–religion integration
model and, 764
science–religion studies and,
764–765, 772
spirit and, 827
Teilhard de Chardin and,
415–416, 765, 874–876, 878, 879
theism and, 747
three approaches in, 303–304
See also Evolutionary ethics
Exaptation
end–time calculation and, 263
Gould’s theories of, 384–385
See also Adaptation
Existence of God. See God,
existence of
Existence of God, The (Swinburne),
170, 382
Existentialism, 571, 651
Existentialist theologies, 304, 499,
757, 886
Existential scientism, 784–785
Exobiology, 306–307, 316–318
UFOs and, 909–910
Exodus, Book of, 2, 744
key chapters and verse from, 786
Exorcism, 829, 835
Expanding universe, 99, 170, 214
Anthropic Principle and, 13, 15,
17
closed universe versus, 148
Einstein’s General Theory of
Relativity and, 172, 719, 721
gravitational disequilibrium and,
889
gravitation and, 388, 632
Lemaître and, 182
models of, 100, 172, 632
quantum field theory and,
711–712
Steady State Theory and,
172–173, 176
time and, 893, 895
ultimate heat death of, 632
See also Inflationary Universe
Theory
Expectancy, placebo effect and,
677
Experience, religious: cognitive and
neurophysiological aspects,
307–310, 556, 726, 773
Buddhism and, 79, 80
contextualism and, 313, 589
empiricism and, 259–261, 312,
313–314
individual interactions with God
and, 379–380
intercessory prayer and, 696–697
meditation and, 697–698, 832
mystical experience and, 584,
588–589, 726
neuroscientific study of, 615–616,
617–618, 763, 832
psychology of religion and,
707–708, 709, 837
self–transcendence and, 799–800
spirit and, 827–828
Experience, religious: philosophical
aspects, 311–315, 773
Buddhism and, 79, 80, 516
consciousness studies and, 162,
313–314
existence of God and, 379, 381
Hinduism and, 400
Kant’s personal view of, 499
meditation and, 556, 696, 698
mysticism and, 585–589, 763
prayer benefits and, 696–697
process theology and, 643
self–transcendence and, 799–800
spirit and, 827–828
theories of religion and, 726–730
Experimental science
animals as subjects of, 11
Bacon (Francis) as father of, 658
critical realism and, 191
design argument and, 603
Duhem’s critique of Baconian,
660
Mill’s four methods of inquiry
and, 660
neurotheology and, 616, 617–618
Newton’s philosophy of, 621
nuclear transfer technique and,
66
placebo effect and, 677–678
Protestant Reformation as
influence on, 788–789
psychological research adn, 60
scientific method and, 651–652,
657–661
values and, 917–919
Explanation, 315–316
Aristotle’s four causes and,
601–602, 780
deductive cosmological argument
and, 169
functionalism as schema of,
343–345
God of the gaps and, 382–384
Grand Unified Theory and,
387–388
holism and, 412–415
laws of motion and, 389
laws of nature and, 511, 512
metanarrative and, 691
metaphysics and, 561
monism and, 583
naturalism and, 594–595
natural theology and, 602
of nature, 605–607
order and, 634
paradox and, 648–649
pluralism and, 684
postfoundationalism and,
689–690
postmodern view of, 691
scientific, 655
scientific versus theistic, 378
string theory and, 845
whole–part causation and,
413–414
See also Causation; God,
existence of
Explanation from Physics to
Theology (Clayton), 688, 690
Explanatory pluralism, 683, 684
Explicit memory, 615
Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs),
420, 424–425
Expression of the Emotions in Man
and Animals (Darwin), 433
Extinction
as atheism argument, 39
biodiversity and, 62
