Сибирина С. Обучение фразеологическим единицам студентов-иностранцев высокого продвинутого уровня

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УБИВАТЬ / УБИТЬ ДВУХ ЗАЙЦЕВ (human.) – to accomplish two important

things at once, realize two goals through a single action (the notion of a single action may

either be expressed by adverbials like сразу, одним ударом, одним махом,

одновременно etc., or be implied): kill two birds with one stone

УДАРЯТЬСЯ / УДАРИТЬСЯ В АМБИЦИЮ (obsolescent) – to express or

display emphatically one’s anger, hurt etc. when one’s pride has been wounded or when

one interprets someone’s words or action as offensive, show extreme edginess and

stubborness in defending one’s (often unjustified) position: get one’s back up; get into

huff (a snit); pick a fight (a quarrel); be so touchy; take offence and speak angrily;

take offence and refuse to budge an inch

УДЕЛЬНЫЙ ВЕС кого-чего (в чëм) (singular only) – the comparative role,

significance of someone or something: relative worth (importance) of someone

(something); weight of something; role of someone (something); specific gravity

(share, proportion)

УДЕРЖАТЬСЯ НА ПОВЕРХНОСТИ – to keep one’s head above water

УЖ СКОЛЬКО РАЗ ТВЕРДИЛИ МИРУ (lit.) – it was told for many times-

некоторое утверждение было озвучено ужe не один раз

< From the fable The raven and the fox («Ворона и Лисица»)(1807) by Ivan

Krylov (1769-1844):

Уж сколько раз твердили миру,

Что лесть гнусна, вредна; но только всё не впрок,

И в сердце льстец всегда отыщет уголок.

УКРЫТЬСЯ (СПРЯТАТЬСЯ) В РАКОВИНЕ – to hide in shell

УМА НЕ ПРОЛОЖУ; не мочь УМА ПРИЛОЖИТЬ (both coll., human.) –

not to know or be able to understand or explain something: I have (absolutely) no idea;

I haven’t the faintest (the foggiest) (idea); I am at a (complete) loss; I am at my wit’s

end; it’s beyond me

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УМА ПАЛАТА (у кого; coll., iron., human.) – someone is very intelligent: one

has a lot og brain; one is smart as they come; one is (as) smart as a whip; one is (as) sharp

as a tack; one is big (long) in brains; one is very wise, as wise as Solomon

УМНАЯ ГОЛОВА (ГОЛОВУШКА) (coll., human., iron.) – a sensible,

intelligent person: a clever one (fellow, girl etc.); a clever (real, total) brain, wise

head ; (one is) so clever

УМ, ЧЕСТЬ И СОВЕСТЬ НАШЕЙ ЭПОХИ (lit.) – in USSR’s media about

Communist Party: mind, honor and the conscience of our epoch

< V. Lenin's characteristic of a party of bolsheviks. In the article " Political

blackmail " (v.34, р.93)

У РАЗБИТОГО КОРЫТА остаться,оказаться, сидеть и т.д.; К

РАЗБИТОМУ КОРЫТУ вернуться (both coll., these forms only, human.) – with

nothing having lost all one had gained, having one’s hopes on something thwarted etc.:

(be) no better off than before; (be) (right) back where one started; (be) back where

one started again; (be left) empty-handed; (be left) with zilch

УСЛУГА ЗА УСЛУГУ (saying) – something nice done for someone is or will

be reciprocated: one good turn deserves another; pay back; one hand washes the

other; (you) scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours

УСТАТЬ КАК ЛОШАДЬ (coll., human.) – be tired as a dog

УТЕРЕТЬ НОС кому (highly coll., human.) – to outdo someone, prove one’s

superiority in something: one shows someone up; get to better of someone; be one up

on someone; to put some one’s nose out of joint

У ЧËРТА НА КУЛИЧКАХ (НА РОГАХ) жить, быть, находиться и .т.д.;

К ЧËРТУ НА КУЛИЧКИ уехать, забраться и т.д. (coll.) – (to live, to be etc.

or go, go away etc.) in or to a remote and sometimes desolate undesirable place: so

fairway; at (to) the world’s end; in (to) the middle of nowhere; at (to) the back of

beyond; in (to) some godforsaken place (hole); in (to) the sticks; in (to, for) the

distant sticks of some place

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УШКИ НА МАКУШКЕ у кого (coll.) – someone is alert and prepared tp

listen very closely to something that has attracted his attention: one has (keeps) his ears

open; one has all ears; one has pricked up his ears

ФИНИТА ЛЯ КОМЕДИЯ – it’s the end: Finita la comedia

< From Italian Finita la comedia («Комедия закончена»).

