Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
HUGO. See Human Genome
Organization
Hugo award (science fiction), 777
Huici (Buddhist monk), 83
Hull, Clark L., 60
Hull, David, 289
Hulse, Russell, 718
Human behavioral ecology, 810
Human beings
age of, 280, 292, 301, 505
animal behavior parallels, 528
animal relationships with, 247,
248, 698–699
animal rights versus, 10–12
Anthropic Principle and, 13–17,
171
anthropocentrism and, 18–19,
247, 385, 449
anthropological study of, 20–23,
298
anthropomorphization by, 726,
729–730, 740–741
artificial intelligence versus,
32–35
art origins and, 29–31
Baháhí on emergence of, 54–55
biotechnical applications to,
67–69
Cartesian markers of, 89–90
cloning opponents, 66, 146–147,
365–366, 425, 734, 867
cognitive fluidity and, 148
cosmology and, 170
created co–creator theory and,
23, 183, 425, 531–532, 750, 772
cultural origins and, 193,
194–195
cyborgs and, 197
death and, 203–205
deep ecology and, 205–206
dignity of, 367, 422, 424,
425–426, 842, 931
distinctiveness of, 11, 18–19, 298,
322, 436, 437, 449, 522, 528,
608, 699, 741, 812, 813
divine action and, 221–223
DNA blueprint and, 255–256,
363, 420, 422, 423
double agency and, 228
ecological ethics and, 234, 235,
237–239, 241
ecotheology and, 247–250
eternity and, 269–271
eugenics and, 273
evolution of. See Evolution,
human
first in vitro fertilization of, 65
in food chain, 418
free choice potential and, 19,
94–95, 97, 102, 335, 336,
339–340, 436, 796, 811, 812–813
freedom and, 335–338
gene patents and, 352–354
gene therapy and, 35, 68, 360,
424
genetic engineering concerns
and, 361–362, 422, 772–773. See
also subhead cloning
opponents above
genome complexity, 420
God compared with, 381
in Great Chain of Being, 577
hierarchy and, 398, 399, 527, 633
information technology and, 458,
459–462
language capacity of, 298,
504–508, 528, 699
limitations of, 381
Linnaean classification of, 298
metanarrative and, 691
modern concept of, 582
morality and, 584
morphological definition of, 298
mystical perfectibility of, 588
naturalism and, 593
naturalistic fallacy and, 393, 598,
806
natural law theory and, 599–600
nature and, 250, 365, 393,
418–419, 435–436, 437, 450,
468, 606
perfectibility belief, 126
physical aspects of, 428–434
primatology studies and,
698–700
propensity to sin and, 116, 278,
322, 805–807, 846
reason as marker of, 298, 349
reductionism and, 398
sexual selection and, 194–195
single original ancestor of, 63
spirituality of, 572
uniqueness of, 436, 437, 449,
528, 552, 582, 699–700,
740–741
value of, 913
See also Human nature, physical
aspects; Human nature,
religious and philosophical
aspects; Personhood; Self
Human body. See Body; Mind–body
theories
Human Condition, The
(Comparative Religious Ideas
volume), 915
Human ecology, 418–419
Human embryonic germ cells (heG
cells), 367, 368
Human embryonic stem cells (hES
cells), 367, 368, 369, 425
Human evolution. See Evolution,
human
Human Factor, The (Hefner), 772
Human free choice. See Free will
defense
Human freedom. See Freedom
Human Genome Organization
(HUGO), 354
Human Genome Project, 370,
419–426
biotechnology and, 65, 68, 69
gene patents and, 420, 424–425
genetic determinism and, 359,
363, 422–424, 806
genetic discrimination and,
421–422, 423, 733
genetic reductionism and, 363
history and goals of, 419–420
public policy and, 419–420, 421,
422
significance of, 68, 273, 337, 363,
872
Human Genome Sciences, Inc.,
352
Humani Generis (1950 encyclical),
142
Human immunodeficiency virus. See
AIDS/HIV
Humanism, 426–428
anthropocentrism and, 299
early versus modern, 426–427
empiricism and, 259
religion–science relationship and,
762
theories of religion and, 725–727,
728, 730
Humanitarian movement
(nineteenth century), 11
Humanity. See Human beings;
Human nature headings
Humankind. See Human beings;
Human nature headings
Human nature, physical aspects,
428–435, 763
adaptation and, 277, 385
aggression and, 5–6
behaviorist view of, 59–61
determinism and, 227, 363,
438–439
eugenics and, 273–274
evolutionary ethics and, 281,
285–286
evolutionary roots of, 287,
699–700, 706–707, 809
genetic determinism and, 359,
363–364, 761, 772–773
genetic predisposition and,
58–59, 227, 337, 438. See also
Nature versus nurture
mind–brain interaction and,
571–575
neurotheology and, 617–618
primatology and, 698, 699–700
psychological approaches to,
706–707
scientism and, 783
self and, 791–794
sociobiological view of, 385, 532,
761, 809–810
I
NDEX
— 991—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 991
Human nature, religious and
philosophical aspects,
435–439, 763
anthropomorphism and, 729–730,
740–741
artificial intelligence issues and,
35
Baháhí teachings on, 54
biotechnology and, 65
culture–nature dualism and. See
Nature versus nurture
divine omnipotence and, 628
divine omniscience and,
898–900