catastrophism theory of, 90, 299,
638
competition among species and,
639
Darwin’s studies of, 200, 299–300
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Extinction (continued)
environmentalist concerns about,
63
fossil record and, 299, 577, 907
hominid species and, 63,
299–300
molecular biological studies and,
640
paleontology and, 638, 640
Two Book metaphor and, 907
Extraterrestrial life, 316–318, 523,
848
Christian cosmology and, 182
exobiology and, 306
film portrayals of, 910
as science fiction theme, 777, 910
UFOs and, 909–910
Extreme unction, 743, 744
Extremum of Lagrangian action, 329
Ezekiel, Ian, 587
F
Fabric of the Human Body
(Vesalius), 128
Faces in the Clouds (Guthrie), 729
Facial Action Coding System (FACS),
433
Facial expression, 433–434
Facial features, 431
Fackenheim, Emil, 703
Fact, value versus, 915, 920, 921
Facts and Faith (periodical), 767
Facultative symbiosis, 852
Faith, 319–321
apologetics and, 24–25
Augustine’s views on, 44, 319,
320–321
cosmological doctrine and, 180,
891–892
definition of, 319
God and, 319, 379, 391, 562
healing and, 829–830, 831–834
hope and, 416, 417
humanism and, 428
inner nature of, 320
Islam and, 463, 464, 470
Kant and, 498
natural theology and, 604
Orthodox Christianity and, 130
placebo effect and, 678
Protestant Reformation’s
emphasis on, 847
Roman Catholicism and, 140, 143
sacraments and, 743, 745
Thomas Aquinas on, 319, 890,
891
Faith and Reason (television
documentary), 755
Faith healing. See Spirituality and
faith healing
Faith in Science (Richardson and
Slack), 773
“Faith of Our Fathers” (Dick), 778
Fall, 321–322
creationist beliefs and, 303
creation science beliefs and, 189
death seen as consequence of,
203, 204, 278, 321
evil and suffering seen as
consequence of, 278, 321, 322
feminist thought on, 324
human evolution and, 278, 300,
322
imago dei belief and, 449
psychological approach to, 708
recovery of human domination
of nature after, 750
Schleiermacher’s view of, 411
secular millennialist hopes and,
565
theological reinterpretations of,
322, 772
See also Sin
Fallacy. See Naturalistic fallacy
Fallibilism, 322–323
epistemology and, 267–268
inductive inference and, 651
postfoundationalism and, 323,
688, 689
See also Falsifiability
Falling bodies
acceleration and, 665, 717
Aristotle’s versus Thomas
Aquinas’s theories of, 892
Einstein’s General Theory of
Relativity and, 717, 718
Galileo’s law of, 350, 351, 389,
560, 717
gravitation and, 388, 717, 718
False vacuum, 387, 455
Falsifiability, 323
existence of God and, 40
holism and, 413
paradigm resistance to, 763
as Popper criterion, 40, 289, 323,
413, 652, 685, 758
scientific method and, 652
theological positions and, 758
See also Fallibilism
Family
abortion in context of, 3
sociobiological view of, 810
Fanconi’s anemia disease, 733
Fang, B. W., 833
FAP. See Final Anthropic Principle
Farabi, al–, 48, 50, 896
Faraday, Michael, 104, 331, 416, 666
Farel, Guillaume, 136
Farmer, Philip, 778
Farming. See Agriculture
Faruqi, Raji al–, 467
Fascism, 246, 815. See Lso Nazism
Fasl al–maqal (Averroës), 48
Faster–than–light signaling, 533
Fasting rituals, 309
Fatalism, 94, 796, 898. See also
Determinism
Fatimid dynasty, 472, 473
Fatty acids, 524
Fazang, 76–77, 78
Feasts, 738
Feathers, 4
Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 643
Fecundity. See Reproduction
Federn, Paul, 495
Feedback loops, 197, 257
self–organization and, 797
