Van Huyssteen J.W. (editor) Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
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Biblical interpretation. See Scriptural
interpretation
Bieri, Robert, 167
Big Apple Circus Clown Care Unit,
833
Big Bang Theory, 61–62, 171–173,
174, 213
acceptance of, 176, 182
age of universe and, 4–5, 280
Anthropic Principle and, 13, 15,
16, 126, 171, 214, 764
Big Crunch Theory and, 62
chaotic inflation theory and, 100
closed universe and, 62, 148
creatio ex nihilo and, 126, 171,
172–173
end–of–the–world beliefs and,
264
as existence of God argument,
381–382
Genesis consonance with,
771–772
Grand Unified Theory and,
387–388
gravitational disequillibrium and,
889
inflationary universe and, 174,
175
Inflationary Universe Theory and,
454
Judaism and, 481, 482
open universe and, 632
Planck time and, 174, 175, 176,
676, 771, 845
primeval atom theory and, 141
quantum cosmologies and,
174–176, 673, 676
religious functionalism and,
344–345
Roman Catholic acceptance of,
182, 771
science and religion studies and,
747
singularity and, 373, 379
space–time and, 99
Steady State Theory versus,
99–100, 172–173, 176, 841
supporting evidence for, 99, 100,
141, 172–173
t
=
O in, 859
time and, 895
Upanishadic prefiguring of, 402
Big Crunch Theory, 62, 148, 197
Binary pulsars, 718
Binary sequence, 462, 463
Binary system, 456–457
Bioastronomy. See Exobiology
Biocentrism, anthropocentrism
versus, 17, 18–19, 527
Biochemistry
biology and, 529, 530
convergence in, 166–167
Daoist advances in, 110
evolution theory evidence and,
291, 293
Jewish scientists and, 494
physiological ecology and, 243
wetware research and, 38
Biocultural evolution. See Evolution,
biocultural
Biodiversity. See Biological diversity
Bioethics. See Ethics; Medical ethics;
Reproductive technology;
Technology and ethics
Biofeedback, 840
Biogeography, 62, 291, 292, 609
Bioinfomatics, 65
Biological anthropology, 21, 22, 23
Biological diversity, 62
adaptation and, 303
biblical explanation of, 62, 531
Darwin’s study findings of, 201,
295–296
ecofeminism and, 234
ecological ethics and, 236, 237,
241
ecological study of, 242, 527, 531
evolution theory and, 213, 292,
303
of fossil hominid species, 302
Gaia hypothesis and, 349
genetic modification and, 532
as gift from God, 531
Intelligent Design versus, 213
from natural selection, 303
sociobiological view of, 194
speciation by adaptive radiation
and, 295–296
value in, 722, 723
See also Ecosystems; Species
Biological evolution. See Evolution,
biological
Biology, 62–63
altruism in, 8–9, 284, 285, 334,
791, 809, 835
Anthropic Principal and, 17
Aristotle as founder of, 27, 780
atheism and, 39–40
autopoiesis and, 38, 46–47
biosemiotics and, 63
catastrophism and, 90
causation and, 92
cellular automata and, 46
cladistic classification and, 289,
639–640
complexity and, 152
consciousness studies and, 158,
162–163
cultural theories and, 194
Darwin’s expeditions and,
200–201
death and, 203–205, 888, 889
design and, 214, 604
design argument and, 211
dissipative structures and, 218
ecology and, 234–237
emergentism and, 398
eschatology and, 269
exobiology and, 306, 316–318
functionalism in, 344
God of the gaps explanation
and, 383
Hindu tradition and, 409
human dynamical systems and,
429–430
human moral standards and, 438,
528–529
of life, 522–523
as life science, 529–530
materialism and, 540
Mendel’s discoveries and,
557–559
neo–Darwinism and, 609
order in, 633, 634
origins of life and, 524–526
origins of science and, 779, 781
primatology and, 699
progressionism, 703
psychology and, 706–707
relevance of religion to, 528–529
science–religion debate and, 768,
772–773
subdisciplines of, 62
symbiosis in, 851–852
theodicy problem and, 881
time and, 893, 895
value in, 722, 723
See also Biosemiotics;
Biotechnology; Ecology;
Evolution headings; Genetics;
Life, biological aspects;
Molecular biology;
Neurosciences; Sociobiology
Biology and Theology Today
(Deane–Drummond), 773
“Biology is destiny” belief. See
Genetic determinism
Biology of Moral Systems, The
(Alexander), 285
Biometrics, genetic theories and,
609
Biomorphs program, 282
Biophilia (Wilson term), 838
Biophysics, 529, 530
Biopiracy, 353, 404
Bio–psychokinesis, 696–697
Biosemiotics, 63–64
Biotechnology, 64–70
artificial life and, 37, 38
biological developments and, 63
Buddhist belief and, 76, 78–79,
86
DNA copying and, 146, 360, 530
earliest forms of, 64–65
ecological effects of, 532
eugenics and, 273
future prospects for, 69–70
gene patenting and, 352–354
gene therapy and, 356–357, 365
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Biotechnology (continued)
genetically modified organisms
and, 358–365, 403, 532, 682,
867
human applications of, 67–69
limitations of, 68–69
nonhuman applications of,
66–67, 145–146, 352, 532
religious concerns about, 69–70,
121, 131, 872, 917
See also Cloning; Genetic
engineering; Human Genome
Project; Reproductive
technology; Stem cell research
Bioterrorism, 67
Biotic community, 234, 414, 530,
606
Bipedalism, 298, 300, 430, 505
Birds
adaptation and, 4
social behavior of, 809
Birgitta of Sweden, 590