ФОМА НЕВЕРУЮЩИЙ (singular only, human.) – a skeptical person who is

hard to convince of something: a doubting Thomas

< From the Biblical account of the apostle Thomas, who did not believe that Crist

had risen from the dead until he saw and touched the wounds (John 20:24-29)

ХВАТАТЬ ЗВËДЫ С НЕБА (coll., human., 3

person) – be not average, be

intelligent: be genius; set the Thames on fire

ХИТËР КАК ЛИС (coll.) – a sly flatterer: sly as a fox

ХЛЕБ ДА (И) СОЛЬ!; ХЛЕБ-СОЛЬ! (all obsolete, now used as an imitation

of peasant’s old-fashioned speech; formula phrase) – 1. a greeting, salutation to those

who are seated around the table at a meal: good appetite!; enjoy your meal!; 2. an

invitation to a person or persons who arrive at mealtime and find another or others at the

table, eating: you’re welcome to join me (us); please join me (us)

ХЛЕБ НАСУЩНЫЙ (singular only) – 1. the food or money a person needs in

order tolive; a person’s means of subsistence: one’s daily bread; 2. that which is most

important, essential, that which some person (group etc.) cannot do without: lifeblood

< From the Bible (Matt. 6:11)

ХЛЕБ С МАСЛОМ иметь, есть (coll., human.) – live well; have enough to

live on

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ХОДИТЬ ПО СТРУНКЕ у кого, перед кем (coll., human.) – to obey some

person fully and unquestioningly (usually because of fears him) or to obey the rules at

some place fully and unquestioningly (usually because one is afraid of the superior,

supervisor etc. And the possible negative consequences of unacceptable behavior): one

toes the line (the mark) with (for) someone; one is on his best behavior with (for)

someone; one is at someone’s beck and call; reduce to servile obedience

ХОДЯЧИЙ АНЕКДОТ (coll.) – walking joke

ХОЖДЕНИЕ ПО МУКАМ (lit.) – a series of trying experiences in life, one

following another: a (one) long ordeal; (going through) purgatory; the Road to

Calvary

< From the ancient Christian belief reflected in the Old Russian apocryphal text

“Descent of the Virgin into Hell” («Хождение Богородицы по мукам», 12

cent), that

the souls of the deceased endure forty days of torment immediately after death. The

phrase came into widespread use after the publication of a trilogy under the same title by

Aleksei Tolstoi (1921-41), translated into English as “Road to Calvary”.

ХОТЕЛИ КАК ЛУЧШЕ, ПОЛУЧИЛОСЬ КАК ВСЕГДА (saying,

sarcastic) – (We, they) wanted to do it as best as possible, but it turned out as

always.; We wanted it to go better, but it turned out as always.; We wanted to do it

the best way but it turned it out to be as usual.

< The phrase once uttered by ex-Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, and

created a furor in Russia. Since then “as always” or “as usual” means “badly.”

ХОТЬ ГЛАЗ (ГЛАЗА) ВЫКОЛИ (coll., usually subord. clause after темно,

темнота, тьма и т.д.) – (there is) total darkness, absolutely nothing is visible: it is

pitch-dark; it’s pitch-black; (it’s) so dark (that) you can’t see your hand before (in

front of) your face.

ХОТЬ КАРАУЛ КРИЧИ (coll.) – (used to express despair, helplessness) the

situation is so trying, hopeless that some person feels desperate: one could just climb the

walls (cry, scream); it’s enough to make you (him etc.) cry (scream, climb the walls)

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ХОТЬ КУДА (coll., subject is any common noun) – excellent, superior: quite a

…; first-rate; topnotch; great; as good as they come; couldn’t be better!; good all

round!; (of person only) a fine figure of a man (a women etc.)

(ХОТЬ) ПРУД ПРУДИ кого-чего (coll.) – a surplus or a lot of (people or

things): there is plenty (of); more than one knows that to do with; some place is

swarming (crawling) with something; there are scores of something in some place;

as plentiful as fish in the sea

ХОЧЕШЬ НЕ ХОЧЕШЬ (coll.); ХОШЬ НЕ ХОШЬ (substand.); РАД НЕ

РАД (coll., these forms only) – regardless of whether desired, liked etc. or not: willy-

nilly; (whether you) like it or not; (whether you)want to or not; whether one likes it

or not (wants to or not); one can’t help (doing something)

ХРЕН РЕДЬКИ НЕ СЛАЩЕ (saying) – one person (thing, opinion etc.) is as

bad as the other, neither is any better than the other (usually said when making a

comparison or considering a replacement): it’s a choice between the devil and the deep

blue sea; between two evils this is not worth choosing; it’s six of one and half a

dozen of the other

ХРИСТОС С ТОБОЙ! (first word is capitalized) – let it pass; forget about

this

ЦЫПЛЯТ ПО

ОСЕНИ СЧИТАЮТ (saying) – one should not rejoice until

the outcome of something (said when someone is confident that an endeavor will turn out

successfully when it is still too early to be sure): don’t count your chicken before

they’re hatched

ЧАС О´Т ЧАСУ НЕ ЛЕГЧЕ (coll.) – the situation becomes worse with each

new piece of information or each new development (used, usually, in a dialogue, to