Feedback mechanisms, 226, 257
Feigenbaum, Mitchell, 101
Feigl, Herbert, 542, 685
Feldhofer Grotto (Germany), 300
Female circumcision, 20
Feminisms and science, 323–326,
654–655, 747
cultural contexts and, 762
ecofeminism and, 233–234
feminist theology and, 328
human biocultural evolution and,
288
model challenges by, 579
postmodernism and, 692, 694,
758–759
primatology studies and, 699–700
reproductive technology and, 65,
273
sociobiology critiques by, 810
spirituality and, 839
systems theory and, 855
womanist theology and, 928
Feminist cosmology, 326–327
Feminist science fiction, 777, 778
Feminist theology, 327–329, 885
critiques of gendered dualities
by, 762
critiques of hierchical
constructions by, 326, 399
ecofeminism and, 233–234, 250
inclusive embodiment and, 255
pantheism and, 645
womanist perspective and, 928
Feminist theory
aesthetics and, 4
altruism and, 9
Feng Shui, 110, 186
Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany,
350
Ferguson, Adam, 442
Fermions, 330, 844, 848, 849
Ferré, Frederick, 260, 722, 746, 922
Fertility. See Reproduction;
Reproductive technology
Fertility drugs, 732
Fertilizers, 360
“Fessenden’s Worlds” (Hamilton),
778
Festivals, Shinto, 804
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Fetus
abortion of, 1
developmental neuroscience and,
613
DNA and, 225
eugenics and, 273
genetic testing of, 1–3, 67, 273,
358–359, 370–371
rights and status of, 1, 2, 3, 368,
371
stem cells from gonadal tissue of,
367
See also Embryo
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 725–726, 730
Feyerabend, Paul, 467, 652, 653,
683, 691
Feynman, Richard, 493
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 446, 541,
569
Fiddes, Paul, 770
Fides et Ratio (1998 encyclical),
501
Field, 329, 330
classical physics and, 331, 664
gravitational, 329, 330–331, 334,
388, 389
magnetic, 329, 330, 331, 387,
664
scalar, 455
Field theories, 329–333
classical, 331, 664
early history of, 330–331
four fundamental interactions of,
329–330, 333, 387, 388, 669
geometries and, 329, 372
Grand Unified Theory and, 330,
333, 387–388, 618, 669
gravitational force and, 331, 333,
389, 718
Holy Spirit theology and, 416
mathematical expressions of,
329, 330, 331
new physics and, 618
order and, 633
quantum, 100, 332–333, 387–388,
413, 416, 542, 672, 711–712
relativity theories and, 331–332,
416
Fifth postulate of Euclid, 372, 375,
823, 824
Fifth Sacred Thing, The (Starhawk),
778
51 Pegasi (solar star), 317
Fight or flight response, 308, 832
Filial piety, Confucian, 79
Films
anthropomorphic robots and
computers portrayed in, 35
end–of–the–world themes, 265
extraterrestrial life portrayed in,
318, 910
Kurosawa’s shifting perspective
in, 78
science fiction themes, 777, 910
UFO experience portrayed in,
910
Final Anthropic Principle, 15
Final Blackout (Hubbard), 778
Final Cause (Aristotelian), 28, 92,
209, 602, 749–750, 876–877. See
also Teleology
Finalism, 300
Final Judgment. See Last Judgment
Final Report of the Scientific Study
of Unidentified Flying Objects
(study), 909
Final state. See Eschatology
Final value, 913, 914
Findlay, J. N., 913, 920–921
Fine, Arthur, 393, 654
Fine–tuning concept. See Anthropic
Principle
Finite state automaton, 45
Finitum capax infiniti (Lutheran
doctrine), 128
Finke, Roger, 817
Finnis, John, 500
First Cause, 346, 379, 381, 488,
601–602, 762. See also Causality,
primary and secondary; Divine