dualism and, 229, 230–231
emergence theories and, 256–257
eugenics and, 126
evil and suffering and, 278–279,
322
fall and, 322, 449, 456
free will defense and, 881
genetic manipulation and,
772–773
God’s attributes compared with,
436–437, 448, 449, 630
health/spirituality relationship,
553–554
Hume’s treatise on, 441–442
idealism and, 445–446
imago dei doctrine and, 436, 437,
449–450, 528, 741, 793–794,
812–813
incarnation and, 451, 452
individual rights and, 551
language and, 506–508
laws of nature and, 825
liberation belief and, 513
Luther’s view of, 127, 449
materialistic view of, 540
metanarrative and, 691
millennialism and, 563–566, 565
mind–body distinction and, 570
modern concept of, 582
moral order and, 299
moral responsibility and, 628
mythmaking and, 590–592
naturalism and, 593–597
naturalistic fallacy and, 393, 598,
806
natural law theory and, 599–600
neurotheology and, 617–618
obligation and, 915–916
pantheism and, 645–646
perfectibility belief, 126
personal values and, 914
primatology and, 699–700
progress and, 702–703
psychological approach and,
706–707
reason and, 298, 349
religious experience explanations
and, 311–312, 708, 726–730
as science fiction theme, 778
sin and, 44, 45, 116, 204, 278,
321, 322, 565, 805–806, 812,
846
sociobiology and, 811–813
soul and, 818–820
spirit and, 826–828
spirituality and, 828–830, 838
systems theory and, 856
Teilhard de Chardin’s Omega
Point and, 627, 640, 778,
874–876
teleological view ofd, 878
theological anthropology and,
882
theology of evolution and,
305–306, 338
theories of religion and,
725–730
valuation of life and, 722–723
See also Personhood; Self
Human Phenomenon, The
(Teilhard), 875
Humboldt, Alexander von, 200
Hume, David, 440–443
anonymous writings by, 442
on causal pairs, 92–93, 94, 95
cosmological argument critique
by, 169
design argument critique by, 211,
382, 441, 751, 877
empiricism of, 260, 440, 660, 685,
714
on evil and suffering, 339, 447
faith concept and, 319
imaginative association theory of,
447
inductive inference fallibility and,
651
as Kant influence, 440, 498
laws of nature and, 509
miracle repudiation by, 222, 320,
337, 412, 441
naturalistic fallacy and, 597, 598
philosophy of religion of,
441–442, 650
political history by, 442
postmodernism and, 690
on sense perception, 57, 59
theology of, 886
theory of religion of, 311–312,
313, 442, 726–727, 728, 729,
751, 907
Hunting–gathering, 194, 244, 287
art origins and, 31
Huntington’s chorea, 2, 421, 872
Hurlbut, William, 23
Husserl, Edmund, 160, 495, 570
Hutcheson, Francis, 57
Hutchins, Edwin, 160
Hutton, James, 411
Huxley, A. F., 612
Huxley, Aldous, 777
Huxley, Julian S., 609, 640, 703
Huxley, Thomas Henry
biocultural evolution concept
and, 289
biological progress critique by,
703
defense of Darwinian evolution
by, 202, 300, 639, 811
evolutionary ethics and, 285–286
materialism and, 540
scientific naturalism of, 751
web sites for texts by, 756
Huygens, Christian, 658
Hyakumantou–darani (Buddhist
scriptures), 84
Hydrodynamics, 330
Hydrogen
atomic energy of, 671
Big Bang model and, 172
Bohr atomic model and, 71
particle physics and, 668
Hydrogen bomb, 866
Hydrogéologie (Lamarck), 503
Hydronamics, 330
Hydrophobia, 118
Hydrostatics, 546
Hydrothermal vents, 317, 525–526
Hylozoism, 539
Hymenoptera, social behavior of,
791, 808
Hynek, J. Allen, 909
Hypercycles, 797
Hyperstimulation, 732
Hypnosis, 677
Hypothalamus, 309
Hypotheses, 651–652
analytic–synthetic distinction and,
686
deductions from, 652, 658, 746,
887
holism thesis and, 660
Poincaré’s three kinds of, 661
as scientific valuations, 918–919,
921
Hypothetical realism, 443
evolutionary epistemology and,
283
Hypothetico–deductive method,
652, 658, 746, 887
Hyptertext, 755
I
Iblis (Satan), 805
Ibn al–Haytham, 472
Ibn al– Muqaffai, 471
Ibn Aq3l, 473
Ibn iArab3, 48, 51, 590
Ibn Bajja, 48
Ibn Daud, Abraham, 488
Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 489
Ibn Gavirol, Salomon, 488
I
NDEX
— 992—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 992
Ibn Hubayra, 473
Ibn Khald5n, 471
Ibn Paqudah, Baya, 488
Ibn Rushd. See Averroës
Ibn Sina. See Avicenna
Ibn Tibbon, Yehudah, 490
Ibn Tufayl, 48
Ibn Yunus, 473
Ibn Zaddik, Joseh, 488
I–ching (Book of Changes), 117
Iconoclasm, 871
Iconography, 56
ICR. See Institute for Creation
Research
ICSI. See Intracytoplasmic sperm
injection
Idealism, 445–446
Berkeley’s thesis of, 159, 230,
260, 445, 569, 661, 713
causation and, 93, 658
consciousness and, 159, 162
constructivism versus, 164
critical realism versus, 191
definition of, 602, 661, 713
epistemology and, 267, 445,
568–569
German, 446, 541, 642, 643
Mach’s sensationalism and, 661
materialism versus, 541, 542
mind–body theories and,
568–569
monism and, 582, 583
natural theology and, 602–603
omnipresence and, 629
Platonic, 445, 568–569, 681, 821.
