Schenken Suzanne O’Dea. From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics (2 Volumes)
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Appendix: Facts and Statistics 849
Women Men Source
1996
GA Senate Max Cleland (D) 56% 41% Voter News Service
LA Senate Mary Landrieu (D) 54% 45% Voter News Service
MT Senate Max Baucus (D) 52% 46% Voter News Service
SD Senate Tim Johnson (D) 57% 45% Voter News Service
IA* Senate Tom Harkin (D) 55% 49% Voter News Service
MA* Senate John Kerry (D) 56% 47% Voter News Service
MN* Senate Paul Wellstone (D) 55% 46% Voter News Service
NC* Senate James H. Hunt (D) 61% 50% Voter News Service
1994
CA Senate Dianne Feinstein (D) 52% 41% Voter News Service
NE* Senate Bob Kerrey (D) 59% 51% Voter News Service
NJ Senate Frank Lautenberg (D) 55% 44% Voter News Service
NM* Senate Jeff Bingaman (D) 59% 50% Voter News Service
NV* Senate Richard H. Bryan (D) 54% 48% Voter News Service
VA Senate Charles S. Robb (D) 50% 40% Voter News Service
FL Governor Lawton Chiles (D) 55% 46% Voter News Service
MD Governor Parris N. Glendening (D) 57% 44% Voter News Service
OR* Governor John Kitzhaber (D) 57% 47% Voter News Service
1992
CA Senate Barbara Boxer (D) 57% 43% Voter News Service
IL* Senate Carol Moseley-Braun (D) 58% 51% Voter News Service
WA* Senate Patty Murray (D) 58% 51% Voter News Service
WA Governor Mike Lowry (D) 57% 50% Voter News Service
1990
MN Senate Paul Wellstone (D) 52% 46% Voter News Service
NJ Senate Bill Bradley (D) 54% 49% Voter News Service
CT Governor Lowell Weicker (ACP) 42% 38% Voter News Service
OR Governor Barbara Roberts (D) 56% 40% Voter News Service
TX Governor Ann Richards (D) 59% 44% Voter News Service
1988
CT Senate Joseph Lieberman (D) 51% 48% CBS News/NY Times
NJ Senate Frank Lautenberg (D) 51% 44% CBS News/NY Times
NV Senate Richard Bryan (D) 56% 43% CBS News/NY Times
WI Senate Herbert Kohl (D) 54% 50% NBC News
1986
AL Senate Richard Shelby* (D) 50% 47% CBS News/NY Times
CA Senate Alan Cranston (D) 53% 47% CBS News/NY Times
CO Senate Timothy Wirth (D) 53% 48% CBS News/NY Times
GA Senate Wyche Fowler, Jr.(D) 50% 46% CBS News/NY Times
LA Senate John Breaux (D) 56% 49% CBS News/NY Times
NV Senate Harry Reid (D) 54% 45% CBS News/NY Times
NC Senate Terry Sanford (D) 53% 49% CBS News/NY Times
ND Senate Kent Conrad (D) 53% 45% CBS News/NY Times
WA Senate Brock Adams (D) 52% 47% CBS News/NY Times
PA Governor Bob Casey (D) 52% 48% CBS News/NY Times
*Senator Shelby won his 1986 and 1992 races as a Democrat; he switched parties to be-
come a Republican in 1994.
850 Appendix: Facts and Statistics
Women Men Source
1984
IL Senate Paul Simon (D) 55% 46% CBS News/NY Times
IA Senate Tom Harkin (D) 53% 49% ABC News/
Washington Post
MI Senate Carl Levin (D) 52% 47% CBS News/NY Times
VT Governor Madeleine Kunin (D) 1% 42% CBS News/NY Times
1982
MI Governor James Blanchard (D) 56% 47% NBC News
NY Governor Mario Cuomo (D) 56% 48% NBC News
TX Governor Mark White (D) 57% 50% NBC News
Party Identification
Larger proportions of women than of men are Democrats.
Democrats Republicans
Wo m e n M e n Wo m e n M e n S o u r c e
April 1997 36% 26% 26% 31% Gallup Report/CNN
June 1996 44% 33% 26% 29% CBS News/New York Times
June 1995 31% 25% 29% 36% CBS News/New York Times
June 1994 38% 34% 25% 29% CBS News/New York Times
June 1993 38% 30% 28% 30% CBS News/New York Times
June 1992 36% 29% 32% 34% CBS News/New York Times
May 1991 38% 26% 28% 31% CBS News/New York Times
May 1990 38% 28% 30% 32% CBS News/New York Times
June 1989 36% 32% 31% 31% CBS News/New York Times
May 1988 41% 32% 29% 31% CBS News/New York Times
May 1987 44% 35% 30% 31% CBS News/New York Times
June 1986 40% 35% 29% 28% CBS News/New York Times
May 1985 38% 30% 31% 28% CBS News/New York Times
April 1984 40% 37% 28% 31% CBS News/New York Times
June 1983 43% 32% 21% 25% CBS News/New York Times
A significant gender gap is also evident among the youngest voters (ages 18-24).