Birla Institute of Technology and
Science, 159
Birth control, 559
Birth defects, 1–2
B3r5n3, Al–, 406, 472, 474–475
Bit. See Binary system
Blackbody radiation, 71, 332, 666
definition of, 671
Black Chalice, The ( Jakober), 778
Black hole, 39, 71, 389, 618, 718
end of the universe and, 889
singularity at center of, 807
Blackmore, Susan, 21–22
Blade Runner (film), 35, 777
Blair, Hugh, 442
Blake, William, 566
Blastocyst
formation of, 732
stem cell development and, 367,
368, 425, 841, 842, 843
transfer to uterus, 732
Bleich, J. David, 482
Blind sight, 162
Blind Watchmaker, The (Dawkins),
282
Blish, James, 779
Bloch, Bruno, 494
Bloch, Ernst, 417
Bloch, Felix, 493
Bloch, Konrad, 494
Bloch, Marcus Eliezer, 494
Blood sacrifice, 738–739, 820
Blood vessels, 429
Bloor, David, 654, 782
Blumberg, Baruch S., 494
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 562
Boas, Franz, 21
Bodhisattvas, 12, 184–185
Body
Augustine’s view of, 44–45
beauty factors, 431
Buddhist medicine and, 78–79
cell and tissue patents, 352
Christian resurrection of. See
Resurrection
embodiment and, 254–256
emotions and, 433–435
genetic modifications and, 358
hominid classification and,
430–431
human major dynamical systems,
429–434
ownership debates, 353
rabbinical interest in, 478
stem cell regenerative therapy,
66, 69, 146, 424, 425, 735,
841–842
xenotransplantation of parts of,
358, 532, 931
See also Dualism; Mind–body
theories; Mind–brain
interaction; Self; Soul
Body of God, The (McFague), 769
Body–soul concept. See Dualism;
Mind–body theories; Soul
Boehm, Christopher, 285
Boeme, Jacob, 309
Boerhaave, Hermann, 539
Boesch, Christophe, 194
Boethius, 270, 372–373, 544, 630
Bohm, David, 162, 216, 673, 675,
763
Bohr, Harald, 71
Bohr, Niels, 14, 71–74, 105, 493
complementarity principle and,
72–73, 150, 392, 757, 762, 839
Copenhagen Interpretation and,
71–73, 162, 168, 269, 674, 745,
757
Einstein’s deterministic
explanations versus, 71, 839
electron orbit and, 671
EPR paradox and, 268, 269
metaphoric statement and, 560
nuclear fission energy and, 866
philosphical influences on, 71,
129
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 154, 894
Bólyay, Janos, 372
Bonaventure, 123, 124, 398, 453,
894, 905
Bondi, Hermann, 99, 172, 841
bone flutes, 29
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 383, 500
Bonner, John, 194
Bonobos, 699
Bood of Divine Works (Hildegard of
Bingen), 586
Book of Nature. See Two Books
Boolean networks, 155
Bootstrapping, 652
Borderlands epistemology, 326
Boredom, 298
Borlaug, Luther, 65
Born, Max, 493, 671
Bosanquet, Bernard, 913
Bose, Jagadish Chandra, 401, 409
Bosons, 330, 387, 844, 848, 849
Boston Theological Institute, 768
Botany. See Plants
Bottom–up causation. See Upward
causation
Boulding, Kenneth, 854
Boule, Marcellin, 874
Boundary conditions, 74, 101, 413,
762
Bourdieu, Pierre, 816
Bourret, Stephen, 891
Boyer, Carl, 375
Boyer, Pascal, 730
Boyle, Robert, 103
coining of term materialism by,
538
mechanistic science and, 125
natural theology and, 210, 621,
750, 764
scientific revolution and, 780
theism and, 40, 750
Boyle Lectures, 619, 906
Bracken, Joseph, 26
Bradbury, Ray, 777
Bradley, Marion Zimmer, 778, 779
Brahe, Tycho, 181, 264, 479, 822
Brahmagupta, 407
Brahman
consciousness and, 400
cosmology and, 402
creation and, 185, 187, 401
evil and suffering and, 275
holism and, 405
human essence identity with, 436
mind–body dualism and, 567,
569
as supreme reality, 406, 409, 515
technology and, 869
time and, 897
Vedic scriptures and, 400
Brahmins, 405, 406, 408, 409
Brahmo Samaj, 401
Brain, 430
adaptation and, 4
artificial intelligence and, 33, 35
behaviorism and, 59
binding problem of, 161
Buddhism and, 79
computer modeling of, 161
consciousness and, 160–162
cultural development and, 193,
194, 195
developmental neuroscience and,
613
emotions and, 433–434, 763
genetic aspects of, 58, 226, 337
as hardware, 160
historical views of, 611–612
human evolution and, 298, 300
language and, 505–506, 507, 615
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mind–body problem and,
567–568, 571
mind interaction with. See
Mind–brain interaction
moral behavior and, 616
multiple coupling complexity of,
152
neural Darwinism and, 610
neuron formation and, 613
neuropsychology and, 610, 707
neurosciences and, 610–616
placebo effect and, 677
reductionism and, 398
regulatory functions of, 614
religious experience areas of,
308, 309–310, 314, 615–616,
617, 707, 726
self–organization of, 798
self–referential system theory
and, 153
self–transcendence and, 799–800
specialized regions of, 612, 615
venticular theory and, 611
See also Nervous system; Neural
networks; Neurons
Brain damage, 614, 615
Brain death, 523
Brain imaging. See Neuroimaging
Brain tumors, 615
Braithwaite, Richard B., 650
Branching time, 899–900
Brandom, Robert B., 903
Brazil, Lutheran churches in, 127
Breathing techniques, 833
Brentano, Franz, 570, 920
Breuil, Abbé, 31
Brewster, David, 122
Bridgebuilding (periodical), 767
Bridgewater Treatises, 103, 104, 105,
660
Brief History of Time, A (Hawking),
175, 825
Brillouin, Leon, 457
Britain. See Great Britain