See also Forms
realism contrasted with, 445–446,
713–714
transcendental, 569, 570, 606
Idealization, Galileo’s use of, 658
Idealogues, 540
Identical twins, 357
behavioral genetics and, 363, 366
cloning analogy, 366, 868
paradox and, 720
Identity, human
definition of, 791
See also Personhood
Ideology and Uptopia (Mannheim),
818
Idolatry, 395, 477, 744, 871
Ignatius, 144
Ij3, al–, 475
Ijmalis (Islamic intellectuals), 467
Iliad (Homer), 518
Illness. See Diseases; Medicine;
Spirituality and faith healing
Illumination (Daoist concept), 112
“Illusion of the Future, The”
(Pfister), 341, 343
Image of God. See Imago dei
Imagery in Scientific Thought
(Miller), 559
Images. See Art; Art, origin of;
Imagination; Visual imagery
Images, linguistic. See Metaphor
Imaginary time. See Cosmology,
physical aspects
Imagination, 446–449
cognitive fluidity and, 148
Hume on, 440
mathematics and, 447, 448–449,
545
symbolic reference and, 507
Imago dei, 449–450
abortion and, 2–3
artificial intelligence and, 740
biblical cosmology and, 61
chemists and, 104
creation and, 11
Descartes and, 207–208
evolution theories and, 200, 379,
772, 812–813
human dignity and, 425
human nature and, 436, 437,
449–450, 528, 741, 793–794,
812–813
human superiority to animals
and, 11
relational sense of, 741
sacramental universe and, 743
self and, 741, 793
sociobiology and, 379
theological anthropology and,
882
value and, 913
Immanence, 450
Christian scientists and theology
of, 126, 750
definition of, 641
ecotheological belief in, 250
omnipresence and, 628–629
order and, 633
panentheism and, 641
pantheism and, 901
process theology and, 765
sacraments and, 451, 744
spirit–life relationship and, 826
transcendence versus, 901
Immaterialism, 445
Immigration laws, U.S., 273
Immortality. See Life after death
Immune system
autopoiesis and, 47
components of, 429, 430
innate and adaptive, 431–432
psychological states and, 614
religious belief effects on, 554
therapeutic stem cell research
and, 367, 368
Immutability, 641
Impassibility, 641
Impermanence, Buddhist notion of,
77, 81, 82, 83, 85, 514
Incarnation, 450–452
apologetics and, 26
Christian belief in, 254, 396, 415,
450–451, 500
death and, 203–204
Hindu samsara and, 204
kenosis and, 451, 500, 770
panentheism and, 255
process thought and, 927
Roman Catholic belief and, 139
See also Reincarnation
Incoherence of the Incoherence
(Averröes), 474
Incoherence of the Philosophers, The
(al–Ghaz1l3), 473
Incommensurability thesis, 653
Incompatibilism, 630
Incompleteness. See Gödel’s
Incompleteness Theorem
Independence models. See Models;
Science and religion,
methodologies; Science and
religion, models and relations
Indeterminism, 452–453
causality and, 95
chance and, 96–97
complementarity and, 150
determinism versus, 216, 337,
452–453
divine action parallel with, 220,
223, 384, 765, 770
free will defense and, 337, 392,
675
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle and, 391–392
hidden–variable theories and,
673
Many–worlds Hypothesis and,
537–538, 673–674
new physics and, 618
panentheism and, 641, 642
postmodernism and, 693
quantum, 97, 98, 216, 223, 230,
332, 337, 384, 392, 452–453,
501, 618, 642, 673–674, 675,
765, 770, 911
Schrödinger’s cat problem and,
673
science–religion dialogue and,
765, 770
theology of evolution and, 305,
501, 765
See also Uncertainty
Index (Roman Catholic prohibited
books), 128, 350, 906
India
British colonialism in, 401, 402,
403, 409
Buddhism and, 74, 75, 77, 82–83,
447
caste distinctions, 399, 400,
405
causation theories, 93
chaos beliefs, 99
early economic life in, 244
I
NDEX
— 993—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 993
India (continued)
early history of, 400, 401, 406,
407, 409
ecological threats to, 403
genetic engineering and, 403–404
history of science in, 402,
403–405, 406–409, 545
Islamic invasion of, 406, 407, 409
Lutheran churches in, 127
mysticism in, 586, 587, 588
reincarnation belief in, 717
religious creator beliefs in, 185,
187
science–religion periodicals, 767
See also Hinduism
Indian Journal for the History of
Science, 406
Indigenous peoples, 236–237, 241
Individual identity. See Personhood;
Self
Individual rights. See Rights
Individuals (Strawson), 570
Individual selection, 790–791
Indonesia, Lutheran churches in,
127
Induced abortion, 1
Inductive method
Bacon’s scientific method and,
658, 659
fallibility of, 651
Newton and, 622
scientific method and, 651, 659,
660
Whewell and, 659, 660
Inductive–statistical explanation, 655
Indus River, 399
Industrialization
in India, 403
Luddite rejection of, 865
modernity and, 580
robotics and, 739–740
See also Technology; Technology
and ethics
Industrial melanism, 294, 334
Industrial revolution, 294, 334, 390,
428, 847
Ineffability, 313, 698
Inertia, 117, 717, 719, 822, 823
Inertial reference frames, 719, 720,
824
In Face of Mystery (Kaufman), 596
Infallibility doctrine, 3, 752, 885
Inference, deductive. See Deductive
method
Inferno (Dante), 49, 725
Infinitesimals, 545
Infinity, 453–454
cyclical universe and, 197, 400
eternity and, 270–271, 372–373
Galilean universe potential for,
822
God’s omnipresence and, 371,
377
of God’s self–emptying love, 501
mathematics and, 545
Omega Point theory and, 627
of open–model universe, 172
quantum cosmologies and, 175,
711
quantum field theory and, 711
Inflationary Universe Theory,
454–455
Anthropic Principle and,
175–176
Big Bang Theory and, 61–62,
100, 174, 771
chaotic inflation and, 100, 455
cosmological constant and, 719
cosmology and, 174–175
entropy and, 889
as new physics, 618
t
=
O and, 174, 175, 859
Information, 455–458
consciousness and, 159
divine action and, 384
hermeneutics and, 396
kinds of, 456–458
models and, 578
nonhuman animal transfer of,
194
principal senses of, 455–456
Information technology, 457,
458–462
communication on science and
religion and, 755–756
robotics and, 740
uses and impact of, 459
virtual reality and, 923–924
See also Computers; World Wide
Web
Information theory, 4, 456, 457,
462–463
complexity research and, 151
cybernetics and, 153, 196–197
evolutionary psychology and,
287
existence of God proof and, 162
probablity and, 456
robotics and, 740
See also Artificial intelligence;
Learning theory
Inherent value, 921
Inheritance. See Heredity; Nature
versus nurture
Inherited diseases. See Genetic
defect
Inhibition of aggression, 7
Initiation rites, 738
Innate immunity, 431–432
Inner self. See Self; Soul
Inquisition
end–time beliefs and, 264
Galileo’s condemnation by, 125,
141–142, 180, 181, 351
John of the Cross and, 586
Insanity defense, 423
In Search of Our Mothers’ Garden
(Walker), 928
“In Search of the First Hominids”
(Gibbons), 430
Instinct, 5–6, 60
Institute for Advanced Study
(Princeton), 253
Institute for Creation Research
(Santee, Calif.), 122, 189, 767
Institute for Genomic Research,
420
Institute for Theoretical Physics. See
Niels Bohr Institute
Institute of Human Paleontology
(Paris), 874
Institute on Religion in an Age of
Science, 753, 755, 766, 768
Institutes of the Christian Religion
(Calvin), 136, 248
Instrumentalism
cosmology and, 179
critical realism versus, 191
human superiority and, 11
scientific anti–realism and, 654
supernaturalism contrasted with,
847–848
theory of truth, 903
Instrumental value, 913, 921
Insulin, 360, 367
Integration methods and models.
