Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
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theology and, 882, 883
time concept of, 821, 896
universals and, 458
value and, 914
See also Forms: Neo–Platonism
Platonism. See Neo–Platonism; Plato
Plato’s Academy, 27, 178, 679, 680
Plato’s Mathematical Imagination
(Brumbaugh), 447
Playing God, 682
artificial life and, 38
gene patenting and, 352
genetic determinism and, 359
genetic engineering and, 337,
338, 360–361, 773
germline invention and, 356–357,
361–362
reproductive technology and, 3,
273, 357
robotics and, 740
as science fiction theme, 778
science–religion dialogue and,
773
selective abortion as, 3
three meanings of, 682
Playing God? (Peters), 773
Pleasure, beauty and, 57
Plentitude, 230
Plotinus, 56, 220, 398, 409, 453, 569,
627, 645
Plow development, 871
Pluralism, 682–684
emergentist, 258
monism versus, 583
revelation and, 737
Pluralistic pantheism, 645, 646
Pluralistic society, 581
Pluralistic Universe, A ( James), 656,
683
Pneuma. See Spirit
Pneumatology, 416, 684, 830
Podolsky, Boris, 253
EPR paradox and, 268–269, 745
Poetry
on art, 31
of mystical experience, 586–587,
590
Poincaré, Henri, 101, 653–654, 661
Poinsot, John, 802
Point masses, 172
Poisson equation, 331
Polanyi, Michael, 138, 598, 746, 859
Political materialism. See Dialectical
materialism
Political systems
dialectical materialism and, 538,
541–542, 565
freedom and, 336, 337
individual rights and, 546, 551
liberation theology and, 516, 517
millennialism and, 563, 566
modernity and, 579–581
natural law and, 600
science–religion dialogue and,
751
See also Economics
Politics (Aristotle), 244
Polkinghorne, John
accidental free will theism and,
339–340
Anglicanism and, 121
Anthropic Principle and, 174
apologetics and, 26
on art’s function, 31
on Chaos Theory, 102
creatio ex nihilo and, 173
critical realism and, 191, 746, 757
on design, 213
on divine action, 102, 384, 414,
770
free process defense and, 339
on indeterminancy, 770
kenosis and, 195, 770
revelation and, 737
science–religion studies and, 126,
757, 769, 770, 771, 772, 884
theism and, 378
Pollack, Jordan, 282
Pollard, William, 223, 770
Pollock, John, 230
Pollution (environmental)
consequentialist
anthropocentrism and, 19
ecological ethics and, 237
ecology and, 205, 247
in India, 403
Pollution (spiritual), cleansing
rituals for, 403, 478, 744, 806
Polygenism, 272
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
65, 360
Polypetide chain, 523
Polyploidy speciation, 296
Polytheism, 378, 442, 726
cyclical solstice rites and,
820–821
definition of, 880
divinization and, 825
Shinto and, 803–805
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 142,
143, 172, 182
Pop art, 690
Popp, Fritz–Albert, 743
Popper, Karl, 216, 282, 736, 746
cosmic regularity example of,
510
emergentism and, 398
evolutionary epistemology and,
283, 289, 290, 599
fallibilism and, 322
falsifiability and, 40, 289, 323,
413, 652, 685, 758
on mind–brain interaction, 574
naturalized epistemology and,
598
positivism and, 393
on social–cultural context for
science, 467
Vienna Circle and, 685
Popular science, 692
Population ecology, 242–243
Population genetics
development of, 609
fitness and, 333–334, 639
gradualism and, 386, 609
makeup changes in, 294–295
saltation theory critique by, 384
See also Species
Population growth
ecological ethics and, 237
ecotheology and, 248
human ecology and, 418
India and, 403
Malthusian theory of, 201
Porter, Jean, 600
Portugal, 802
Positive analogy, 578
Positivism, 26
behaviorism and, 59
critical realism versus, 191
hermeneutics and, 393
metaphysics and, 562, 661
science–religion dialogue and,
751, 752
scientism and, 783–785, 789
sociology and, 814, 839
Positivism, logical, 685–688
empiricism and, 260, 685–686
falsifiability versus, 323, 685
Gould and, 386
hypothesis confirmation and,
651–652, 686
mind–body problem and, 569
as model, 579
naturalized epistemology and,
598–599
as reductionism, 715
science–religion dialogue and,
751, 761–762
Positron emission tomography
(PET), 310, 614–615, 677
Possible worlds
Anthropic Principle and, 13, 16,
173, 174, 175–176, 393
Aristotle and, 28
Augustine and, 187
design and, 214
extraterrestrial life and, 316–318
free will defense and, 340
God’s existence and, 631
Hinduism and, 276
“index of merit” ranking, 922
Many–worlds Hypothesis versus,
537
semantics of, 216
Postcolonialism, 579
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 657
Posterior superior parietal lobe
(PSPL), 308, 310
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Postfoundationalism, 688–690
evolutionary epistemology and,
684
fallibilism and, 323, 688, 689
revelation and, 736, 737
science–religion studies and, 758
Postfoundationalist Task of
Theology, The (Shults), 688
Post–genomic biotechnology, 69
Postmillennialism, 565–566
Postminimalism, 690
Postmodern Condition, The: A
Report on Knowledge (Lyotard),
690
Postmodernism, 690–693
aesthetics and, 4, 57
anthropology and, 21
biocultural evolution and, 288
chaos and, 99
characteristics of, 691, 758
ecology and, 235
empiricism and, 260
feminist, 75, 325, 328, 654, 655,
692–694, 758–759
fragmentation and, 792
hermeneutics and, 395–396, 691
major value of, 581
model challenges by, 579, 758
modernity versus, 580, 581–582,
690, 691, 692
pluralism and, 683, 684
postfoundationalism and, 688,
758
process thought versus, 759
religious thought and, 651, 759
science–religion studies and,
691–693, 694, 746, 758–759,
770–771, 789
supernaturalism and, 848
Postmodern science, 691–693, 694
science wars and, 782
Poststructuralism, 802
Postulates, geometric, 374