British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 120,
754
British Science and Religion Forum,
767
Brno monastery, 557–558
Broad, C. D., 153, 398
Broca, Paul, 612, 615
Broca’s area, 615
Brock, Tim Clutton, 809
Broglie, Louis de, 542, 560, 570,
672, 673
Broglie–Bohm theory, 673, 675
Brooke, John, 105–106, 165–166,
344, 768, 774
Brooks, Rodney, 34, 160
Broome, Arthur, 12
Brown, Delmar, 804
Brown, Donald, 22
Brown, Frederick, 778
Brown, Herbert Charles, 493
Brown, L. B., 697
Brown, Louise, 731–732
Brown, Michael Stuart, 494
Brown, Warren, 773, 827
Browne, Thomas, 905
Brown University, 815
Bruce, Donald, 366
Brumbaugh, Robert, 447
Brunel University, 159
Bruning, Bernard, 45
Brunner, Emil, 249
Brunner, John, 777, 778
Bruno, Giordano, 255
Bryan, William Jennings, 122,
785–786
Bryn Mawr College, 159
Buber, Martin, 794
Bucaille, Maurice, 466–467
Bucer, Johannes, 136
Büchner, Ludwig, 252, 541
Bucke, Richard, 307
Buckland, William, 90
Buckley, Michael, 140
Bucknell University, 241
Buddha. See Siddhartha Gautama
Buddhaghosa, 77, 94, 799
Buddhism, 74–75, 106, 107
animal rights and, 12, 419
anthropocentrism and, 19
beliefs and doctrines of, 76–77,
81–82, 85, 107, 184–185,
274–275, 717, 773, 869, 880,
881
causation and, 93–94
compassion as central of, 8, 12,
78, 82, 83, 84, 184, 185
consciousness and, 158, 160,
162
death perspective of, 78, 79, 84,
204–205
divine presence and, 744
empiricism and, 260
environmentalism of, 240
Four Noble Truths of, 74, 94,
107, 274, 869
free will and, 338
hermeneutics and, 395
holism and, 763
human nature and, 436
idealism and, 159
imagination and, 447
impermanence and, 77, 81, 82,
83, 85, 514
Japanese Shinto and, 803
liberation (spiritual) and, 74, 274,
513, 514, 515–516
medicine and, 78–79, 82, 83,
84–85, 553, 830
mysticism and, 308, 309, 586,
587, 588, 589, 799
pantheism and, 645
quantum theory analogies with,
78, 675–676
quantum vacuum state and, 712
reincarnation belief and, 717
self in, 93–94, 436, 514, 793, 794,
799
self–transcendence and, 799
semiotics and, 802–803
sin perspective in, 805
soul and, 820
spiritual definition of, 829
systems theory analogy with, 854
technology and, 869, 871
theistic beliefs contrasted with,
880
theodicy and, 880
theology and, 883
theories of religion and, 728
time and, 897
transmigration and, 82–83, 901
ultimate in, 915
values of, 915, 916
as Whitehead influence, 826
Buddhism, contemporary issues in
science and religion, 75–81,
774
abortion and, 3
biotechnology and, 78–79, 79, 86
cognitive sciences and, 79, 160
environmentalism and, 78, 86,
241–242
as science fiction theme, 778
scientific method and, 77–78
Buddhism, history of science and
religion, 81–86
causation and, 91–92
cosmology and, 75, 76, 82–83,
117, 774
creator belief and, 184–185
Daoism contrasted with, 107
relationship with science, 82–86,
515–516
value and, 915
Buddhism and Ecology: The
Interconnection of Dharma
and Deeds (Tucker and
Williams), 78
Bullinger, Heynrich, 136
Bultmann, Rudolf, 129, 222, 417,
448, 757
Burbank, Luther, 65
Burckhardt, Titus, 468
Burhoe, Ralph, 284, 345, 596, 753
Buri, Fritz, 447
Buridan, John, 124
Burkert, Walter, 738–739
Burks, A. W., 46
Burn treatment, stem cells and, 367
Burtt, E. A., 752
Bush, George W., 368
Business ethics, 239
Butler, Joseph (Bishop Butler), 441,
650
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Butler Act (Tennessee), 785, 786
Butterfly Effect, 86–87, 101, 257
Buyid dynasty, 473
Byrd, Randolph, 696
Byrne, Richard, 699
Byzantine Empire, 27, 518
C
CA. See Automata, cellular
Cabanis, Pierre–Jean–Georges, 539,
540, 541
Caidin, Martin, 778
Caillois, Roger, 738
Calculus, 375, 495–496, 544, 545
Newton–Leibniz development of,
545, 546, 619, 750
Newton’s absolute time concept
and, 622
Calendar
Chinese, 83, 109, 114–115,
117–118
Gregorian, 179
Mayan, 83
Calibration, 824
California Advisory Committee on
Human Cloning, 734
California Supreme Court, 352
Callahan, T. C., 832
Callicott, J. Baird, 598, 606
Calligraphies, 465
Calvin, John, 788, 905
biblical revelation and, 906
on created order, 633
eternal life and, 10
faith and, 319
followers of, 89, 127
on God’s providence, 704
hope and, 417
Lutheran belief versus, 127, 128
Purgatory rejection by, 519
Reformed theology and, 136
view of nature by, 136, 248–249,
250, 906
Calvin, Melvin, 493
Calvinism, 89
apologetics of, 25
providence and, 704
Reformed theology and, 136,
138
religious experience and, 313,
726
CAM. See Complementary and
alternative medicine
Cambrian explosion, 133, 280
Cambridge University, 120, 181, 200,
809
Newton and, 618, 619, 620, 750
science and religion studies, 754,
773
Whitehead and, 925
Campbell, Donald T., 283–284, 345,
413, 599
Campbell, George, 441
Campbell, John, 777
Canalisation (Teilhard term), 874,
875
Cancer
biotechnology and, 68, 69
gene therapy and, 365
genetic mutation and, 584
genetic predisposition and, 421
religious beliefs/spirituality and,
554, 835, 840
C– and P–symmetry violations, 853
Cann, Rebecca, 578
Cannibalism, 20
Canon of Medicine (Avicenna), 50,
51
“Can Quantum–Mechanical
Description of Physical Reality
be Considered Complete?”