See Science and religion,
methodologies; Science and
religion, models and relations
Intellectual property rights, 353,
361, 424–425
Intellectus (Augustine concept), 44
Intelligence
Anthropic Principle and, 764
brain sites of, 612
components of, 740
computer modeling of human,
707
genetic selection and, 733
technology and, 862–863
See also Artificial intelligence
Intelligent Design, 463
Anthropic Principle and, 13, 14,
16–17, 213–214, 764
anti–evolution arguments of,
303–304, 786
Christian evangelicals and, 123
creationism and, 189, 190, 305,
786
design argument and, 209,
210–211, 214, 215, 764, 879
Einstein beliefs and, 41
evolutionary biology and, 213,
214
as gradualism challenge, 760
natural theology and, 211, 604
periodical literature about, 767
self–organizational processes
versus, 156
I
NDEX
— 994—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 994
teleological argument and, 876,
879
theists and, 378
theological challenges to,
211–212
web sites, 756
Intelligent Design Creationism and
Its Critics (ed. Pennock), 382
Intelligent machine. See Thinking
machines
Intelligibility, intersubjective, 688
Intentionality
biosemiotics and, 64
Buddhist abortion perspective
and, 3
Cartesianism and, 89
cultural education and, 607
of God, 221
Interactions. See Field theories;
Grand Unified Theory
“Interbehavioral Psychology”
(Kantor), 59–60
Interbreeding, 295–296
Intercessory prayer, 696–697,
831–832
Interdependence (Buddhist theme),
31, 74–78, 81, 82, 85
Internal realism, critical realism
versus, 191
Internal relations, doctrine of, 683
International Human Genome
Sequencing Consortium, 420
International Institute of Islamic
Thought (Herndon, Va.), 467
International Society for Science
and Religion, 754
International Society for the Systems
Sciences, 854
Internet
birth of, 756
virtual reality and, 923–924
See also Information technology;
World Wide Web
Internet Public Library
(www.ipl.org), 756
Interpretation. See Hermeneutics in
science and religion
Interpretation of Dreams (Freud),
495
Intonation, musical, 544
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection,
732–733
Intrinsic value, 913, 921
Introduction to History (Ibn
Khald5n), 471
Intuition
artificial intelligence versus, 33
Avicenna and, 50
experience of beauty and, 57
German hermeneutic tradition
and, 839
mathematics and, 545
See also Counterintuitive theories
Inventions
Chinese, 82, 84, 110–115, 780
cultural origins and, 193
gene patenting debate and,
352–354, 361
technological ethics and, 866
See also Technology
Invertebrate paleontology, 638
Investigations (Kauffman), 155
“Investigations Based on Evidence”
movement, 261
In vitro fertilization (IVF), 732, 733
agricultural livestock and, 65
description of process of, 732
embryo research and, 3
first human, 65, 731–732
general acceptance of, 147
gene selection and, 364–365
Hindu ethical issues and, 403
pre–implantation diagnosis and,
65–66, 370–371, 422, 732, 733
Roman Catholic objection to, 734
spare embryo stem cells from,
367
In vivo fertilization, 733
Iran
Avicenna in, 50, 472
Baháhí origins in, 53
fundamentalist Islam and, 346,
872
Iran–Iraq war, 916
IRAS. See Institute on Religion in an
Age of Science
Irenaeus, 203, 449, 633, 826, 905
I, Robot (Asimov), 35
Iron Pillar (Delhi), 409
Irregularities, dissipative structures
and, 218
Irreversible processes. See Entropy;
Thermodynamics, Second Law
of; Time: physical and
biological aspects
Isaac (Hebrew Bible), 378
Isaac the Blind, 453
Isaiah, Book of, 98
key chapters and verses, 787
“Is Consciousness a Brain Process?”
(Place), 568
“I–self”, “me–self” versus, 792
Isham, Chris, 174, 175
Ishraqi (Illuminist) school, 51
Islam, 463–465
afterlife beliefs and, 205
agricultural practices and, 419
animals and, 10
anthropocentrism and, 19
apocalypticism and, 265
Aristotle’s writings and, 26–27,
28, 472, 650, 749, 780, 883
artistic representation and, 56,
375, 465
astronomy and, 473, 788
Averroës and, 47–49, 124, 788
Avicenna and, 49–51
beauty concept in, 56
beginnings and early history of,
463–464, 470
Christian apologetics against, 25
Christian thought and, 124, 883
cosmological argument and, 169
cosmological studies and, 178,
471, 473
creatio ex nihilo belief in, 184,
471, 473
creation belief and, 184, 185,
464–465, 471, 473, 474, 896
creation theology of, 171
death perspective of, 204, 205
divine action and, 218–219, 562
divine names and, 464
divine power and, 562, 880–881
ecotheology and, 241
as empire, 470–471
end–time beliefs and, 262–263,
264, 335
evil and suffering beliefs and,
276, 278, 880–881
feminist theology and, 327
five obligatory duties of, 464
free will and, 335
fundamentalism and, 346, 347,
806, 885
geometrical pattern designs and,
375
God’s attributes in, 378, 379, 436,
880–881
human nature and, 436
imago dei doctrine and, 449, 812
in India, 406, 407, 409
Jewish scientific learning and,
478, 485, 487–488, 489–490
major tenets of, 464
mathematics and, 474, 545, 788
meaning of word Islam and, 464,
470
medicine and, 48, 50, 51, 553,
843
medieval science and, 465, 780,
915
metaphysics and, 561, 562
monotheism and, 378, 464, 583
mysticism and, 465, 586, 587,
590, 735, 744
neo–Darwinism critique by, 364
philosophy of religion and, 649
providence and, 704
religious experience and, 308
salat as sacramental in, 744
scriptural interpretation and, 394,
787, 788
sin perspective in, 805, 806
soul concept of, 794, 820
special providence belief and,
825
theology and, 883, 884, 885
time concept and, 896
I
NDEX
— 995—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 995
Islam (continued)
tradition healing and, 834
ultimate and, 915