Posture assumptions, 833
Potentia ordinata, 627–628
Pottery, 409
Potts, Rick, 31, 195
Poverty
ecotheology and, 248, 250
liberation theology and, 517
Power
divine absolute, 562
free process defense and, 339,
340
quantitative distribution of, 628
skyhooks metaphor of, 807
theological fixed pie of, 336,
337–338
See also Omnipotence
Poynting, John Henry, 331
Prabhakara Mimamsaka, 5488
Practical theology, 887
Prager, Richard, 493
Pragmatic idealism, 149
Pragmatism, 694–696
as Bohr early influence, 71
causation and, 94–95
coherence theory, 149, 684
constructivism and, 164
epistemology and, 267–268
hermeneutics and, 395
imagination theory and, 447
religion–science study and, 759
religious naturalism and, 596
supernaturalism contrasted with,
847–848
theology and, 886
truth theories, 901, 902–903
value notion in, 914
Pragmatism ( James), 289
Pranayama, 589
Prat
3
tyasamutp
1
da (Buddhist
principle), 75–77, 78, 81, 514
Prayer and meditation, 696–698
benefits of, 697
Chinese medicine and, 833
health effects of, 678, 829–830,
831
intercessory prayer, 696–697,
831–832
Islam and, 744, 788, 562
mysticism and, 585, 586
neurocognitive perspective on,
307, 309–310, 556, 615–616, 828
placebo effect and, 678
psychological perspective on,
708
Shinto and, 803–804
special providence and, 825
spirituality and, 828, 829, 830
types of meditation, 556
See also Meditation
Praying for others. See Intercessory
prayer
Prebiotic synthesis, 524–525
Precession, 172
Preconscious cognition, 283
Predestination
Augustine’s emphasis on, 43, 45
Calvinism and, 89, 704
chance versus, 96
free will and, 335–336
omniscience and, 898–900
process thought rejection of, 701
providence and, 704, 826
salvation and, 335–336
Predictability
chance versus, 97
chaotic systems and, 101–102
divine providence and, 102
See also Indeterminism;
Uncertainty; Unpredictability
Pre–embryo. See Blastocyst
Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 309, 310
Pregnancy
abortion and, 1, 67
reproductive technology and,
65–66, 67
Prehistory
art origins in, 29–30, 31
cultural origins in, 193
life origins in, 524–525
primordial materials and, 355,
396
See also Common ancestor; Fossil
record
Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis,
65–66, 357, 361, 370–371, 403,
421, 732, 733, 734, 735
Preliminatry Discourse on the Study
of Natural Philosophy, A
(Herschel), 659
Premillenarianism, 122, 265,
620–621
Prenatal existence (Platonic
concept), 230
Prenatal testing. See Genetic testing
Presbyterian Church USA, 734,
842
Presence of God. See Immanence
Pribram, Karl, 160
Price, George McCready, 122
Price, Richard, 441
Pride, sin of, 805
Priestley, Joseph, 541, 750–751
Prigogine, Ilya, 493
dissipative structure research
and, 101, 154–155, 218, 257
irreversible processes research
and, 257
self–organization and, 797, 855
Primack, Joel, 176
Primary Cause. See Causality,
primary and secondary; Divine
action; First Cause
Primates, nonhuman
age of, 292
altruism and, 285, 835
art and, 29
cultural traits in, 194
evolution and, 62, 300–301, 393,
430, 504–505, 577, 698
human comparisons with, 698,
699
language and, 505, 699
learning ability and, 698–699
primatology and, 698–700
sociobiology and, 393
tool use and, 699
Primate Visions (Haraway), 700
Primatology, 698–700
Primavesi, Anne, 769
Prime Mover (Aristotelian concept).
See Unmoved Mover
Primeval atom theory, 141
Primitive Culture (Tylor), 21
Primordial materials, 355, 396
origins of life theory and,
524–525
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Princeton Theological Seminary,
754, 774
Princeton University, 138, 253
Principia Ethics (Moore), 597
Principia Mathematica (Newton), 6,
26, 143, 619, 622, 652, 659, 893
Principia Mathematica (Russell and
Whitehead), 925
Principle of Equivalence, 717–718
Principle of Explanatory Exclusion,
684
Principle of Hope, The (Bloch), 417
Principle of Relativity, The
(Whitehead), 926
Principle of Sufficient Reason, 169
Principles of Behavior: An
Introduction to Behavior Theory
(Hull), 60
Principles of Christian Theology
(Macquarrie), 886
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 411
Principles of Natural Knowledge
(Whitehead), 926
Principles of Philosophy (Descartes),
206, 207, 208
Principles of Psychology ( James),
289
Printing, Chinese development of,
110, 114
Printing press, 264
Prinzip der infinitesimal methode
und seine Gesichichte, Das
(Cohen), 495–496
Prior, Arthur N., 898, 899, 900
Prisca sapientia (lost ancient
wisdom), 621
Prison Notebooks (Gramsci), 818
Privacy issues
genetic information and, 421
prenatal testing and, 371
Probability
atomic models and, 42, 97
chance and, 96–97
determinism versus, 216
doctrinal authority versus, 312
Einstein’s view of, 634, 838
entropy and, 266
information theory and, 456
laws of nature and, 509, 510,
512
Many–worlds/Many–minds
interpretations and, 538
panentheism and, 642, 643
Pascal and, 545
quantum mechanics and, 168,
332, 538, 634, 642, 643, 671,
673, 745–746, 765, 839, 895
Schrödinger’s Cat and, 745–746
science–religion dialogue and,
765
wave function and, 452, 672, 895
Problem of Christianity, The
(Royce), 80
Problem of God in Modern Thought,
The (Clayton), 688
Problem solving
algorithms and, 7–8
artificial intelligence and, 32
behaviorism and, 60
hypothetico–deductive method
and, 652, 658, 746, 887
See also Axiomatic method;
Deductive method;
Experimental science; Inductive
method
Procaryotes, 292
Proceedings of the Natural Science
Society (Brno monastery), 558
Process and Reality (Whitehead),
886, 887, 926
Process theology. See Process
thought
Process thought, 700–702