(Einstein, Podolsky, and
Rosen), 268
Can Science Save Us? ((Lundberg),
816, 817
Canticle for Leibowitz, A (Miller),
778
Cantor, Geoffrey, 105–106, 166, 768
Cantor, Georg, 454, 495
Cantor sets, 454
Capek, Karel, 739
Capitalism, 60, 244
Cappadocians, 138
Capra, Fritjof, 675, 676, 763, 839,
854, 886
Caraka (Buddhist physician), 83
Caraka–Samhita: The Collected
Medical Treatments of Charaka,
83
Carbon, 15, 17, 38
Carbon dioxide, 390, 624
Cardinality of the continuum, 454
Cardiomycocytes, 367
Cardiovascular disease. See Heart
disease
Cardiovascular system, 429
Cardozo, Isaac, 479–480
Care morality
altruism and, 9
ecofeminism and, 233
medical ethics and, 550
Carey, William, 401
Caring and Curing: Health and
Medicine in the Western
Religious Traditions (Numbers
and Amundsen), 553
Carlyle, Thomas, 447
Carmelites, 585
Carnap, Rudolf, 598, 651–652, 685
Carnell, E. J., 122
Carnot, Sadi, 888
Caroline, Princess of Wales, 181
Carroll, William, 173
Carrying capacity, 63
biblical references to, 236, 237
Carson, Rachel, 839
Carter, Brandon, 13, 173
Cartesianism, 89–90
Avicenna and, 50
naturalism and, 207
rationalism and, 140, 208, 432,
545
See also Descartes, René;
Dualism; Mechanistic science
Carthage, 43
Cartwright, Nancy, 656
Carvakas, 260
Case for Creation (seminars), 189
Case of Consciense, A (Blish), 779
Casimir force, 712
CASIRAS. See Center for Advanced
Study in Religion and Science
Casmannus, Otto, 128
Cassini Division, The (MacLeod),
779
Cassirer, Ernst, 496
Castelli, Benedetto, 350
Caste system, Hindu, 399, 400,
405
Casti Connubit (1930 encyclical), 2
Catalytic closure, 526
Cataphatic meditation, 556, 586
Catastrophism, 90
end of the world and, 261, 264,
265
evolution ideas versus, 280
fossil record gaps and, 299, 577,
638
gradualism versus, 90, 386
literal reading of Genesis and,
188–189, 299, 638
uniformitarianism versus, 411
See also Apocalyticism
Catechism of the Catholic Church,
11
Cathars, 519
Catholic Health Association of the
United States, 422, 424
Catholic Institute of Paris, 874
Catholicism. See Christianity, Roman
Catholic, issues in science and
religion
CAT scans, 614
Cat’s Cradle (Vonnegut), 778
Cauchy, Augustin–Louis, 545
Causa efficiens. See Efficient cause
Causa exemplaris. See Formal
cause
Causa finalis. See Final cause
Causal closure, principle of, 911
Causality, primary and secondary,
90–91
biosemiotics and, 64
causal chain theory and, 572
chance and, 97
design argument and, 209–210
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divine action and, 90–91, 93, 94,
97, 219, 220, 221, 336, 562, 747,
750, 769
double agency and, 228, 769
downward causation and,
228–229
emergence and, 256–269
existence of God and, 381–382
explanation and, 315–316
Final Cause belief and, 28, 92,
209, 562, 602, 749–750, 876–877
First Cause belief and, 346, 379,
381, 488, 601–602, 762
fundamentalist view of, 346–347
God of the gaps and, 382–384
holism and, 413–414
metaphysics and, 562–563
naturalism and, 595
natural theology and, 602
omnipotence and, 336
Reformed theology and, 137–138
theology of evolution and, 305,
562
upward causation and, 911
Causal laws, 509
Causal reduction, 716
Causa materialis. See Material cause
Causation, 91–96
anomalous monism and, 572–573
Aristotle’s theory of, 27, 28, 92,
169, 209–210, 254, 522, 572,
591, 601, 602, 749–750, 780,
822, 876–877
art origins and, 31
biocultural evolution and,
287–288
biosemiotics and, 63–64
chance versus, 96–97
contingency and, 336
cosmological argument and,
168–170
determinism and, 91, 222, 573
duel aspect monism and, 572
explanation relationship,
315–316, 655
God of the gaps and, 382–384
Greek philosophy and, 749
holistic accounts of, 413–414
Hume’s view of, 440
idealization and, 93, 658
Islam and, 562
Judaism and, 484
karma and, 274–275, 514
laws of nature and, 509,
511–512
mind–brain interaction and,
572–575
natural law and, 337
neurosciences and, 616
Newton’s laws of motion and,
665
process versus interaction and,
95
punctuated equilibrium theory
and, 385
quantum indeterminism and,
216
realist versus pragmatist view of,
94–95
reductionism and, 716
regularity theory of, 93
sacramental actions and, 743
scientific determinism and, 216,
227
Thomas Aquinas’s “fifth way”
and, 210
transmigration and, 514
unpredictability and, 911
volitional, 94–95, 97, 299, 562,
877, 879
See also Causality, primary and
secondary; Divine action;
Downward causation; First
Cause; Teleology; Upward
causation
Cave art, 29, 31, 298, 504
Caves of Steel, The (Asimov), 779
CD4 T cells, 434
CD47 (protein), 432
Celebratory theology, 884, 887
Celera Genomics, 420
Celestial mechanics, 181–182, 619
Celestial realms.l See Heaven;
Supernaturalism
Cell assemblies, neuron action as,
161
Cell systems
autopoiesis and, 46, 47
biological studies and, 529, 530
computer–generated models of,
459
differentiation and, 613
as dissipative structures, 218
DNA replication of, 225–226,
360, 362–363, 584
emergent properties and, 413
evolution of, 292
genetic modification and, 358
immune system and, 430,
432–433
mitochondria and, 578, 852
neurophysiology and, 612–613
origin of life and, 524–525
patents on, 352
self–organization and, 798,
841–842
symbiosis and, 845
See also Cloning; Stem cell
research
Cellular automata. See Automata,
cellular
Cement of the Universe, The
(Mackie), 94
Censorship, 460
Center for Advanced Study in
Religion and Science, 766
Center for Respect of Life and
Environment (Wash., D.C.), 241
Center for Theology and Natural
Sciences (Berkeley, Calif.), 420,
618, 754, 755, 766, 774
Center for the Study of World
Religions (Cambridge, Mass.),
241
Center for UFO Studies
(Northwestern University), 909
Centrifugal forces, 39
Ceremonial ritual. See Ritual
Chadbourne, Paul, 907
Chain, Ernst, 494
Chain of Being. See Great Chain of
Being
Chaitin, Gregory, 151, 152
Chalcedon, Council of (451 C.E.),
137, 451, 452
Chalmers, David, 159, 160
Chamitz, Joseph ben Judah,