action; God, existence of;
Unmoved Mover
First Fish ceremony, 419
First Law of Motion. See Motion,
Newton’s First Law of
First Law of Thermodynamics. See
Thermodynamics, First Law of
First principles, Aristotelian
deductive method and, 657,
658. See also Axiomatic method
First Three Minutes, The (Weinberg),
213, 214
First Vatican Council (1869–1870),
601
Firth, Raymond, 22, 24
Fischer, Emil, 541
Fisher, R. A., 334, 609, 790
Fitness, 333–334
adaptation and, 4, 333–334, 584,
639, 808
Gould’s critique of theory of,
385
levels of selection and, 790
as natural selection factor, 281,
287, 289, 293, 295, 300, 303,
333–334, 527, 530, 639, 808
selfish gene concept and, 287,
363, 795–796, 806
as value, 723–724
Fits, Trances, and Visions (Taves),
312–313
Fitzhugh, George, 814
Fitzroy, Robert, 200
Five Dynasties (China), 112
Flatland (Abbot), 372
Flat universe, 148, 632
Fleming, Myrtle, 133
Fletcher, Joseph, 550
Flew, Antony, 40, 378, 650
Flood (biblical). See Noachian Flood
Flood geology, 188–189
Florence, Council of (1438–1445),
743
Flores, Fernando, 33
Flourens, Pierre, 612
Fluids, fields and, 330, 331
Fluid turbulence, 618
Flying saucer. See UFO
fMRI studies, 310, 614, 615
Fodor, Jerry, 344
Foerst, Anne, 328, 747
Foerster, Heinz von, 153, 164, 196,
797
Fogel, Lawrence, 282
Fonseca, Peter, 802
Food
ecological system entropy and,
889
genetically modified, 360, 361,
364, 365, 403, 682, 867
human ecology and, 418
See also Agriculture
Food chain, 418
Forbidden Planet (film), 35
Force and Matter (Büchner), 252
Forces of nature, 334
fields and, 664
four basic, 329–330, 333, 386,
387, 666, 669, 848–849
fundamental nongravitational,
329, 333, 334, 387
gravitation as, 334, 388–390, 402,
665–666, 669, 823
motion and, 665
See also Grand Unified Theory
Foreknowledge. See Omniscience;
Prophecy
Forgiveness, 835, 743
“For I am a Jealous God” (Del Ray),
779
Formal cause (Aristotelian), 92,
209–210, 876–877
Forman, Robert, 313
Forms (Platonic), 544, 679, 680–681,
883
beauty and, 55–56, 57
causation and, 92
creation and, 124
explanation of concept of,
680–681
geometrical objects and, 374
hierarchy and, 398
idealism and, 445, 568–569
idealized body and, 255
mathematics and, 124, 162
metaphysics and, 561
time and, 821
value and, 914
Fossey, Diane, 699
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Fossil record
as biological evolution evidence,
62, 280, 291–292, 296, 369, 577,
369, 638, 639
Darwin’s studies and, 200, 201,
639
discontinuities in, 296, 384, 638,
639, 709, 760
as divine plan, 639
Gould’s view of, 384, 385
human origins and, 298–299,
300–301, 302, 430–431
Intelligent Design arguments
and, 760
origins of life in, 523
paleoanthropology and, 637
paleontology and, 637–641
punctuated equilibrium
theory and, 384, 385, 386,
639, 709
species emergence and, 133–134,
299
Teilhard’s approach to, 875
Two Book metaphor and, 907
Fossils
art origins and, 29
in planet Mars rock, 306, 317
Foucault, Michel, 395, 691–692
Foundationalism, 335
belief justification and, 689
coherentism versus, 149
epistemology and, 268
feminist rejection of, 759
geometry and, 568
hermeneutics and, 395
non–Euclidean geometry’s effects
on, 375
postfoundationalism and, 688
postmodern critiques of, 691,
758, 759, 770
webs of belief versus, 758
See also Nonfoundationalism
Foundation series (Asimov), 318
Foundations of Christian Faith
(Rahner), 886
Fountains of Paradise, The (Clarke),