beliefs of, 126, 700–701, 759, 765
Big Bang Theory as challenge to,
126
cosmic Christ concept and, 145
cosmology and, 126, 338,
700–701
criticisms of, 765
Dao parallels with, 199
design beliefs and, 126, 212, 213
on differences between humans
and God, 448
on divine action, 220–221,
769–770
on divine omnipotence, 336, 338,
339, 340, 628, 765
on divine omnipresence and,
629
ecofeminism and, 233
ecotheology and, 241, 250
on emergence, 256–257
on evil and suffering, 126, 212,
241, 339, 500, 765, 927
evolutionary ethics and, 286
fall reinterpretation by, 322
on flow of events, 926
free process defense and, 339,
340, 927
global ethic and, 856
God as embodied concept of,
255
on God’s relationship with time,
770
God’s role in, 643, 700, 701, 765,
886, 927–928
on human freedom, 336, 338
on infinity, 454
kenosis and, 500
millennialism and, 565
naturalism and, 594
neo–classical conception of God
and, 886
panentheism and, 126, 255, 642,
643–644, 701
pantheism and, 642, 645–646
quantum physics and, 700
rationalism and, 885
science–religion perspective of,
759, 765
on spirit, 827
value notion in, 914
See also Whitehead, Alfred
North
Prodi, Giorgio, 63
Profane. See Sacred–profane
distinction
Profile of Mathematics, A (deLong),
547
Programming. See Computers
Progress, 702–703
cyclic time notion versus, 896
evolution linked with ideology
of, 280, 287, 288–289, 290,
702–703, 723, 874–876, 878
Gould’s critique of, 385
hope and, 417
Kuhn’s critique of, 752
millennialism and, 264, 565–566
modernity perspective and, 579
in science, 653
Teilhard de Chardin’s belief in,
703, 875, 876
teleological arguments and, 876,
877–879
Progress in Theology (periodical),
767
Progression toward entropy, 266
Progressive creationism, 189–190
Project Bluebook (UFO data), 909
Project Gutenberg, 756
Projectiles, parabolic path of, 351
Projective geometry, 545
Project Ozma (1960), 317
Prokaryotic cells, 852
Prolegomena to Every Future
Metaphysics (Kant), 375, 447,
497, 498
Promethean determinism, 359,
365
Prometheus, 740
Property dualism, 583
Property reduction, 716
Property rights, gene patents and,
353, 420
Prophecy
divine omniscience and,
620–630, 899
end of the world and, 263
hope and, 417
millennialism and, 564, 565
Newton’s study of, 619–621, 622,
623, 906
repudiation of biblical, 412
See also Eschatology
Prosimians, 698
Proslogion (Anselm), 630–631
Protagoras (Plato), 680
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Proteins
biotechnology and, 68, 69
DNA and, 225–226, 296–297, 360,
362, 420, 523, 530, 584
emergent properties and, 257
evolution of, 296–297
genetically modified plants and,
67
genetic engineering and, 360
human genome and, 420
immune system and, 432, 433
RNA and, 526
systematic study of, 69
Proteomics, 69
Protestant ethic, 346, 816, 817, 818
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism, The (Weber), 814,
816, 817, 818
Protestantism
artistic representation and, 56
biblical literalism and, 179, 394,
906
divine action and, 221–223
faith and, 847
fundamentalist movement and,
346, 785–786, 885
germline intervention as
eugenics fears and, 424
hermeneutics and, 394
imago dei interpretations and,
449–450
natural law and, 600
natural theology and, 621–622
Nazism and, 212
non–Anglican scientists and, 120
Radical Reformers and, 135–136
reproductive technology and, 65,
66, 734
rise of science and, 768, 818
sacramental downplaying in, 739,
743
science–religion relationship and,
125, 126, 752, 788–789
stem cell research and, 842–843
theological sources and, 885–886
view of nature and, 248–249, 250
view of supernaturalism and,
847, 848
See also Calvin, John; Calvinism;
Christianity headings; Luther,
Martin; Reformation
Proto–culture, 194
Protons, 330, 668
atomic models and, 42
fermions and, 844
fine–tuned anthropic
coincidences and, 15
Grand Unified Theory and, 387
quark confinement and, 669
Proudfoot, Wayne, 313, 727
Prout, William, 103, 104, 668
Provence (France), medieval Jewish
science in, 482, 489–490, 492
Proverbs, Book of, 780, 786
Providence, 704–705
autopoiesis and, 47
chance as, 765
cosmology and, 769–770
Darwinian natural selection
versus, 303
emergence and, 258–259
general versus particular, 704,
826
Hume’s argument against, 441
laws of nature and, 305
miracles and, 575
Newton’s versus Leibniz’s view
of, 622
omnipotence and, 628
omnipresence and, 628
panentheism and, 643
Plato and, 153
progressionist denial of, 702
scope of, 826
special, 642–643, 747, 825–826
theology of evolution and, 305
Thomas Aquinas and, 562
Prozac, 613
Psalms, Book of, 98, 119, 415, 417,
477, 620, 800, 905
key chapters and verses, 786
Pseudo–Dionysius, 99, 313, 398,
846
Psyche (free–soul), 517, 518, 818,
826
Psyche (journal), 158, 159
Psychiatry
Buddhism and, 84, 85
Jewish scientists and, 494, 495
Psychoanalysis
drive theory of aggression in, 6
Freud and, 341, 495, 730, 837,
838
morality assessment in, 584
self theories in, 793
Psychofunctionalism, 344
Psychokinesis, 696–697
Psychologism, 376
Psychology, 705–708
art origins and, 30
as atheological, 706
behavioral genetics and, 58–59
behaviorism and, 58, 59–61, 706
biological, 706–707
consciousness studies and, 158,
159, 160, 161
emotions–body relationship and,
433–434, 554
evolutionary, 246, 284, 287, 706
facial expressions and, 433
Freud and, 341, 394, 691, 706,
837, 838
Jewish scientists and, 495
materialism and, 538, 541
mind–body interaction and, 614,
840
mind–brain interaction and,
574–575, 610, 707
morality perspective and, 584
mysticism and, 587–588
omnipotence belief and, 627
placebo effect and, 676–678
prayer and, 697
primatology and, 699
of religious experience and,