unifying religious narrative and,
725
Islam, contemporary issues in
science and religion, 465–469
abortion perspective and, 2
reproductive technology and, 66,
735
science–religion studies and, 767,
773–774
stem cell research and, 843
technology and, 346, 870–871,
872
Islam, history of science and
religion, modern period,
469–476, 789, 833–834
Islam and Science (Hoodbhoy), 467
“Islam and Science” (Renan), 465
Islet cells, 367
“Is/ought” distinction, 597–598
Israeli, Isaac, 478, 488
ISSS. See International Society for
the Systems Sciences
Issues in Science and Religion
(Barbour), 746, 752–753
Issues in Science and Theology
(periodical), 767
Isvara, 275
IT. See Information technology
IVF. See In vitro fertilization
Ivory figurines, 29
Izumi, Yoshiharu, 77, 79
J
Jacob (Hebrew Bible), 236, 378
Jacob, François, 135, 494
Jacobi, Friedrich, 498
Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob, 494, 495
Jacob Staff (astronomical
instrument), 478
Jadassohn, Josef, 494
Jaffe, Mordecai ben Abraham, 492
Jaffe–Margoliot, Israel ben
Mordecai, 492
Jainism
animal rights and, 12, 404
creation myth of, 591
divine presence and, 744
reincarnation belief of, 717
Jaki, Stanley, 26, 752, 768
Jakober, Marie, 778
Jakobovits, Immanuel, 482
James, William, 700
Darwinism and, 289
empiricism and, 260
“Ethics of Belief” critique by, 40
naturalism and, 596
neutral monism term and, 570
pluralism and, 683
pluralistic pantheism and, 645
pragmatism and, 71, 695, 759
on religious experience, 311,
312, 313, 314, 727, 800, 837
on saintly altruism, 9
on self, 792
James I. McCord Chair in Theology
and Science (Princeton), 754,
774
Jami, 587
Janeway, Charles A., 432
Jansenism, 44, 725
Jantzen, Grace, 587, 629, 642
Japan
atomic bombing of, 866
Buddhism and, 83, 84, 85
science and technology, 805
shinkiko healing in, 833
Shinto and, 803–805
Jastrow, Robert, 172
Jawed vertebrates, adaptive
immunity and, 432
JEDP documentary hypothesis, 411
Jeeves, Malcolm, 773, 827
Jen (Confucian teaching), 108, 115
Jencks, Charles, 690
Jeremiah, Book of, 787
Jerusalem Temple, 620, 621
Jesuits, 300, 385, 874
Jesus
apologetics and, 25
assumption of suffering by, 881
Augustine’s beliefs and, 44
Baháhí and, 55
Christianity and, 119, 144
Christian scientific compatibilists
and, 126
cosmic Christ concept and, 145
created co–creator concept and,
183
crucifixion of, 500, 821
divine action and, 218
dual human and divine nature of,
451
Eucharist and, 28, 128
grace and, 278
as healer, 369, 829–830
hermeneutics and, 394, 395
historical criticism and, 411–412
Holy Spirit and, 415, 830
hope and, 417
as human ideal, 436
imago dei and, 449
as incarnation, 204, 254, 255,
415, 450, 451, 500
kenosis and, 500, 770
as Logos, 119, 144, 145, 186, 254,
396, 450, 451, 560
as Messiah (Christos), 144
millennialism and, 122, 264
miracles and, 576
monophysitism and, 451
in Newton’s theology, 620, 621,
623
Omega Point theory and, 627,
640
parables of, 394, 395
reconciliation and, 136
resurrection and, 144, 254, 415,
417, 518, 576
salvation and, 528
science fiction and, 778
Second Coming of, 264, 566, 621
sin redemption by, 189
as Son of God, 378
special providence and, 825
spirituality and, 829
as supercelestial, 8465
theological anthropology and,
882
See also Christology; Trinity
Jetsons, The (television program),
777
Jewish law. See Halacha
Jiao. See Chinese religions and
science
Jichinsai (Shinto ritual), 804
Jihads, 564
Jinja Shinto, 803–805
Jin Ling Zi, 111
Jin Si Xuan Xuan (Daoist text), 111
Jiuzahng suanshu (Liu Hui), 109
Joachim of Fiore, 565
Job, Book of, 98, 279, 880
key chapters and verses, 786
Jodo Shinshu temples ( Japan), 84
John XXI, Pope, 178
John, Gospel According to, 139,
144, 396, 846
historical criticism and, 412
Holy Spirit and, 4151
Logos and, 400
metaphor and, 560
John Damascence, 437, 453
John F. Kennedy University, 159
John of Ruysbroeck, 586–587
John of the Cross, 99, 585–586
John Paul II, Pope
abortion encyclical of, 2–3
embryonic stem cell research
opposition by, 368, 369
evolution message of, 142, 143
Galileo case reinvestigation and,
143, 181, 351
on God’s kenosis, 501
Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, 367
Johnson, Mark, 160, 559
Johnson, Phillip, 303–304
Johnson, Samuel, 713
Johnston, Elizabeth, 560
Johnston, James, 104
John Templeton Foundation, 747,
754
John the Evangelist, 139
I
NDEX
— 996—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 996
Joint Appeal Against Human and
Animal Patenting (1995), 352
Joking, anthropologic perspectives
on, 22
Jonah, Book of, 787, 899
Jones, Matthew, 208
Jones Institute for Reproductive
Medicine (Norfolk, Va.), 732
Joseph, Jonathan ben, 492
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 493
Josephson, Brian David, 493
Joshua, Book of, 61, 179
Joshua ben Hanaya, 477–478
Joule, James Prescott, 560
Journal of Consciousness Studies,
158–159, 162
Journal of Halacha and
Contemporary Society, The, 481
Journal of Islamic Science, 767
Journal of the Faith and Science
Exchange, 768
Journals. See Science and religion,
periodical literature; specific
titles
Journey to the Center of the Earth
(Verne), 777
Judaism, 477–483
afterlife belief and, 205, 490–491,
517–518, 519
animal rights and, 10, 11–12
anthropocentrism and, 19
chaos and, 99
converts from, 495
cosmological argument of, 169
creatio ex nihilo belief and, 184
creation beliefs and, 185, 477,
482, 486, 489, 491, 527, 536,
896
divine action and, 218
ecotheology and, 241, 419
end–time beliefs and, 262–263
evil and suffering beliefs and,
276, 278, 880
feminist theology and, 327
fundamentalism and, 346
Genesis creation interpretation