778
Four causes (Aristotelian), 601–602,
780, 876–877
Four Noble Truths (Buddhism), 74,
94, 107, 274, 869
Fourth dimension, 824, 894
Fourth Lateran Council (1215),
891–892
Four wisdoms (Yogacara
Buddhism), 85–86
Fowler, James, 828
Fownes, George, 104, 105
Fox, Marvin, 485
Fractal geometry, 43, 101
Fractals, 101
Frame of reference, 719, 720, 823,
824, 893
France
Jewish emancipation in, 480, 493
materialism and, 538, 539–540
millennialism and, 564, 565
neo–Lamarckism and, 503, 504
paleontology and, 638
quarrel of ancients and moderns,
579
Franciscan mystics, 586
Franck, James, 493
Frankenberry, Nancy, 260
Frankenstein (Shelley), 359, 740,
777–778
Franklin, Benjamin, 546, 677
Franklin, Rosalind, 530
Frazer, James, 24, 184, 727
Frederick William II, King of
Prussia, 497
Free agency. See Freedom
Freedom, 335–338
anomolous monism and, 573
anthropological perspective on,
21
Augustine and, 44, 423
autonomy and, 550
autopoietic systems and, 46
behaviorism versus, 59
Calvinism and, 89
Cartesian, 89, 207–208
chance and, 97
Chaos Theory and, 102
contemporary definitions of, 336
determinism versus, 217, 335,
336–337, 364, 812–813
divine omnipotence versus,
337–338, 340, 628, 634
divine omniscience and, 630,
813, 898–900
double agency and, 228
evil and suffering and, 277–278,
279, 339, 881. See also Free
process defense; Free will
defense
genetically based human nature
versus, 227, 337, 338, 359,
812–813
genetic influences and, 58, 364,
422–424
of God, 335, 336, 787
Hindu belief and, 185, 335
human free choice and, 19,
94–95, 97, 102, 335, 336,
339–340, 436, 796, 811, 812–813
humans as co–creators and, 183,
425, 531
indeterminacy and, 337
Islam and, 335
karma and, 335, 499–500, 717
kenosis and, 217, 340
modernity and, 580
moral choices and, 336, 438–439,
498, 811
neurotheology and, 617, 618
original sin doctrine versus, 322
panentheism and, 641, 642, 643
process thought on, 336, 338,
339, 765, 927
providence and, 704–705, 826
quantum uncertainty and, 392
self–transcendence and, 439
sin and, 806
spirit and, 827
Teilhard’s evolution theory and,
876
See also Free will defense;
Liberation
Freedom of the will. See Freedom;
Free will defense
Freeman, Anthony, 162
Freeman, Derek, 21
Freeman, Walter, 160
Freenczi, Sandor, 495
Free process defense, 339, 340
Free–soul concept, 517
Free will. See Determinism;
Freedom; Free will defense
Free will defense, 174, 339–341
accidental free will and, 339–340
anomolous monism and, 573
Cartesianism and, 89, 207–208
essential free will and, 339, 340
evil and, 881
free process defense and, 339
human self and, 338
karmic impulses and, 335,
499–500, 717
kenosis and, 217, 340, 501–2
limited divine omnipotence as,
628
neurotheology and, 617, 618
panentheism and, 641
process thought and, 927
quantum indeterminism, 392, 675
sin as challenge to, 806
sociobiology and, 812–813
Frege, Gottlob, 376, 380
Frei, Hans W., 885
French Revolution, 299, 580
Fresco, The (Tepper), 778
Freud, Anna, 495
Freud, Sigmund, 341–343, 691
atheism and, 39, 650
hermenutics and, 394
Judaism and, 495
omnipotence theory of, 627
psychology and, 341, 394, 691,
706
reductionism and, 715
self theory of, 793
superego and, 584
view of religion of, 588, 730, 837,
838
Friedman, Herbert A., 493
Friedman, Jerome, 493
Friedmann, Alexander, 182, 632
Friedmann–type universes, 632
I
NDEX
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