311–314, 707–708, 773, 828
science–religion dialogue and,
773
self and, 705–708, 792–794
selfish gene concept and, 796
self theories and, 792–793
self–transcendence and, 800
sin theories and, 806
of spiritual development, 828
tacit knowledge and, 859–860
values and, 723
See also Neuropsychology
“Psychology as a Behaviorist Views
It” (Watson), 59
Psychology of religion, 707–708,
709
Freud’s views and, 341–343, 837,
838
reductionism and, 838
religious experience and,
311–314, 707–708, 837
self and, 794
self–transcendence and, 800
soul and, 819
Psychology: The Study of Behavior
(McDougall), 59
Psychomysticism, 589
Psychoneuroimmunology, 614
Psychopharmacology, 615
Psychophysical laws, 573, 574, 575
Psychophysical parallelism, 572, 573
Psychosis, 588
Ptolemy
Avicenna’s study of, 50, 51
cosmology of, 178, 371, 375, 480,
665, 681, 822
descriptive astronomy of, 56
Jewish medieval science and,
490
Public health, 840
Public property. See Gene
patenting; Property rights
Pullman, Philip, 692, 848
Punctuated equilibrium, 281, 296,
709
cultural origins and, 193
Gould and, 384, 385
gradualism versus, 386, 639,
709
Puppet determinism, 359
Puranas, 403, 408
Pure consciousness, 158
Pure Consciousness Events (PCEs),
313–314
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Purgatory
Dante’s geometric structure of,
374–375
eschatology and, 269, 519
medieval Roman Catholic
introduction of concept, 519
Protestant rejection of, 519
Puritanism, 551
Purposive behavior, 562–563, 877,
879
Purposive Behavior in Animals and
Man (Tolman), 60
Purposive causation. See Causality,
primary and secondary;
Causation, volitional; Teleology
Putnam, Hilary, 191, 344, 393, 570
Pyrite–based origin of life model,
525–526
Pythagoras, 98, 137, 323, 518, 680
coining of word philosophy by,
543–44
dualism and, 567
metaphysical holism and, 838
Pythagoras’ Trousers: God, Physics,
and the Gender Wars
(Wertheim), 323–324
Pythagoreans, 262, 376, 453,
543–544, 546
numerical unity belief of, 780,
838
Plato and, 680
Q
Qaeda, al–, 265, 346
Qajar dynasty, 53
Qalonimos, Qalonimos ben, 491
Qanum fi
i
l–tibb, al– (Avicenna), 50,
51
Qi (vital energy), 199, 833
Qigong therapy, 833
Q’ing Dynasty, 108, 118
Qiushi medicine, 111
Qiyam al–ard fi wasat al–sama
h
(Avicenna), 50
Quadrivium, 544
Quality of life, 528–529
Quanta cura (1864 encyclical), 752
Quantization, 672
Quantum chaos. See Chaos,
quantum
Quantum chromodynamics, 853
Quantum cosmologies, 168,
174–176, 672–673, 711
age of the universe and, 4, 5
Anthropic Principle and, 175–176
Big Bang and, 176, 373
chaos and, 100
God as creator and, 379
gravity theory and, 389–390, 676,
711, 889
as new physics, 618
as pre–Planck Time, 679
religious thought and, 175, 676
singularity and, 373, 807
t
=
O and, 175, 859
Quantum electrodynamics, 853
Quantum field theory, 332–333,
672–673, 711–712
Grand Unified Theory and,
387–388
nature of matter and, 542
string theory and, 416, 844–45,
848–49
vacuum and, 100, 387, 392, 416,
712
Quantum mechanics. See Physics,
quantum
Quantum Mechanics (Vatican
Conference proceedings), 770
Quantum physics. See Physics,
quantum
Quantum speciation, 296
Quantum theory. See Physics,
quantum; Quantum field theory
Quantum vacuum state, 387, 416,
712
definition of, 392
virtual processes and, 100
Quanzhen sect (Daoist), 112
Quanzhen Zuo Bo Jie Fa (scripture
text), 112
Quarks, 330, 387, 668–669
confinement of, 669
fermions and, 844
identification of, 668
imagination and, 448
new physics and, 618
strong interactions and, 853
as unseen physical reality, 448,
668, 670
Querelle des Anciens et des
Modernes controversy, 579
Quine, W. V. O., 290, 393, 413, 758
empiricism and, 260
naturalized epistemology and,
598
neo–pragmatism and, 695
self–referential statements and,
799
Vienna Circle and, 686
Qumran, 518
Qur’an, 204, 205, 473, 725, 794
Averröes and, 48, 49, 474
divine action and, 219, 335
divine inspiration as basis of,
464–465, 470
importance in Muslim life of, 465
instances of word “knowledge”
in, 466
interpretation of, 394, 472, 474,
788
key texts from, 787
neo–Darwinism and, 364
scientific evidence of truth in,
467
scientific thought and, 474–475,
773–774, 843
sin and, 805
as theological source, 885
R
Rabbinical Council of America, 735
Rabbinic tradition, 396, 477–478,
486–487
Rabi, Isidor, 493
Rabinow, Paul, 353
Race
anthropology and, 22
eugenics and, 272, 424
feminist theology and, 327–328
genetic determinism and, 423
hierarchy and, 385
justice and, 271–272
misuse of imago dei doctrine
and, 449
myths of, 591, 597
scientific bias and, 654
theology and, 271–272
Radcliffe–Brown, Alfred, 22, 343
Radiation
astrophysics and, 39
atomic model and, 71
background microwave, 61, 99,
141, 172, 841
Big Bang Theory and, 61–62, 99,
141, 172–173
blackbody, 71, 332, 666, 671
electromagnetic, 493, 664, 666
field theory and, 330, 331, 332
gravitational, 332
nuclear radioactive, 624, 625, 867
Radical behaviorism. See
Behaviorism
Radical constructivism, 164
Radical empiricism, 260
Radical Reformation. See
Christianity, Radical Reformed,
issues in science and religion
Radical science studies, 782
Radioactive decay, 42, 638
Radioactive radiation, 624, 625
Radioactive wastes, 624, 625, 867
Radio telescopes, 317
Raelians, 910
Rahner, Karl, 99, 204, 501, 560, 643
spirit and, 826, 827
theology and, 886
Rahula Walpola, 829
Rain dance, 29
Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 617
Ramakrishna, 590
Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata,
401, 402
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Raman, Vaharaja V., 773
Ramanuja, 185, 643
Ramanujan, Srinivasa, 402, 407
Ramayana, 403