and, 355–356
God’s attributes and, 378, 379,
436, 491
golem tradition in, 740, 741
human nature perspective and,
11–12, 436
imago dei belief and, 449, 740,
741, 812
infinity conception and, 453
Kabbalism and, 336, 396, 453,
479
linguistic hermeneutics and, 396
medicine and, 478, 480, 482, 487,
492, 493, 494–495, 536, 843
Messiah belief and, 144
millennialism and, 564
monotheism and, 378, 583
mysticism and, 336, 396, 453,
479, 492, 587, 590, 799
philosophy of religion and, 649
Platonism and, 544, 681
providence and, 704
rabbinic tradition and, 396,
477–478, 486–487
religious experience and, 308
resurrection belief and, 518
sacraments and, 744
scientists’ ethnic versus religious
identity with, 495–496
scriptural interpretation and, 394,
482, 485, 536, 786–787, 788,
896–897
self–transcendence and, 799
sin perspective and, 806
soul concept and, 517–518, 820
special providence and, 825
spirit concept and, 826, 830
technology and, 870
theodicy problem and, 880
theology and, 883, 885, 886
time concept and, 896
ultimate and, 915
unifying religious narrative and,
725
See also Hebrew Bible; Holocaust
Judaism, contemporary issues in
science and religion, 480–482,
483–487
abortion perspective, 2
apologetics and, 26
chemistry and, 105
reproductive technology and, 66,
481, 487, 494, 735
stem cell research and, 843
Judaism, history of science and
religion, medieval period,
477–479, 482, 487–491
Aristotelianism and, 26–27, 28,
478, 479, 488, 489, 492, 536
Maimonides and, 169, 478–479,
482, 485, 488–489, 490, 491,
492, 496, 535–536, 787, 896–897
scriptural interpretation and, 787
See also Kabbalah
Judaism, history of science and
religion, modern period,
491–496
biocultural evolution theory and,
290
Einstein and, 252, 253, 493, 494,
495, 496
Holocaust eugenics and, 272,
273, 808
legal emancipation effects on,
480, 493
Newton’s theology and, 620–621,
622
Nobel Prize winners, 493–494
Judas Rose, The (Elgin), 778
Judicial medical ethics, 549
Julian of Norwich, 590
Jung, Carl, 588, 854, 910
Jupiter (planet), 180, 182
exobiology and, 306, 317
Galileo’s telescopic observations
of, 350
moons of, 306, 317, 350
Jurassic Park (film), 777
Justice
altruism and, 9
cloning and, 147
ecofeminism and, 233
ecological ethics and, 234
ecotheology and, 250
Einstein and, 253
ethnicity and race and, 271–272
global ethic and, 856
liberation theology and, 516, 517
modernity and, 581
natural law and, 600
Radical Reform Christian
reconciliation and, 135, 136
theodicy and, 880
See also Distributive justice
Justinian, emperor of Rome, 178
Justin Martyr, 25, 144, 519, 905
Just war doctrine, 916, 917
Juzjani, al–, 49, 50
K
Kabbalah, 336, 396, 453, 479, 480,
482, 490, 492
golem tradition and, 740, 741
kenosis and, 501
as mystical tradition, 587
Kaehler, Martin, 412
Kak, Subhas, 406
Kálanos, 409
Kaliyuga (Hindu cycle), 262
Kami (Shinto), 803, 804, 805
Kaniska, King of Kusana, 83
Kanner, Leo, 495
Kant, Immanuel, 26, 497–499, 520,
789
anthropocentrism and, 18, 19
autopoiesis concept and, 46
causation and, 94, 95
complexity and, 153
constructivism and, 164
cosmological argument critique
by, 169
critical realism and, 191
design argument critique by, 211,
877
on ends, 425, 913
epistemology and, 283, 376,
498–499
Euclidean geometry and, 375,
376
evolution and, 280
I
NDEX
— 997—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 997
Kant, Immanuel (continued)
existence of God arguments and,
381, 498, 603, 751
humanism and, 428
Hume’s thought and, 440, 498
on imagination, 447
life and writings of, 497
materialism critique by, 541
metaphysics and, 498–499, 562
Milky Way explanation by,
181–182
mind–body problem and, 498,
569, 691
modernity and, 580, 582
on moral law within, 379
natural law theory and, 600
natural theology critique by, 211,
312, 603
nature concept of, 606
ontological argument critique by,
630, 631
philosophy of science and, 659,
661
on reality, 445–446, 603
reductionism and, 715
religious views of, 498–499, 650,
848, 886, 907
self–organization and, 797
sense perceptions theory of, 57,
446–447, 498, 562, 661
theology of, 886
transcendental idealism and, 569,
606
Kantor, Jacob Robert, 59–60
Kapital, Das (Marx), 542
Kapitza, Peter L., 493
Kaplan, Mordecai, 596
Kaposi, Moritz, 494
Karle, Jerome, 493
Karma, 499–500
Buddhist beliefs and, 76, 77, 79,
274–275, 880
death–rebirth cycles and, 204,
513, 717, 901
definition of, 76, 274, 400, 499
free will versus, 335, 499–500,
717
Hindu belief and, 185, 204, 275,
400, 404, 499–500, 880
liberation and, 274–275, 335, 514,
717, 901
moral causality and, 274–275
reincarnation and, 717
theistic belief contrasted with,
880
theodicy contrasted with, 880
transmigration and, 901
Kashf al–manahijal al–adillah
(Averroës), 48
Kasparov, Gary, 33
Katz, Sir Bernard, 494
Katz, Leonard, 162
Katz, Solomon, 23
Kauffmann, Stuart, 155, 797
Kaufman, Gordon, 596, 625, 644,
650
Keats, John, 31, 427
Keller, Evelyn Fox, 324, 325, 747,
758, 839
Kelly, George, 792
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson),
331, 888
Kenosis, 500–502
divine action and, 384
God’s incarnation and, 451, 500,
770
human freedom and, 217, 340
science–religion dialogue and,
770
spirit and, 827
theology of evolution and, 304,
500, 501, 502
Kepler, Johannes, 56, 454, 479, 591
on axioms of astronomy, 546
eschatology and, 264
Euclidean geometry and, 375
Galileo and, 350, 389
heliocentric view of, 125, 128,
350, 371, 780
laws of nature and, 509, 545
Lutheranism and, 128
metaphor use by, 560
neo–Platonism and, 124–125, 544
Newton’s law of motion and, 665
planetary elliptical motion and,
181, 389, 545, 665, 822, 823