492–493
Chance, 96–98
as design challenge, 212, 213,
603, 764
determinism versus, 216
different senses of, 96–97
evil and suffering and, 277
evolutionary epistemology and,
283, 878
free process defense and, 339
genetic drift and, 62, 63, 281,
294–295, 609
process thought on, 765
scientific versus theological
interpretation of, 765
theology of evolution and, 305,
584, 764, 765, 874, 875
universe formation and, 771
See also Randomness
Chance and Necessity (Monod),
212
Change
causation and, 91
postmodernism and, 395
Chaos, quantum, 98, 101, 453
design and, 212, 213
See also Quantum vacuum state
Chaos, religious and philosophical
aspects, 98–101
Chaos Theory and, 102
Chaos Theory versus, 101
creation myths and, 591, 821
ecology and, 235
emergence of order from, 797
mathematics and, 414
scientific cosmology and, 99–100
symbols of, 98
Chaos and Complexity (Vatican
Conference proceedings), 770
Chaos Theory, 101–103
artificial life and, 37
autopoiesis and, 102
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Chaos Theory (continued)
boundary conditions and, 74,
101, 413
Butterfly Effect and, 86–87, 101
coining of term, 101
computational complexity and,
154
consciousness and, 160
consciousness studies and, 163
design argument and, 212, 770
determinism and, 216–217
disorder and, 218
explanation and, 512
features of, 101–102
holism and, 414
new physics and, 618
panentheism and, 642
quantum chaos and, 98
science–religion dialogue and,
773
self–organization and, 797
special providence and, 747
spirit and, 827
strange attractors and, 43, 101,
155
systems theory and, 855
theological implications of, 102
unpredictability and, 102, 642,
911
Chaotic Inflation Theory, 100,
455
Chapin, F. Stuart, 816
Chaplains, 555
Chapman, Audrey, 390
Charge, electric., 666, 668
Charismatics, 134, 707–708
Charlemagne, 564
Charles II, King of England, 620
Charmides (Plato), 680
Chartres Cathedral, 56
Chat rooms, 923–924
Chautauqua movement, 815
Chauvet Cave (France) art, 29
Chemical Catechism, The (Parkes),
104
Chemistry, 103–106
atomism and, 42
causation and, 92
Chaos Theory and, 101
Chinese religions and, 107, 111,
112
dissipative structures and, 218
emergence and, 257
evolutionary phase transitions
and, 155
Jewish scientists and, 493
materialism and, 541
naturalism and, 594
order of complexity in, 633
origin of life and, 524, 525–526
self–organization and, 798
in twentieth century, 105–106
wetware research and, 38
Chemistry as Exemplifying the
Wisdom and Benevolence of
God (Fownes), 104
Chemistry of Common Life, The
( Johnston), 104
chemotherapy, 495
Cheng lou (water clock), 112
Chernobyl nuclear accident
(Ukraine), 625
Chess, artificial intelligence and,
32–33, 33–34, 740
Chicago Center for Science and
Religion, 754
Chicago School of sociology, 815,
816
Childbirth. See Reproduction;
Reproductive technology
Childhood’s End (Clarke), 778
Childress, James, 484
Chimpanzees, 528
art and, 29
humans’ close genetic
relationship with, 699
learning by, 698–699
tool use by, 194
China
human fossil finds in, 300
technological developments in,
82, 84, 110, 111–112, 113–115,
780, 869
Teilhard de Chardin’s work in,
874, 875
traditional medicine in, 78–79,
82, 83, 84–85, 107, 109, 110,
111, 116, 553, 833
Chinese religions, history of science
and religion in China,
cosmology and, 117
Chinese religions and science,
106–107
Chinese religions, Chinese
Buddhism and science. See
Buddhism; Buddhism,
contemporary issues in science;
Buddhism, history of science
and religion
Chinese religions, Confucianism and
science in China, 106, 107,
108–110, 115, 116, 886
abortion and, 3
cosmology and, 117
creation and, 184
death persepctive and, 205
ecology and, 240
economic activity and, 244
final value and, 914
main themes of, 107–108
Mohism versus, 116
obligation and, 915
organ transplants and, 79
technology and, 869
theology and, 883
values and, 915, 916
Chinese religions, Daoism and
science in China, 106, 107,
110–114, 115–116
abortion and, 3
chaos and, 99
contributions to science and,
111–113
creation and, 184
death perspective and, 205
divine presence and, 744
ecology and, 240
healing and, 830
mental monism and, 159
mystical religious experience
and, 308
obligation and, 915
pantheism and, 645, 744
quantum theory analogy with,
675–676
quantum vacuum state and, 712
teachings of, 107, 199–200
technology and, 869–870
theology and, 883
values and, 915, 916
See also Dao
Chinese religions, history of science
and religion in China, 107–110,
114–118, 774
astronomical cycles and, 262
astronomy and, 83, 109, 110, 112,
114–115, 117–118
creator god beliefs, 184
ecology and, 240
empiricism and, 260–261
inventions and, 82, 84, 110,
111–112, 113, 114
mathematics and, 109, 110, 115,
543
medicine and, 78–79, 82, 83,
84–85, 107, 109, 110, 111, 116,
118, 553, 833
Chipfakacha, V. G., 834
Chipko (hugging trees) movement,
403
Chiropractic techniques, 840
Chloroplasts, 852
Choice, 572, 667, 813. See also
Freedom; Free will defense
Cholinergic receptors, 310
Chomsky, Noam, 160, 161, 208
Chondrocytes, 367
Chorionic villus sampling, 370
Chou Dynasty, 114
Chou Tun–i, 117
Christ. See Jesus
Christ consciousness, 158
Christian Faith, The
(Schleiermacher), 312
Christianity, 119
afterlife belief and, 518–521
agape and, 8
apologetics and, 24–25, 26
beauty concepts and, 56
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chaos and, 99
Christology and, 144–145
cultural evolution of, 288
embodiment and, 254
end–time beliefs and, 262–263,
264
eschatology and, 269
evil and suffering and, 276,
278–279, 881
faith and, 319–321
final value in, 914
freedom and, 335–336, 898–899
God and, 378, 379, 381, 500
Holy Spirit and, 415–416, 684
hope and, 416–418
humanism, 427, 428
imago dei doctrine of, 449–450,
741, 812
incarnation and, 450, 451
kenosis and, 500–502
liberation theology and, 513, 514,
516, 517
metaphysics and, 561
millennialism and, 563