Ramm, Bernard, 122
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 612
Ramsey, Frank, 511
Ramsey, Ian, 600
Ramsey, Paul, 65, 550
Randomness
appearance of, 212
of biological mutations, 290, 294,
303, 379, 633, 634, 703, 877,
878
chance and, 96–97, 212
complexity and, 151–152
Darwin’s emphasis on, 201, 764,
877, 878
neo–Darwinism and, 379, 609,
878
theology of evolution and, 304,
305, 634
See also Order
Rank, Beata, 495
Rank, Otto, 495
Rapid speciation, 296
Rapoport, Anatol, 854
Rappaport, Roy, 24, 738, 739
“Rapport de l’Homme à la Création
Selon la Bible, L’” (Ellul), 871
Rapports du Physique et du Moral de
l’Homme (Cabanis), 540
Rash3d, H1run al–, 471
Rashomon (film), 78
Ratanakul, Pinit, 773
Ratio. See Ratios
Rationalism
Averroës and, 124
contextualism and, 165, 166
Descartes and, 140, 208, 432, 545
Enlightenment thought and, 428
evolutionary epistemology and,
684
feminist thought and, 325
freedom and, 335, 336
geometry and, 371, 376
God and, 379
as human attribute, 298, 349, 437
humanism and, 427, 428
human versus animal, 10, 11, 55,
437, 699
Judaism and, 480, 490
Kant and, 498
modernity and, 580, 581, 582
naturalism versus, 593–594
natural law theory and, 599
new science and, 140–141
order and, 633
particle physics versus, 670
pluralism and, 684
postfoundational model of,
688–690, 737
postmodern critique of, 691
religious experience and, 312
Roman Catholic belief based on,
139, 141, 143
scientific, 652–653
supernaturalism versus, 848
symbolic artificial intelligence
and, 32
theology and, 885. See also
Process thought
truth and, 901
See also Reason
Rationality. See Rationalism
Rationality and Religion (Trigg),
770
Rational knowledge, 283
Rational reconstruction, 316
Ratios
logos and, 544
Mendelian genetics and, 558
musical intervals and, 543–544
Pythagorean philosophy and,
543, 544, 780
Raven, Charles E., 121
Rawls, John, 9, 600
Ray, John, 26, 120, 121
Ray, Prafulla Chandra, 401
Raymond of Sabunde, 905
R1z3, Fakhr al–d3n al–, 475
Realism, 713–714
causation and, 94–95, 96
definition of, 713
epistemology and, 267, 713
hypothetical, 283, 443
idealism contrasted with,
445–446, 713–714
postmodern departure from, 758
pragmatism and, 695
scientific, 653–654, 661
scientific spirituality and, 838,
839
See also Critical realism
Reality
anthropocentrism and, 713
beauty and, 56
Brahman belief and, 185
Buddhist view of, 77, 78, 79, 516,
915
complexity and, 152, 154–155,
399
Copenhagen Interpretation and,
14, 757
double aspect mind–body theory
and, 570
field theory and, 333
fundamentalist view of, 345–347
Grand Unified Theory and, 388
Great Chain of Being and, 398
hierarchy of, 398, 399
Hindu quest for, 405–406, 515,
915
idealism and, 445–446, 602–603
information technology models
and, 462
Kantian view of, 445–446, 603
level theory and, 513
logical realism and, 686–687
Many–worlds Hypothesis and,
537–538
materialism and, 541
metaphysics and, 561–562
naturalism and, 595, 596
observer’s impact on, 78
ontological scientism and, 783
philosophy of religion and, 687
of Platonic Forms, 681, 821
pluralism and, 683
process thought and, 643,
645–646, 765
science–religion independence
model and, 757
spirituality and, 838
superstring theories and, 845
symmetry and, 853
transcendent, 445, 446
truth and, 901, 902, 903, 904
ultimate, 446
unseen, 448, 668, 670
worldview and, 929
See also Realism; Virtual reality
Reason
Augustine on superior and
inferior forms of, 44
as human marker, 298, 349, 437
Hume on, 440, 441–442, 499
Islamic thought and, 471
Kant’s critique of, 498–499
Logos identified with, 144
Maimonides and, 536
modernity and, 580
naturalistic fallacy and, 597
natural law theory and, 599, 600
natural theology and, 601
nonhuman animals and, 10
order in, 633
patristic Christian belief in, 123
philosophy of religion and, 649
revelation distinguished from, 883
science seen as, 591
Thomas Aquinas and, 890, 891
See also Rationalism
Reason and Revelation in the Middle
Ages (Gilson), 883
Reasons for the Christian Religion,
The (Baxter), 906
Reasons to Believe (organization),
767
Rebirth. See Reincarnation;
Transmigration
Receptors. See Neural networks;
Neurons; Synapses
Recherches sur l’organisation des
corps vivants (Lamarck), 503
Reciprocity
altruism and, 9, 285, 791, 808–809
Confucian teachings and, 115
Reconquista (Spain), 474
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Reconstructing Nature (Brooke and
Cantor), 105–106, 768
Reconstructionist Judaism, 886
Reconstruction of Thinking
(Nelville), 447
Record of Ancient Matters ( Japanese
text), 803
Recursion theory, 8
Red dwarfs (stars), 71
Redeemer College (Ontario), 768
Redeeming Culture (Gilbert), 747
Redemption, 747
UFOs associated with, 910
Red giants (stars), 17
Red–shifted light, 61, 99, 717
Reductio ad absurdum, 546
Reductionism, 714–717
boundary conditions and, 413
Cartesian, 90
challenges to, 656
chemistry and, 106
computational complexity and,
154
consciousness and, 158, 159, 161
epistemological, 761
examples of, 715
freedom versus determinism and,
336, 338
genetic, 363, 364
genetic technology opposition
as, 773
holism versus, 413
laws of nature and, 512
materialism and, 398, 761
metaphysical, 761
methodological, 715–716, 746
modern opposition to, 398, 399
neurosciences and, 158, 616, 707
order and, 634
particle physics and, 669–670
physicalism and, 662–663, 715
psychology and, 707, 708, 838
science–religion debate and, 772,
838
scientific theories and, 655–656,
715, 761, 772, 800, 838
self–transcendence theories and,
800
sociobiology critiqued as, 810
systems theory and, 854
Reductive physicalism. See
Physicalism, reductive and