scriptural interpretation and, 780
spirituality and, 837
theism and, 824
Keratinocyte cells, 367
Kernberg, Otto F., 588
Key, Catherine, 195
Keynes, John Maynard, 246
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 346,
872
Khw1rizm3, 471
Khwarizmi, Mohammed ibn Musa
al–, 545
Kierkegaard, Søren, 319, 322, 604,
650
as Bohr influence, 129
postmodernism and, 691
self–referential statements and,
799
theology of, 886
on truth, 904
Kim, Jaegwon, 228, 230, 398, 684,
911
Kin altruism, 06, 9
Kind3, al–, 472
Kinematics
atomism and, 42
field theories and, 329, 719
Special Theory of Relativity and,
667
See also Motion
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 271
King, William, 300
Kings, Second Book of, 786
Kingsley, Charles, 26, 202, 301, 303
Kin selection theory, 790–791, 808
Kiogan (Buddhist monk), 84
Kismet (AI robot), 34
Kitab al–
i
aql (Averroës), 48
Kitab al–birr wahil–ithm (Avicenna),
50
Kitab al–hasil wa
h
l–mahsul
(Avicenna), 50
Kitab al–majmu
h
(Avicenna), 50
Kitab al–Najat (Avicenna), 50
Kitab al–Shifa
h
(Avicenna), 50
Kitab al–tadarik li anwa
h
al–khata
fi
h
l tadbir (Avicenna), 50
Kitcher, Philip, 95, 594, 655
Kiteworld (Robert), 778
Kittel, Gerhard, 417
Klein, Felix, 495, 853
Klein, Melanie, 495
Klein, Richard, 193, 195
Klug, Aaron, 493
Knight, Christopher, 195, 736, 737
Knowledge
Augustine and, 44
Baháhí typology of, 55
cognitive fluidity and, 148
constructivism and, 164–165
critical realism and, 190–192
empiricism and, 259–261, 685
epistematic scientism on, 783
extraterrestrial life and, 318
fallibilism and, 322–323
feminist rationality and, 325
God’s omniscience and, 378, 381
hermeneutics and, 392–397
hierarchy of scientific and
religious, 757–758
Hinduism and, 400, 401
human versus artificial
intelligence and, 33, 34–35
hypothetical realism and, 443
indeterminism and, 452–453
Islamic emphasis on, 463–464,
466, 468, 474, 767
Islamization program and, 467
Judaism and, 488
levels of, 283
liberation (spiritual) and, 514
Logos and, 144
metanarrative and, 691
modernity and, 580
Newton’s open and closed levels
of, 621
omnipresence and, 628
omniscience and, 629–630
paradigms and, 648
patents and sharing of, 354
patristic Christian sources of,
123–124
phenomenology and, 570–571
I
NDEX
— 998—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 998
postmodernism constructedness
of, 691, 758
pragmatist view of, 694
by revelation versus observation,
847
Roman Catholic analogical view
of, 140
sociology of, 817–818
systems theory and, 854–856
tacit, 859–860
theism and, 40
universal versus particular, 374
Knowledge, theory of. See
Epistemology
Knowledge engineering. See
artificial intelligence
Knox, John, 136
Koans, 676
Koenig, Harold G., 835, 836
Kohlberg, Lawrence, 584
Kohler, Wolfgang, 698
Kohlerglaube und Wissenschft
(Vogt), 541
Kojiki ( Japanese text), 803
Koko (gorilla), 699
Kolmogorov–Chaitin model
(complexity), 151
Komyo, Emperor of Japan, 84
Kong Fu–tzui. See Confucius
Kook, Abraham Isaac, 587
Koran. See Qur’an
Korea
Buddhism and, 83–84
empiricism and, 261
Shinto and, 804, 805
Korn, Alejandro, 913–914
Kornberg, Arthur, 494
Korsmeyer, Jerry, 322
Kourany, Janet, 654
Kraft und Stoff (Büchner), 541
Krause, Carl Christian Friedrich, 643
Krebs, Hans, 494
Kreislauf des Lebens, Der
(Moleschott), 541
Krishna, 54
Krishnamurthy, Jiddu, 162
Kroeber, Alfred, 21, 194
Kubrick, Stanley, 35, 777
Kuhn, Thomas
cognitive pluralism and, 683
instrumentalism and, 654
as natural epistemology
influence, 598
paradigmic theory of science of,
78, 289–290, 447, 579, 647–648,
652–653, 752, 782, 818
science and religion models and,
746, 752, 757, 758
on social–cultural context for
science, 393, 467
sociology of knowledge and, 818
Kukai (Buddhist monk), 84
Kull, Kalevi, 63
Küng, Hans, 428, 648
Kurosawa, Akira, 78
Kurzweil, Raymond, 35
Kuzari ( Juda ha–Levi), 490
L
Labor economics, 244
Labor theory of property, 353
Laches (Plato), 680
Lactantius, 539
Lactose intolerance, 194
Lafont, Eugene, 401
Lagrangian function, 329, 389
Laissez–faire economics, 811
Lakatos, Imre, 648, 652, 746, 758,
770
Lakoff, George, 160, 559
Lamarcke, Jean–Baptise de, 280,
281, 287, 299, 503
belief in progress by, 702
Lamarckism, 287, 503–504
acquired characteristics
inheritance theory, 37, 281, 288,
299, 503, 609
adaptation and, 4
artificial life and, 37
cultural aspect of, 288
Darwin (Charles) and, 200
evangelical Christians and, 122
Weismann’s germ plasm theory
and, 609
Lambert’s formula, 112
La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de, 90,
539–540
Laming–Emperaire, Annette, 31
Lampe, Geoffrey, 417
Landau, Lev Davidovich, 493
“Land Ethic, The” (Leopold), 234
Landmarks in the Struggle between
Science and Religion
(Simpson), 752
Landscape ecology, 243
Landsteiner, Karl, 494
Lang, Fritz, 35, 777
Lange, Frierich Albert, 538
Langton, C. G., 37, 153, 797
Language, 504–508
anthropological linguistics and,
22, 23
artificial intelligence and, 32, 33
brain areas and, 612, 615
brain module hypothesis of, 161
cognitive linguistics and, 160
consciousness studies and, 158,
160
critical realism and, 191, 192
cultural origins and, 193
Descartes and, 207
evolution theory and, 281
hermeneutics in, 396–397
Hinduism and, 399, 400, 408
as human marker, 298, 504–508,
528, 699
information and, 455
metaphor and, 559–561
mind–body theories and, 569
nonhuman primate capacity for,
505, 699
philosophy of religion and, 650
postmodern pluralism and, 683,
691
religious language analysis, 650,
746, 761, 762
revelation and, 736
science–religion independence
models and, 757, 761–762
as symbolic reference, 506–508,
528
technology and, 861–862, 870