monotheism and, 378, 583
mysticism, 585–588, 590
omniscience and, 898
paradigms of, 648
philosophy of religion and, 649
providence and, 704
redemption doctrine of, 747
religious experience and, 308,
309
religious narrative and, 725
resurrection belief of, 44, 205,
254, 269, 379, 436, 518–519,
567–568
ritual and, 739
sabbatical millennium and, 564
sacrament and, 451
selfless love valuation in, 8, 119,
336, 369, 914
seven deadly sins in, 805
soul beliefs and, 818–820
special providence and, 825
spirit/soul/body concept in, 826,
830
spirituality meanings in, 829, 830
supernaturalism and, 846–848
symmetry of cross symbol of, 853
term theology and, 882–883
theodicy and, 881
theology and, 882–887
Two Books metaphor, 322, 621,
622, 789, 905–908
ultimate and, 915
See also Protestantism;
Reformation; listings below
Christianity, Anglican, issues in
science and religion, 119–121
biocultural evolutionary theory
and, 290
Darwin and, 200, 202
Darwinian evolution and, 301,
303
humanism and, 428
Lutheran theology and, 128
Newton and, 120, 620
reproductive technology and,
273, 734
stem cell research and, 842
Christianity, evangelical, issues in
science and religion, 121–123
apologetics and, 26
cosmology and, 178–183
creation science and, 189, 303
early versus later views of,
121–122
embryonic stem cell research
and, 842
evolution and, 279–280, 303,
785–786
fundamentalism and, 122, 162,
345–347, 428, 885
millennialism and, 564
Pentacostalists and, 132
periodical literature and, 766–767
reproductive technology and,
273, 734
Scopes Trial and, 785–786
t
=
O as existence of God proof
and, 172
Two Book metaphor and, 907
Christianity, history of science and
religion, 123–127, 749–754
abortion perspectives and, 2–3
animal rights and, 11–12
Anthropic Principle and, 173–174
anthropocentrism and, 11–12, 19
apologetics and, 25–26
Aristotelianism and, 25–29, 124,
128, 137, 142, 178, 179, 186,
254, 321, 519, 539, 562, 599,
601, 650, 657, 681, 749, 760,
765, 819, 821–822, 826, 883,
890–892
atomism and, 539
Augustine and, 43–45, 44–45
compatibilism and, 126
conflict model and, 760–761
cosmological argument and, 169,
179, 180, 181
cosmology and, 178–182,
821–822, 896–897
creatio continua and, 171, 425
creatio ex nihilo and, 171, 173,
175, 184, 186, 187, 602, 821,
891–892
creationism and, 187–190
cyclical versus linear time
concept and, 821–822
Darwin and, 201–202, 289
death perspectives and, 203–204,
205
design argument and, 209–210
divine action and, 218–223, 562
dualism and, 159, 519, 568, 830
ecological complaint against,
247
ecology and, 234, 419
ecotheology and, 241, 247–251
embodiment and, 254–255
ethnicity and, 271–272
evolution theory and, 202,
279–280, 290, 300, 301–306,
785–786
extraterrestrial life concept and,
318
feminist theology and, 327, 328
five major paradigms of, 648
freedom and, 336–337, 898–899
Genesis creation interpretation
and, 355–356, 411
hermeneutics and, 394
historical criticism and, 411–412
independence model, 757,
761–762
Islamic thought and, 124, 883
materialism and, 541
medical care and, 552–553
metaphysics and, 562
since mid–nineteenth century,
125–126
natural philosophy and, 601
natural theology and, 601–605
nature concepts and, 64–65
neo–Platonism and, 124–125,
230, 398, 437, 544, 650, 681,
819, 882
periodical literature, 766–768
philosophy of science and,
657–658
pre–Renaissance thought and,
123–124., See also Middle Ages
progress concept and, 702, 703
religious theory and, 725–730
research studies, 768–773
sacraments and, 743–745
Schleiermacher–Luecke
correspondence and, 411
science fiction and, 778
scientific revolution and,
124–125, 681, 768
scriptural interpretation and,
768–790
self and, 793–794
seven deadly sins and, 6
sin concepts, 805, 806
sociobiological interpretation
and, 810, 811–813
sociology and, 187, 815, 816
soul concept and, 568, 793
stem cell research and, 842
technology and, 870, 871,
872–873
Teilhard de Chardin and,
873–876, 878
teleological outlook and,
878–879
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Christianity, history of science and
religion (continued)
Thomas Aquinas and, 821,
890–892
time concept and, 821–822,
824–825, 896–900
Christianity, Lutheran, issues in
science and religion, 127–129
abortion perspective and, 3
afterlife and, 519
Big Bang Theory and, 172
Christology and, 145
counterintuitive scientific
discoveries and, 129
faith and, 847
grace and, 336
imago dei interpretation and, 449
nursing and, 553
pietist humanism and, 428
reproductive technology and, 734
sacraments and, 743
scriptural interpretation and,
410–411, 788–789
stem cell research and, 842
theological sources and, 885
vocation (calling) concept of, 818
Christianity, Orthodox, issues in
science and religion, 130–131
afterlife and, 519, 567–568
artistic representation and, 56
death perspective and, 203–204
ecotheology and, 250
reproductive technology and, 65,
66, 67, 131, 146
sacraments and, 743
spirituality and, 830
technology and, 870
Christianity, Pentacostalism, issues
in science and religion,
132–135
higher learning institutions and,
133, 134
medicine and faith healing and,
134–135
psychology of religion and,
707–708
Christianity, Radical Reformed,
issues in science and religion,
135–136
Luther’s opposition to, 127
scriptural interpretation and, 394
on symbolic nature of
sacraments, 743
Christianity, Reformed, issues in
science and religion, 136–139
afterlife and, 519
Calvinism and, 89, 136
faith and, 847
Hume and, 442
religious experience and, 313
reproductive technology and,
273
sacraments and, 743
science’s independence from
religion model and, 757
scriptural interpretation and, 394,
410–411, 788–789, 885–886
theological sources and, 885–886
Two Books metaphor and, 906
See also Protestantism;
Reformation
Christianity, Roman Catholic, issues
in science and religion,
139–144
abortion perspective and, 2–3,
422
afterlife belief and, 519