nonreductive
Rees, Martin, 772
Reeves, Byron, 740–741
Reference frames. See Frame of
reference
Reflexes, 611, 614
Reflex loops, 610
Reflexology. See Behaviorism
Reformation, 44, 186, 255, 324, 760
afterlife beliefs and, 519
faith and, 847
hermeneutics and, 394
Holy Spirit and, 415
imago dei interpretations and,
449–450
Lutheran, 127–129, 179
modernity and, 580
Radical Reformed, 135–136
sacraments and, 739
scientific method and, 788
scriptural interpretation and,
410–411, 788, 906
soul beliefs and, 819
theological sources and, 885
theoretical study of religion and,
725
Reformed churches. See Christianity,
Reformed, issues in science and
religion
Reform Judaism, 480, 481, 482, 485,
491, 495, 735, 843, 886
Regression analysis, 244
Regularities
causal, 93
cosmic, 510–511
counterfactual conditional,
510–511
self–organized criticality and, 155
See also Laws of nature
Regulative principle, 634
Regulatory neuroscience, 614
Reichenbach, Hans, 598
Reichstein, Tadeus, 494
Reid, Thomas, 93
Reik, Theodore, 495
Reimarus, Hermann, 26, 411–412
Reincarnation, 529, 717
abortion and, 3, 403
animals and, 12
death and, 204
dualism and, 230
empiricism and, 261
Hindu belief in, 204, 275–276,
400, 567, 717
karma and, 76, 79, 204, 274–275,
335, 400, 500
liberation from, 335, 513, 514,
717
mind–body dualism and, 567
Plato’s belief in, 680, 717
Western notions of, 518
Reinventing Nature? Responses to
Postmodern Deconstruction
(Soulé and Lease), 235
Relativism
explanation/context and, 655
moral, 41, 286, 721
philosophy of science and, 653
social constructionism and, 654
Theory of Relativity distingushed
from, 721
in time theories, 622, 623, 823,
838, 893, 894, 896
See also Cultural relativism
Relativistic invariance, 853
Relativity. See Gravitation; Relativity,
General Theory of; Relativity,
Special Theory of
Relativity, General Theory of,
717–719
age of the universe and, 5
Big Bang Theory and, 99, 172
classical physics and, 667
Einstein’s cosmological
application of, 171–172,
252–253, 258, 259, 389, 718
field–theory perspective and,
331, 332, 672
focuses and predictions of, 664,
718–719
Friedmann–type universes and,
632
gravitation and, 171–172, 251,
253, 331, 332, 389, 667, 672,
673, 717–719, 845, 848
locality and, 533
mathematics and, 494, 718
non–Euclidean geometry and,
373, 375, 376
significance of, 251
space–time and, 372, 373, 389,
718, 719, 721, 807
t
=
O and, 172, 859
time and, 894
Relativity, Special Theory of,
171–172, 719–722
causation and, 95
Einstein’s essay on, 252
field–theory perspective and,
331–332
focuses of, 664
General Theory of Relativity and,
717, 718, 719
mass–energy relationship and,
252, 331, 332, 542, 667,
720–721
mathematics and, 494
modification of classical physics
by, 666–667
non–Euclidean geometry and,
373, 376
Planck time and, 679
postulates of, 719
predictions of, 719–721
quantum field theory and, 711
quantum mechanics and, 332
quantum nonlocality and,
674–675
religious implications of,
721–722, 746–747
significance of, 252
space–time concept and, 372,
373, 824
time and, 894
wave expansion and, 416
Relaxation response, 832, 840
Religio Chemici (Wilson), 104–105
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Religion and Creation (Keith), 886
Religion and Science: Historical and
Contemporary Issues (Barbour),
383, 648, 653, 774
Religion and Science: History,
Method, Dialogue (eds.
Richardson and Wildman), 448,
772
Religion and Scientific Naturalism
(Griffin), 594
Religion and values, origins of,
722–724
Durkheim explanation of,
728–729, 914
human evolution and, 299
See also Values, religious
Religion Explained (Boyer), 730
Religion in the Making (Whitehead),
926
Religion of Isaac Newton, The
(Manuel), 906
Religion, Science, and Naturalism
(Drees), 768
Religion, theories of, 724–731
agriculture and, 64–65
art origins and, 31
evolution of humans and, 299,
301–306
hermeneutics in, 393–394
Hume and, 311–312, 313, 442,
726–727, 728, 729
Marx and, 650, 730
metaphors and, 560–561
ritual and, 738–739
scriptural interpretation and,
786–790
See also Anthropology of
religion; Science and religion
Religion within the Boundaries of
Reason Alone (Kant), 497,
498
Religious experience, See
Experience, religious:
philosophical aspects;
Experience religious: cognitive
and neurophysical aspects
Religious Experience (Proudfoot),
313, 727
Religious Experience of Mankind,
The (Smart), 308
Religious healing. See Spirituality
and faith healing; Spirituality
and health
Religious naturalism, 596–597
Religious orders
mysticism and, 585–586
nursing and, 553
technology and, 870, 871
See also specific orders
Religious Perspectives on Sexuality
(Green and Numrich), 734
Religious psychology. See
Psychology of religion
Religious values. See Religion and
values, origins of; Value,
religious
Renaissance
Aristotle’s philosophy and, 28–29
Avicenna and, 51
Christian science and religion
and, 124025
end–time computing and, 263
humanistic ideas and, 299, 427,
762
Jewish scientific thought and,
479, 490
neurosciences and, 611
placebo effect reference and,
676–677
Platonism and, 124, 820
prisca sapientia notion and, 621
rise of science and, 750–751, 768,
780
view of body and, 255
Renan, Ernest, 49, 465
Renfrew, Colin, 22
Reports of the National Center for
Science Education (newsletter),
767
Representation, phenomenological
critique of, 160
Reprocessing universe. See Cyclical
universe
Reproduction
abortion and, 1–2
adaptation and, 4, 285, 300, 303,
333, 790
altruism and, 9, 790
autopoiesis and, 46
behavioral ecology and, 243
biological life and, 522, 529
cultural transmission and,
194–195
differential selection and, 213,