Among those voters who identify with a party, a larger proportion of women
identify themselves as Democrats and a larger proportion of men identify them-
selves as Republicans.
Democrats Republicans Independents
Wo m e n M e n Wo m e n M e n Wo m e n M e n
38% 23% 24% 35% 35% 39%
Source: The Public Perspective, June/July 1996 (drawn from Gallup)
Presidential Performance Ratings
Throughout Bill Clinton’s term in office, a gender gap has sometimes been ap-
parent, with women more likely than men to support Clinton. At other times no
gender gap has been evident.
Appendix: Facts and Statistics 851
Approve of the way Clinton is handling his job as President
Women Men Source
April 1997 59% 50% Gallup Report
March 1996 57% 47% Gallup Report
December 1995 53% 49% Gallup Report
May 1995 53% 48% Gallup Report
January 1995 51% 43% Gallup Report
July 1994 43% 42% Gallup Report
June 1994 49% 42% Gallup Report
April 1994 48% 48% Gallup Report
November 1993 49% 46% Gallup Report
July 1993 45% 38% Gallup Report
February 1993 61% 57% Gallup Report
Women were less likely to approve of George Bush’s and Ronald Reagan’s per-
formances as President.
Approve of the way Bush is handling his job as President
Women Men Source
July 1992 30% 33% Gallup Report
July 1991 69% 72% Gallup Report
July 1990 61% 66% allup Report
July 1989 61% 72% Gallup Report
Approve of the way Reagan is handling his job as President
Women Men Source
July 1988 43% 59% Gallup Report
July 1987 44% 54% Gallup Report
July 1986 58% 69% Gallup Report
July 1985 60% 65% Gallup Report
July 1984 49% 59% Gallup Report
July 1983 34% 51% Gallup Report
July 1982 38% 48% Gallup Report
July 1981 55% 63% Gallup Report
Source: © Copyright 1997. Center for the American Woman and Politics (CAWP).
Reprinted by permission.
852 Appendix: Facts and Statistics
Fact Sheet 2 Gender Gap Evident in Numerous 1998 Races*
In 72% (47 of 65) races where Voter News Service (VNS) conducted exit polls on
election day, there were gender gaps of at least four percentage points - that is, a dif-
ference of at least four percentage points between the proportion of women’s and
men’s votes garnered by the winner. There were gender gaps of this magnitude in
70% (23 of 33) gubernatorial races and in 75% (24 of 32) senatorial races. (See table
entitled “Election 1998: Exit Poll Results by Gender in Races Where Voter News Ser-
vice Conducted Exit Polls.”) In all but 3 of the 47 races with gender gaps, female
voters were more supportive of Democratic candidates than were male voters.
Outcomes Affected by Gender Gaps
There were thirteen races where a majority of women voted for a different candi-
date than did the majority of men. Five Democratic candidates owe their victo-
ries to women and eight victorious Republicans to men. (See table entitled “1998
Races Where Female and Male Voters Made a Different Voting Choices.”)
VNS reports an average margin of error of four percentage points for its
statewide polls. Using this standard, there are an additional six races where the
votes of one sex were about evenly divided between the candidates while the votes
of the other sex more clearly favored one candidate over the other. Among those
races, there were four where men were about evenly divided and the Democratic
candidates preferred by women won; there were two races where women were
about evenly divided and the Republican candidates preferred by men won. (See
table entitled “1998 Races Where Female and Male Voters May Have Made Dif-
ferent Voting Choices.”)
Races with the Largest Gender Gaps
In fourteen races, the gender gaps exceeded ten percentage points. In three of
those races, women’s votes determined the winners: Senate races in New York and
North Carolina where Charles Schumer (D) and John Edwards (D) won, and the
gubernatorial race in Maryland, where Parris Glendening (D) won. In four gu-
bernatorial races with large gender gaps, men’s votes determined the winners: Bill
Owens (R-CO); Jeb Bush (R-FL); A. Paul Cellucci (R-MA); and Robert Taft (R-
OH). In the other seven races with gender gaps larger than ten percentage points,
majorities of women and men favored the same candidates but by widely diver-
gent margins. Those contests included the Senate races of: John Breaux (D-LA);
Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO); Christopher Dodd (D-CT); Byron Dorgan
(D-ND); Barbara Mikulski (D-MD); and two gubernatorial races: John Kitzhaber
(D-OR); Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH).