anthropocentrism and, 249
apologetics and, 26
Aristotelian philosphy of science
and, 657–658, 760
artistic representation and, 56
Big Bang Theory and, 182, 771
biocultural evolution theory and,
290
Copernicanism and, 25, 128, 179
Descartes and, 207
economic influence of, 346
eugenics opposition by, 559
evolution theory and, 249
Galileo case and, 120, 125, 140,
141–142, 143, 180–181, 207,
349, 350–351, 751, 760, 788
germline intervention opposition
by, 424
hierarchical/authoritative Church
structure and, 139, 140, 142,
760
humanism and, 427
human superiority over animals
belief and, 10, 11, 249
Index of forbidden books, 128,
358, 906
infallibility doctrine and, 3, 752,
885
kenosis and, 501
life–at–conception belief of, 2,
396, 422
Lutheran reformation and, 127,
128
materialism condemned by, 540
mechanistic science and, 125
medical care and, 552–553
Mendel’s genetic experiments
and, 557, 558, 559
mysticism and, 585–586
natural theology and, 601, 751
nature and, 139–140, 249, 250
Newton’s theological animus
against, 621
Protestant criticism and, 752
Purgatory doctrine and, 519
reproductive technology position
of, 3, 65, 66, 67, 146, 273, 422,
425
sacraments of, 743, 744
science and technology
conferences and, 769, 770
scientific studies and, 751, 768
sociology movement in, 817
spirituality and, 828
stem cell research position of,
368, 369, 425, 842
supernaturalism and, 847, 848
technology and, 870, 871
Teilhard de Chardin and,
873–876, 878
theological sources and, 885–886
Thomas Aquinas and, 821,
890–892
xenotransplantation position of,
931
Christianity (Küng), 648
Christian Mysticism (Mallory), 586
Christian Science, 134, 313, 829
Christians in Science (organization),
767
Christian Sociology (Stuckenberg),
815
Christian View of Science and
Scripture, A (Ramm), 122
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 206,
208
Christina of Lorraine, Grand
Duchess of Tuscany, 350, 351
Christ in a Pluralistic Age (Cobb),
145
Christology, 144–145
embodiment and, 254, 255
evolutionary history and, 364
Holy Spirit and, 415
incarnation and, 451
kenosis and, 500
monophysite controversy and,
137
Newton’s anti–trinitarianism and,
620, 621, 623
paradox and, 649
redemption and, 747
transubstantiation and, 128
See also Jesus; Trinity
Chromosomal abnormalities. See
Mutations
Chronicles, First Book of, 786
Chronicles of Japan ( Japanese text),
803
Chrysostom, John, 905
Chuang–tzu, 107, 115
Chugerman, Samuel, 815
Churchland, Patricial, 398, 819
Churchland, Paul, 159, 398, 819
Churchman, West C., 856
Church of England. See Christianity,
Anglicanism, issues in science
and religion
Church of God Theological
Seminary, 135
Church of Scotland, 442
Ciampoli, Giovanni, 351
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Cicero, 43, 209, 262, 417, 441, 650,
725
CINS. See Center for Theology and
Natural Sciences
Circle, 821, 822, 897
Circular motion, 821, 822
Circumcision, 487
Cistercians, 519
City of Faith Medical and Research
Center, 134
City of God, The (Augustine), 25, 44,
187, 263, 882
Civilization and Its Discontents
(Freud), 342
Civil religion, 915
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII,
421
Civil rights movement, 271
Cladistic classification, 289, 639–640
Cladogram, 640
Clan totems, 419
Clarke, Arthur C., 318, 777, 778
Clarke, Samuel, 441
apologetics and, 26
cosmological argument of, 169,
181
debate with Leibniz, 169, 181,
622, 750
Clarke, W. Norris, 862
Classical artificial intelligence. See
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Classical behaviorism. See
Behaviorism
Classical mechanics. See Mechanistic
science; Motion; Physics,
classical
Classical physics. See Physics,
classical
Classical texts
afterlife representations in, 518
deus ex machina device in, 383,
384
European cosmopolitanism and,
725
hermeneutics and, 392–393
hope in, 417
humanism and, 427, 428
materialism and, 539
Muslim Arabic translations of,
472–474
quarrel of ancients and moderns
and, 579
spirituality and, 838
See also Greek philosophy;
Rome, ancient; specific authors
Classical theism. See Theism
Classic of Herbology (Shennong),
118
Classic Works in Medical Ethics
(Pence), 273
Clausius, Rudolf, 888, 894
Clay–based origin of life theory, 525
Clayton, Philip, 172, 399, 688, 690,
746, 758, 773
on supervenience, 827
Cleansing rituals, 806
Clear Criterion for Distinguishing
between Islam and Unbelief,
The (al–Ghazali), 473–474
Clement V, Pope, 51
Clement of Alexandria, 123, 130,
846
Clifford, W. K., 40
Climate change
ecological ethics and, 237
global warming and, 377
greenhouse effect and, 390
landscape ecology and, 243
nuclear energy alternative and,
624
Clock devices, Daoist, 112
Clockmaker, God as. See Clockwork
universe
Clockwork universe, 56, 103, 145
cosmology and, 181, 182
creatio continua versus, 220, 384
deism and, 56, 103, 145, 206,
220, 384
design argument and, 382
Intelligent Design and, 211
mechanistic science and, 272
Newton’s view of, 619
progress and, 702
quantum physics versus, 212
Cloning, 145–148, 365–367, 848
abortion and, 1
Buddhist view of, 79
cultural responses to, 337
ethical issues of, 146, 147,
366–367, 425, 528, 772–773,
842, 867–868, 917
of human versus nonhuman
animals, 66, 146–147, 867–888
religious opposition to, 66, 131,
146, 147, 366–367, 917
as reproductive technique, 66,
145–146, 357, 732, 733–774
therapeutic, 146, 842. See also
Stem cell research
Closed universe, 148, 172, 632
Big Crunch Theory and, 62
cyclical universe and, 197
Omega Point theory and, 627
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
(film), 910
Clottes, Jean, 31
Cloud of Unknowing, The (medieval
text), 99, 800
Coacervates, 524
Coakley, Sarah, 770
Cobb, John B., Jr., 145, 250, 384,
645
Codes. See Encoding/encryption
systems; Genetic code
Co–evolution model, 194, 195
Cog (AI robot), 34
Cogito ero sum (Descartes
statement), 50, 207, 208, 568
Cognitive development. See