281, 293, 613, 790
DNA and, 224, 225, 226
embryonic personhood and, 369,
842
emergent processes and, 257
eugenics and, 273, 559
as evolutionary goal, 195, 213,
281, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290,
293, 363, 364, 795–796, 810,
812
fitness and, 333, 530, 639, 808
genetic variation and, 294, 357
interbreeding and, 295–296
levels of selection and, 790–791
natural selection and, 281, 295
religious value and, 723
selfish gene and, 287, 363,
795–796, 806
sexual selection factors and, 431
value and, 723–724
Reproductive technology, 731–736
abortion and, 1–3, 422
biotechnology and, 65–66, 68, 70
cloning and, 66, 145–146, 147,
365–367, 425, 732, 733–774,
867–868
“designer babies” and, 68, 70,
147, 273, 357, 361–362, 422,
424, 733
eugenics and, 273, 357, 422, 424,
559
gamete intrafallopian transfer
and, 732, 733, 735
genetic engineering and,
364–365, 422
genetic testing and, 370–371,
422, 732, 733, 735
Hindu male bias and, 402–403
Islam and, 66, 735
Judaism and, 66, 481, 487, 494,
735
Orthodox Christianity and, 65,
66, 67, 131
playing God and, 3, 273, 357
Protestant denominations and,
65, 66, 734
Roman Catholicism and, 422, 734
See also Germline invention; In
vitro fertilization; Stem cell
research
Republic (Plato), 230, 244, 273, 398,
680, 838, 882
Rescher, Nicholas, 149, 684
Res cogitans. See Mind
Research Institute for Theology and
Religion (South Africa), 767
Research News and Opportunities in
Science and Theology (Oord),
748–749
Research News and Opportunities in
Science and Theology
(periodical), 767
Research program, 652, 746
Research Scientists Christian
Fellowship, 753
Resources. See Natural resources
Respiratory system, 430
Restriction enzymes, 360
Restructuring of All Dialectic with
the Foundations of the Whole of
Philosophy (Valla), 425
Resurrection
apologetics and, 26
Aristotle’s rejection of, 27
Augustine’s defense of, 44–45
Christian belief in, 44, 205, 254,
269, 379, 436, 518–519, 567–568
dualism and, 230, 820
embodiment and, 44, 254, 436
Enoch fragment on, 518
eschatology and, 269
gene patenting and, 353
hope and, 417
Jesus’ view of, 518
Jewish groups believing in, 518
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mind–body dualism and,
567–568, 820
Protestant belief in, 249
redemption and, 747
significance of Jesus’, 144, 415,
417, 576
soul and, 820
special providence and, 826
Reticulated model of scientific
change, 653
Reuther, Rosemary, 324
Revelation, 736–737
biblical inerrancy and, 188, 906
existence of God and, 381
imagination and, 447
incarnation and, 451
knowledge based on, 847
to Muhammad, 463, 464, 470,
471, 825
natural theology’s
nondependence on, 601, 883
nature’s design as, 209, 321–322,
906
neo–orthodox theology and, 126
Newton’s Two Books belief and,
621, 622
reason distinguished from, 883
science–religion dialogues and,
757
semiotics and, 802
special divine action and, 825
special providence and, 825
theological views of, 736, 883
Thomas Aquinas on, 763, 883,
890
Two Books metaphor, 789,
905–908
Revelation, Book of, 122
key chapters and verses, 787
Reviews (book review
compendium), 767
Revival of the Religious Sciences, The
(al–Ghaz1l3), 474
Revolution and Reconstructions in
the Philosophy of Science
(Hesse), 691
Revolutionary science, 653
Reynolds, Vernon, 290
Rg Sambita, 399
Rgveda, 406
Rhetorical theology, 883, 884
Rheumatoid arthritis, 367
Rhodopsin, 167
Rhythmicity, 308, 309
Ribonucleic acid. See RNA
Ribose, 524
Ribozyme, 526
Richard of Lavenham, 898
Richards, I. A., 57
Richardson, W. Mark, 448, 772, 773
Richter, Burton, 493
Rickaby, Joseph, 10
Ricoeur, Paul, 396, 560
Riemann, Georg Friedrich, 495
Einstein’s Principle of
Equivalence and, 717
non–Euclidean geometry and,
372, 375, 376, 547, 824
Righteousness, 108
Rights
of animals, 10–13
civil rights movement, 271, 421
fetal versus maternal, 1, 2, 3
modernity and, 580
natural law and, 551
of patients, 836
as self–evident, 546
See also Autonomy
Rio Conference (1992), 234
Risk, theological analysis of, 625
Ritual, 738–739
Buddhist, 74, 744
Confucian, 108, 115
cyclical observances of, 820–821
as defeat of chaos, 98, 99
for defilement cleansing, 403,
478, 744, 806
definition of, 738
Hindu, 403, 406, 589, 744
nature gods and, 590
neuropsychological perspective
on, 307–309, 314, 617
religious language and, 762
sacraments and, 451, 739, 743
Shinto, 804
sociological theory of religion
and, 728–729
spirituality and, 828
yearly cycles and, 262
Ritual Process, The (Turner), 307
Rivers, 403, 418, 744, 804
Rizolatti, Giacomma, 161–162
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 38, 224,
522–526
Robby (film robot), 35
Robert, Keith, 778
Roberts, Richard J., 495
Robertson, Roland, 817
Robertson, William, 442
Robinson, Spider, 779
Robotics, 739–741
artificial intelligence and, 32, 34,
35, 37, 160, 739, 740
artificial life and, 36, 38
biosemiotics and, 64
cybernetics and, 196, 740
cyborgs and, 196, 197, 740
embodied design of, 34, 740
evolutionary algorithms and, 282
industrial, 739–740
origin of term robot, 739
as science fiction theme, 777
thinking machines and, 890
Rocket propulsion, Chinese, 113
Rock paintings, 504
Rocks of Ages (Gould), 386, 774
Rock studies. See Geology;
Paleontology
Roe v. Wade (1973), 422
Rokeach, Milton, 723
Rollins College (Winter Park, Fla.),
766
Rolston, Holmes, III
apologetics and, 26
cultural origins theories and, 194,
532
holistic ecological ethics and,
414
natural law theory and, 600
science–religion studies and, 747,
769, 770, 772, 774
theology of evolution and, 304
Roman Catholicism. See Christianity,
Roman Catholic, issues in
science and religion