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express annoyance when news is received of new trouble or new difficulties): It gets (is

getting) worse all the time; it gets (is getting) worse by the minute (every minute);

from bad to worse; things are getting worse and worse; it’s one thing on top of

another

ЧЕЛОВЕК В ФУТЛЯРЕ (lit.) – a person who immerses himself in narrow-

minded interests, who is afraid of anything new, who isolates himself from the outside

word: man (who lives) in a cocoon (a shell)

< Title of a short story by Anton Chekhov, 1898, commonly translated as “The

man in a Case”.

ЧЕЛОВЕК НАСТРОЕНИЯ быть ( human.) – a person whose actions are

determined by his mood: man of the moods; man of many moods

ЧËРНАЯ ДЫРА – the black hole

ЧЁРТА С ДВА! (highly coll.) – absolutely not (used to express vehement

disagreement, energetic refusal) or in no case: like (the) hell!; hell, no!; no way in

hell!; not a chance in hell!; one damn well; (one) sure as hell

ЧЁРТ ПОБЕРИ!; ЧЁРТ ВОЗЬМИ!; ЧЁРТ ПОДЕРИ! кого (highly coll.,

usually rude) – used to express indignation, irritation, resentment or, less often, surprise,

admiration etc.: the (to) hell with you (him etc.)!; (God) damn you (him etc.); the

devil take you (him etc.)!; blast you (him etc.)!; what (where) the devil!; (well), I’ll

be damned!; what the hell!

ЧЁРТ ДЁРНУЛ

кого (за язык); НЕЛЁГКАЯ ДЁРНУЛА кого (all highly

coll.) – for some incomprehensible reason someone (often the speaker) said or did

something that he should not have: what on earth possessed someone to… (made

someone (to say)); it must have been the devil’s prompting; the devil got into

someone; I don’t know what got into someone

ЧЕСАТЬ ЯЗЫКОМ (ЯЗЫКАМИ) о ком, про кого, на чей счëт (coll.,

human.) – to engage on empty conversation, usually gossip: wag one’s tongue (about

something); beat one’s gums (about something); shoot the breeze (the bull)

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ЧЕСТНОЕ СЛОВО (singular only, often used to emphasize the truth of a

statement) – I am really telling the truth: word of honor; (up)on my honor (word);

upon my word!; honest to goodness; I swear (it); take my word for it

ЧЕСТЬ ЧЕСТЬЮ; ЧЕСТЬ ПО ЧЕСТИ (both coll., these forms only) – in a

suitable, appropriate manner, in the correct manner: properly; the right way; just like

it should be (done); like it is supposed to be; in good order; as is right and proper;

fair and square; open and aboveboard

ЧИН ЧИНОМ; ЧИН ПО ЧИНУ(both coll., these forms only); ЧИН

ЧИНАРЁМ (humor.) – in a suitable, appropriate manner, in the correct manner:

properly; the right way; just like it should be (done); like it is supposed to be; in

good order; as is right and proper; fair and square; open and aboveboard

ЧТО В ЛОБ, ЧТО ПО ЛБУ кому (saying) – it makes no difference which of

two available opinions is chosen because neither one is better or worse than the other: Six

of one and half-a-dozen of another; it’s as broad as is long

ЧТО ПОСЕЕШЬ, ТО И ПОЖНËШЬ (saying) – the way you treat others is the

way you will be treated: as ye sow, so shall ye reap; as you do unto others, so they will

do unto you; as you make your bed, now (you must) lie in (on) it.

ЧТО ПРОЙДËТ, ТО БУДЕТ МИЛО – What is gone will then be pleasant.

That which passes will be dear. That which passed will be sweeter. As time goes by

your wounds will heal.