Cognitive sciences;
Neurosciences; Psychology
Cognitive fluidity, 148
Cognitive pluralism, 683, 684
Cognitive sciences
biosemiotics and, 64
Buddhism and, 79, 160
causation and, 92
Confucianism and, 109
consciousness studies and, 158,
160–161
constructivism and, 164–165
cultural development and, 193,
195
Descartes and, 207
evolutionary algorithms and, 282
evolutionary epistemology and,
283, 284
evolution of humans and, 298,
299
functionalism and, 570
genetic determinism and, 337
good and evil discrimination and,
708
language and, 507–508
meditation and, 698
metaphor and, 559, 560
mimetic developmental stage
and, 193
morality and, 583
mysticism and, 588–589
pragmatism and, 694
primate studies and, 699–700
psychology and, 706, 707
religious experience and,
307–309, 312, 313, 314,
379–380, 707–708, 709
self–organization and, 798
self–transcendence and, 800
tacit knowledge and, 859–860
See also Brain; Information;
Information theory; Learning
theory; Mind; Mind–body
theories; Mind–brain
interaction; Neuropsychology;
Neurosciences
Cognitivism, 160, 162
Cohen, Hermann, 495–496
Cohen, Jack J., 596
Cohen, Stanley, 494
Cohen, Tobias ben Moses, 492, 494
Coherentism, 149, 684, 689
theory of truth and, 901, 902, 903
Cohn, Ferdinand, 495
Coincidences, anthropic, 15,
173–174, 214
Cole, Michael, 163
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 104
Cole–Turner, Ronald, 747
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Collapse, quantum measurement
and, 674
Colliget (al–Kulliyyat) (Averroës), 48
Collins, Anthony, 441
Collins, Francis, 420
Colon cancer gene, 421
Color, 39
Colossians, Letter of Paul to the,
144, 249
Columbia University, 816, 866
Columbus, Christopher, 871
Comet of 1577, 178
Comets, Galileo’s trial and, 350–351
Coming of Age in Samoa (Mead), 21
Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics
(Thomas Aquinas), 91
Common ancestor, 62, 149, 291,
292, 300
cladistics and, 640
Darwin’s “descent with
modification” theory and, 577,
639
mitochondrial Eve hypothesis,
578
“Common Quest for Understanding,
A” (Vatican conference), 769
Common sense
about evil and suffering, 339
functionalism and, 344
Kant and, 57
Quine’s empiricism and, 260
Special Theory of Relativity and,
721, 824
whole–part agency and, 413
See also Counterintuitive theories
Communication. See Information
technology; Science and
religion in public
communication; World Wide
Web
Communication, symbolic. See
Language
Communication theory. See
Information theory
Communicative theology, 884, 887
Communism
cosmology and, 182
dialectical materialism and, 538,
541–542, 542, 565
as secular millennialism, 563
Soviet system collapse and, 816
See also Marx, Karl; Marxist
theory
Communitas, 307, 738
Community
abortion in context of, 2, 3
belief foundations and, 689
ecological study of, 242
liberation theology and, 514
religious experience and sense
of, 307
ritual and, 738–739
value system of, 914
in virtual reality, 459, 460–461,
923–924
Community–based theology, 884
Comparative anatomy, 62, 63, 280,
291, 292, 297
Darwinian evolution and, 639
neo–Darwinism and, 609
Comparative Religious Ideas Project,
883, 915
Compartimentation, biological, 524
Compass
Chinese invention of, 110, 112,
114
European magnetic, 871
Compassion
Buddhism and, 8, 12, 78, 82, 83,
84, 184, 185
ethic of, 550
genetic engineering and,
531–532
Compatibilism, 630, 827
Competing research programs, 652,
758
Competition, 149–150
Darwinian evolution and, 200,
201, 202, 639
Complementarity, 150–151
Bohr’s principle of, 72–73, 150,
392, 757, 762, 839
connections and, 272
in cultures and religions, 73, 150
definition of, 150
paradox and, 649
science–religion independence
model and, 757
self–reference and, 799
Complementary and alternative
medicine (CAM), 678, 832–833.
See also Traditional Chinese
medicine
Complexity, 151–158
adaptative systems and, 154, 156
algorithmic, 8, 151–152, 153–154
artificial life and, 37
boundary conditions and, 74
cellular automata and, 46
chaotic systems versus, 154
computer–generated models and,
151, 459
creationist view of, 382
cybernetics and, 197
design argument and, 604
dissipative structures and, 218
emergent processes and, 257,
398
evolution and, 155, 156, 214
formal definitions of, 151–152
functionalism and, 343–345
of human genome compared
with other organisms, 420
Intelligent Design argument and,
760
level theory and, 513
models as representations of,
151, 459, 578, 618
modernity and, 581
of natural world, 157, 158, 213,
741
new physics and, 618
noncomputational, 152–153
order of, 152, 633
reality as hierarchy of, 399
science–religion dialogue and,
773
self–organization and, 797–798
spirit and, 827
systems theory and, 151, 152,
153, 854–856, 878
Teilhard de Chardin’s evolution
theory and, 874–876
teleological argument and, 876
unpredictability and, 618, 911
Computation
algorithmic complexity and, 8,
153–154
algorithms and, 7–8
cognitivist analogy with, 160
technology and, 861
Computational complexity, 153–155,
156
Computer assisted tomography
(CAT), 614
Computers
anthropomorphic depictions of,
35
artificial intelligence and, 32–35
artificial life and, 36, 37, 523
bioinfomatics and, 65
cellular automata and, 45–46
complexity model and, 151, 459
DNA biotechnology and, 69, 360
evolutionary algorithms and, 282
functionalism and, 344
genetic discrimination and,
421–422
history of, 7–8
human intelligence modeling by,
707
information technology and, 457,
458–462
as metaphor, 458, 522
neurophysiological modeling
and, 161
science fiction portrayals of, 777
self–reference inability of, 799
thinking machines and, 890
Turing Test and, 34–35, 890,
904–905
universal algorithm search and,
7–8
See also Hardware; Software;
Virtual reality; World Wide Web
Computer science. See Computers;
Information technology
“Computing Machinery and
Intelligence” (Turing), 32, 34
I
NDEX
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