of values, 922
See also Semiotics; specific
languages
Language, Truth and Logic (Ayer),
686
“Language and Human Nature”
(Taylor), 847
“Language and Mystical Awareness”
(Streng), 308
Lao–tzu (Lao Tze), 107, 115, 205,
869
Laplace, Pierre–Simon, 182, 383, 452
determinism of scientific laws
and, 216, 219, 509
divine action and, 219, 675
gravitational force field and, 331,
389
materialism and, 398
Laplacian determinism, 216, 219,
509
Larson, David, 840
Lascaux (France) cave art, 31
Lassar, Oskar, 494
Last and First Men (Stapledon), 778
Last Judgment, 178, 205
end of the world and, 262, 263,
264
eschatology and, 269
hell and, 519
Islam belief and, 335
“Last Question, The” (Asimov), 778
Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci), 31
Last things. See Eschatology
Laszlo, Evrin, 856
Late modernity, 580
Lateran Council (1215), 184
Latin America
Darwin’s biological studies in,
200–201
liberation theology, 517, 816
Lutheran churches in, 127
Latin language, 536
Latour, Bruno, 163, 692, 693, 782
Lattice theories, 389
I
NDEX
— 999—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 999
Laudan, Larry, 648, 653, 654
Laughlin, Charles, 617
Lavoisier, Antoine, 103, 105
Laws of Manu, 217
Laws of nature, 508–513
Anthropic Principle and, 13–18,
126, 879
beauty and, 56
Big Bang Theory and, 126
classical physics and, 664–667
Darwin’s religious beliefs and,
201
Descartes and, 822
descriptive versus prescriptive,
509, 510
design and, 213, 604
determinism and, 216, 336–337
divine action and, 392, 750
Einstein’s religious beliefs and,
253–254
evil and suffering and, 277, 279
final cause doctrine eliminated
from, 877
forces of nature and, 334
free process defense and, 339
God and, 321–322, 595, 822, 825
Grand Unified Theory and, 388,
844, 845
human free will and, 813
inertial reference frames for, 719,
720, 824
Islamic laws of the prophets and,
464
karmic consequences and, 275
materialism and, 540
mechanistic explanations of, 509,
606, 681, 822
metaphors for, 560
miracles as counter to, 575
naturalism and, 594–595
order and, 633, 825
as paradigms, 652–653
philosophical theories of,
510–512
philosophy of science and,
657–661
Planck time and, 679
postmodern skepticism and, 691
providence and, 305
psychophysical laws and, 573,
574, 575
quantum physics and, 277, 392
regularities and alternatives,
510–511
scientific explanation and, 655
special providence and, 825, 826
symmetry and, 853
taxonomy of, 509–510
theodicy and, 276–277
theology of evolution and, 305
theoretical pluralism and, 656
Laying on of hands, 831, 832
Layton, Robert, 30
Lazarsfeld, Paul, 816
Leach, Edmund, 728
Leakey, Louis, 698
Learning theory
aggression and, 6
artificial intelligence and, 32, 33,
740
behavioral conditioning and,
59–60
brain sites and, 612
chimpanzee abilities, 698–699
robotics and, 740
synapses and, 612
See also Information theory
Lease, Gary, 235
Le Conte, Joseph, 907
Leder, Mimi, 265
Lederberg, Joshua, 306, 494
Lederman, Leon, 493
LeDoux, Joseph, 433
Lee, Tsung Dao, 670
Lee University, 133
Left cerebral hemisphere, 612
Left Hand of Darkness (Le Guin),
777
Left parietal lobe, 800
Legal culpability, genetic
determinism and, 422, 423
Le Guin, Ursula K., 777
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 7, 520
“best of all possible worlds”
belief of, 750
calculus discovery and, 375, 545,
750
on causal chain, 572
cosmological argument of, 169,
181
debate with Clarke, 169, 181,
622, 750
existence of God proof of, 789
Kant and, 497
metaphysics of time and, 899
monads concept of, 445, 683
monism and, 582–593
on nature of evil, 650, 881
providence view of, 622
self–organization concept and,
797
term materialism and, 538
term theodicy and, 650, 880
theology of, 886
Lem, Stanislaw, 318, 778
Lemaître, George, 140, 141, 182
Lenat, Douglas, 33, 34, 890
L’Engle, Madeleine, 31
Length contraction, 720
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 542
Leo XIII, Pope, 141, 751
Leonardo da Vinci, 31
Leopold, Aldo, 234, 249, 414, 772
Leroi–Gourhan, André, 31
LeRoy, Edouard, 874
Lesbians, 423, 733
Leslie, John, 174
Lessing, Gothold Ephraim, 411–412
Letters and Papers from Prison
(Bonhoeffer), 383
Letters to Serena (Toland), 541
Letter to the Grand Duchess
Christina (Galileo), 25
Leucippus, 42, 539, 683
Level theory, 513
Levi, Israel ben Moses ha–, 492
Levi, Juda ha–, 488, 490
Levi, Raphael ha–, 492
Leviathan (Hobbes), 411
Leviathan (mythic creature), 98
Levi ben Gershom. See Gersonides
Levi–Civitá, Tullio, 494
Levinas, Emmanuel, 99
Levine, Faitel, 487
Levine, Hillel, 486
Levison, Gumpertz, 494
Levi–Strauss, Claude, 23
Levitt, Norman, 782
Lewis, C. I., 914, 921
Lewis, C. S., 31, 692, 778, 848
Lewis, David, 511, 570
Lewis, Edward B., 495
Lewis–Williams, David, 31
Lewoff, Andre, 494
Lewontin, Richard, 344, 384–385,
709
Liberation (political), 336, 418, 514
Liberation (spiritual), 513–516
as Buddhist theme, 74, 274, 513,
514, 515–516
Christian theology and, 513, 514,
516
as Hindu theme, 405
hope and, 418
karma and, 274–275, 335, 514,
717, 901
transmigration until, 901
See also Nirvana
Liberation theology, 514, 516, 517,
816
feminist theology and, 328
hope and, 417–418
Libet, Benjamin, 161
Lichens, 852
Lieberman, Daniel, 430, 431
Liebig, Justus, 104
Life after death, 517–522, 529
ancient Chinese belief and, 114
animals’ exclusion from, 10
apologetics and, 26
Aristotle’s rejection of, 27
Buddhist nirvana and, 19, 77,
107, 204–205
Cartesian belief in, 90
Christian belief in, 119, 205,
518–521, 567–568
Daoist immortality quest and,
110, 111, 113, 115–116, 199
eschatology and, 269
I
NDEX
— 1000—
Index.qxd 3/18/03 1:07 PM Page 1000