Romance of Two Worlds, A (Corelli),
777
Roman Empire. See Rome, ancient
Romans, Letter of Paul to the, 43,
144–145, 601, 905
key chapters and verses, 787
Romanticism
afterlife concept and, 520
historical criticism and, 411
humanism and, 427
imagination and, 447
Kant’s science–religion
separation and, 499
Lutheranism and, 128
materialism critique by, 541
postmodern revival of, 692
supernaturalism and, 847
Romberg, Moritz, 494
Rome, ancient
afterlife concept and, 518, 519
brain function studies and, 611
Christian persecutions by, 519
circular cosmogony, 262
cosmology and, 178
end of the world calculation and,
262
hierarchical thinking and, 398
mathematics and, 544
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 253,
866
Rorty, Richard, 395, 683, 694
Rosch, Eleanor, 79, 160
Rose, Hillary, 325
Rosen, Nathan, 253
EPR paradox and, 268–269, 745
Rosenberg, Alexander, 656
Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), 365,
425
Ross, Hugh, 172
Rosser, J. Barkley, 380
Rössler attracter, 101
Rousseau, Jean–Jacques, 193
Rowling, J. K., 692, 848
Roy, Ram Mohan, 409
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Royal Society of London, 103, 120,
619, 621, 906, 925
Royal Song of Saraha, The
(Guenther), 586
Royce, Josiah, 802, 914
Rsis (seers), 400, 401
R2D2 (film robot), 35
RU–486 (abortion drug), 1
Ruach (spirit), 826, 830
Ruether, Rosemary Radford, 250,
747
Rujia. See Chinese religions,
Confucianism and science in
China
Rule ethics. See Deontological ethics
Rules for the Direction of the Mind
(Descartes), 206, 207
Rules of thumb, 7
Rumi, 586
R.U.R.: Rossum’s Universal Robots
(Capek), 739
739 (hachek over “C”)
Ruse, Michael, 282, 286, 290
Russell, Bertrand
anomolous monism and, 583
atheism and, 378
causal connections and, 93
double aspect theories, 570
Intelligent Design concept and,
16–17
knowledge distinction of, 859
mathematics and, 380, 546
philosophical criticism of religion
by, 650
sets paradox and, 376
Whitehead and, 925
Russell, Frank, 778
Russell, Maria Dorrit, 318
Russell, Robert John, 26, 102, 173,
223, 379, 747
Center for Theology and the
Natural Sciences directorship,
774
on Christian creation theology,
772
on divine action, 384, 765, 769,
770
on indeterminacy and free will,
337
Russian Orthodox Church, 130
Rutherford, Ernest, 71, 105, 668, 671
Ryle, Gilbert, 20, 569, 859
S
Sabbatical millennium, 564
Sachs, Hans, 495
Sacks, Oliver, 588
Sacramental universe, 743
Gaia hypothesis, 349
Sacraments, 743–745
definition of, 451, 743
divine incarnation and, 451
immanence and, 451, 744
Protestant view of, 127, 128, 739
ritual and, 451, 739, 743
Roman Catholic, 140
semiotic understanding of, 802
See also Eucharist
Sacramentum mundi, 847
Sacred Choices (Maguire), 2
Sacred Gaia (Primavesi), 769
Sacred–profane distinction, 728, 738
Sacred Science (modern Islamic
movement), 468–469
Sacrifice. See Blood sacrifice
Sadducees, 518
Sadra, Mulla, 51
Sagan, Carl, 318, 646
Sagoff, Mark, 235, 352
Saha, Meghnad N., 401
Saicho (Buddhist monk), 84
Saint–Hilaire, Geoffroy, 299, 503
Saintliness, altruism and, 9, 10
Saivism, 275
S1khaya, 408
Sakmann, Bert, 494–495
Saladin, 536
Salam, Mohammed Abdus, 330,
466
Salat (Islamic daily prayer), 744
Salimbene, 264
Saljuq dynasty, 473
Salmon, Wesley, 95, 96, 655
Salner, Marcia, 855
Saltational speciation, 296, 384, 709
Salvation
Calvinism and, 89
Christian afterlife and, 519
creationists and, 303
free will and, 335
Hinduism and, 335
human life and, 528
liberation compared with, 514
linear time and, 896
monotheism and, 583
mysticism and, 587
omnipotence and, 627
pantheism and, 645
Platonic Forms and, 681
predestination and, 335–336
resurrection and, 254
this–world millennialism, 563,
564
Same–level causation, 228
Samsara. See Liberation;
Reincarnation; Transmigration
Samuel, First Book of, 786
Samuelson, Norbert, 481
Sand County Almanac, A (Leopold),
234, 414
Sankara, 185, 513, 515
Sanskrit, 399, 400, 402, 408, 409
Santaella, Lucia, 63
Santa Fe Institute (N. Mex.), 154
Santayana, George, 57, 596
SAP. See Strong Anthropic Principle
Sapientia (Augustine concept), 44
Saraswati, Swami Dayanand, 409
Sardar, Ziauddin, 467
Sartre, Jean–Paul, 39, 571, 914
Sarvastivada Buddhism, 77
Satan, 278
as human sin model, 805
Newton’s view of, 620
Sat–cit–ananada (reality), 185
Saturn (planet), 182
Satyam (truth), 405
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 801, 802
Savage, M. J., 815
Savage–Rumbaugh, E. Sue, 699
Scala Naturae. See Great Chain of
Being
Scalar field, 455
Scale model, 578
Scattering, 668
Scheler, Max, 913
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
von, 128, 129, 446, 541, 569,
797
Schilder, Paul, 495
“Schizophrenia gene,” 58
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 155, 184
apologetics and, 26
consciousness studies and, 158,
162, 163
on divine action, 221–222
on faith, 604
on Genesis in Christian doctrine,
411
hermeneutics and, 394
imago dei doctrine and, 450
on modern concept of human
personhood, 582
on particular providence, 704
reductionism and, 715
religious experience conception
of, 312, 313, 314, 727
Schleitheim Confession (1527), 135
Schlesinger , Frank, 493
Schlick, Moritz, 393, 685
Schmidt, Shira, 105
Schmitz, Nicole, 874
Schneiders, Sandra, 829
“Scholarship as a Calling” (Weber),
817–818
Scholasticism, 140, 178, 427, 453,
454, 562
afterlife and, 519
Aristotelianism and, 650
materialist opponents of, 539
semiotics and, 801
spirituality and, 830
theology of, 885
School of Mind (Confucian),
108–109
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 646
I
NDEX
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