< From the poem If by life you were deceived…(«Если жизнь тебя обманет...»)

by the greatest Russian writer Alexandеr Pushkin (1799-1837)

ЧУТЬ-ЧУТЬ (adverb, coll.) – slightly, just a little; just a bit

ШАГНУТЬ ДАЛЕКО ВПЕРËД (lit.) – be in advance of all

ШАПОЧНОЕ (ШЛЯПОЧНОЕ) ЗНКОМСТВО (coll., usually sing.) – a

superficial, casual acquaintanceship: (to have) (only) a noddin (passing, fleeting)

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acquaintance (with someone); (to be) (only) on nodding terms (with someone); (be)

mere acquaintances; a bowing acquuaintance

ШËЛКОВЫЙ; КАК ШËЛКОВЫЙ (coll., nominative only) – one is wel-

behaved, one acts obediently: (as) a meek (mild) as a lumb

ШЕРПЕ ЛЯ ФАМ; ИЩИТЕ ЖЕНЩИНУ (lit.) – express the idea that

behind a problem in question there is a woman. The literal translation from the French

cherchez la femme: look for the woman

< The expression was coined by Alexandre Dumas (père) in Le Monte-Cristo,

1857

ШИШКА НА РОВНОМ МЕСТЕ (coll., human.) – a person who exaggerates

his own importance (usually said in refer. To someone’s position, office): a small fry

who things he’s a big fish; (said ironically): big cheese; big shot

ШИТО БЕЛЫМИ НИТКАМИ (full-form only, often with всë, это, всë это) –

(something is ) poorly, clumsily concealed: (that can be) easyly seen through; obvious

to anyone; poorly disguised; transparent; (of a story, excuse etc.) (something) sounds

shaky

ШИТО-КРЫТО делается, остаëтся и т.д. (coll., with всë) – something is or

remains secret, concealed from others, something is done in complete secrecy:

everything is kept hush-hush (dark, under wraps, under cover); it is all hushed up;

everything is swept under the rug (the carpet); nobody gets wind of it; on the sly;

quietly

ЭМПИРИЧЕСKИМ ПУТËМ (lit.) – by the empirical method

ЭТАПЫ БОЛЬШОГО ПУТИ (lit.) – stages of (in) one’s life; stages of

evolution

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ЯБЛОКО ОТ ЯБЛОНИ НЕДАЛЕКО ПАДАЕТ (saying) – children usually

resemble their parents in character, habits etc. (usually said disapprovingly when children

have the same faults as their parents): the apple never falls far fron the tree; it runs in

the family; like father (mother) like son (dauther, child); as the baker so the buns,

as the father so the sons

ЯБЛОКО РАЗДОРА между кем-чем (singular only) – the cause of a quarrel,

argument, serious disagreement: apple of discord; bone of contention

< From the Greek myth of golden apple inscribed “for the most beautiful”, which

caused a dispute among Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera, each of whom claimed the apple

for herself.

ЯЗЫК ПОДВЕШЕН у кого (coll., human.) – some one is articulate, eloquent:

one has a ready glib tongue; one has the gift of gab; one has a way with words; one

is smooth-tohgued; one is good speaker; one speaks well

ЯЙЦА КУРИЦУ НЕ УЧАТ (saying) – someone young and inexperiences

should not try to educate someone older and more experienced (said in scorn when a

young person gives advice to an older person): don’t teach your grandmother to suck

eggs

ЯКОРЬ СПАСЕНИЯ (lit., singular only) – a last means or prospect (of saving

a hopeless or embarrassing situation): last hope (resort); last means of salvation;

one’s sheet anchor

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Приложение 2: Примеры употребления фразеологизмов в разных

стилях русского языка.

Разговорные фразеологические обороты

быльëм поросло – навсегда, давно забыто, что было, то прошло; «быльë»

(устар.) – трава, бурьян:

– Я говорю об изменении общественного устройства. Дело все в том, что в

одну реку дважды войти нельзя, и то, что было – быльëм поросло.

Об СССР вообще, вряд ли стоит спорить теперь. Было и быльëм поросло.

Главное, чтобы основная идея, заложенная в программу «Жилище», –

государственная поддержка и стимулирование как платежеспособного

спроса, так и предложения на рынке жилья, – не поросла быльëм.

с миру по нитке, голому рубашка – ото всюду по чуть-чуть можно собрать

достаточное количество:

Я считаю, что экологическая проблема – одна из наиболее важных задач

человечества. От решения этой проблемы зависит будуее всей планеты. И уже

сейчас люди должны это понимать и принимать активное участие в борьбе за

сохранение мира. Пусть их вклад не такой уж и значительный, но как говорится «с

миру по нитке – голому рубашка».

Запланированное двухнедельное турне главы палестинского МИДа, в

попытке найти дополнительные источники финансирования для правительства

ХАМАСа, включает посещение Египта, Иордании, Кувейта, Саудовской Аравии и

Бахрейна – с миру по нитке – голому рубашка.

Благотворительный фонд «Помощь» проводит кампанию по сбору средств

на

закупку одежды для детей и пожилых людей, находящихся на попечении у

государства. Если у Вас есть возможность оказать посильную помощь этим людям,

просим поддержать наш проект «С миру по нитке – голому рубашка». Сделав

посильный взнос, вы получите благодарность напрямую от людей, которым Вы

поможете, главное укажите свои координаты, чтобы они

смогли Вас поблагодарить