Women Candidates
VNS conducted exit polls in nine of the ten Senate races involving women candi-
dates.(VNS did not poll in Hawaii.) In eight of these races, there were gender
gaps. Women voters were more supportive of Democratic women candidates in
five races: Barbara Boxer (D-CA); Blanche Lincoln (D-AR); Barbara Mikulski (D-
MD); Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL); and Patty Murray (D-WA). All of these can-
didates except Moseley-Braun won their Senate races. In two races with Republi-
Appendix: Facts and Statistics 853
can women candidates (ND and WA), women voters were more likely than men
to support the Democratic candidates.
VNS conducted exit polls in nine of the ten gubernatorial races involving
women candidates. There were gender gaps in six of those races: Colorado, Con-
necticut, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire and Oklahoma. Women voted for
women gubernatorial nominees in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada and New Hamp-
shire. In three races, the majority of women voters favored the Democratic male
candidate: Maryland, Rhode Island and Vermont.
*The data used for this article are from Voter News Service (VNS) which con-
ducted exit polls in 65 races. VNS reports an average margin of error of four per-
centage points for its statewide polls; the margin of error for part of the sample
(e.g. female or male voters) may be greater.
Source: © Copyright 1999. Center for the American Woman and Politics (CAWP). Re-
printed by permission.
1638 The General Court of Massachusetts Bay banishes Anne Hutchinson.
1648 Margaret Brent unsuccessfully seeks to have two votes in the Maryland
Assembly.
1769 The Daughters of Liberty begin supporting the Nonimportation
Agreement.
1776 Abigail Adams tells John Adams to remember the ladies and limit their
husbands’ power over them.
New Jersey grants women the right to vote in its state constitution.
1777 New York defines voters as free, white, male citizens.
1780 Massachusetts defines voters as free, white, male citizens.
1783 New Jersey grants women suffrage rights.
1784 New Hampshire defines voters as free, white, male citizens.
1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft is
published in the United States.
1807 The New Jersey legislature disenfranchises women.
1821 Connecticut makes abortion after quickening illegal.
The first women’s college-level institution, Troy Female Seminary,
opens.
1826 The American Society for the Promotion of Temperance is founded.
1829 Fanny Wright becomes the first female speaker in the United States.
1833 Lydia Maria Child publishes An Appeal in Favor of That Class of
855
Chronology
Americans Called Africans, the first antislavery book by a northern
abolitionist calling for the immediate emancipation of the nation’s
2 million slaves.
The Female Anti-Slavery Society of Philadelphia is founded.
1834 Lowell mill girls strike.
1839 Mississippi passes the first married women’s property law in the
nation.
1848 The first women’s rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York.
1849 Amelia Bloomer starts publishing the Lily, a temperance newspaper
and the first newspaper in the United States owned, edited, and
published by a woman.
1850 Harriet Tubman begins leading slaves to freedom.
The first national women’s rights convention is held in Worcester,
Massachusetts.
1851 Sojourner Truth addresses a women’s rights convention in Akron,
Ohio, making what becomes known as her “Ain’t I a Woman” speech.
1853 Lucy Stone keeps her own name after marriage; other women who
keep their names are known as Lucy Stoners.
1859 The American Medical Association announces its opposition to
abortion.
Kansas territory grants women the right to vote in school elections.
1860 Connecticut becomes the first state to prohibit all abortions.
1866 The Fourteenth Amendment is passed by Congress, defining citizens as
male for the first time.
The American Equal Rights Association is founded. It is the first
organization in the United States to advocate national woman suffrage.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to run for a seat in the U.S.
House of Representatives, running as an independent. No woman,
including herself, could vote for her.
1868 Sorosis, the first professional women’s club, is founded.
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton begin publishing The
Revolution.
1869 The National Woman Suffrage Association is founded.
The American Woman Suffrage Association is founded.
Wyoming Territory grants women the rights to vote and to hold public
office.
1870 The American Woman Suffrage Association begins publishing The
Woman’s Journal.
856 Chronology
1833
cont.
The Fifteenth Amendment is added to the Constitution. It does not
specifically exclude women from voting, and several women attempt to
vote.
Utah Territory grants women suffrage.
1872 Victoria Claflin Woodhull becomes the first woman presidential
candidate.
Susan B. Anthony and fourteen other women register and vote, testing
whether or not the Fourteenth Amendment can be interpreted as
protecting women’s rights.
Congress passes a law to give female federal employees equal pay for
equal work.
1873 In Bradwell v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that states can
restrict women from practicing any profession in the interest of
“preserv[ing] family harmony and uphold[ing] the law of the Creator.”
Congress passes the Comstock law, defining contraceptive information
as obscene material.
1874 The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union is founded.
1875 In Minor v. Happersett, the U.S. Supreme Court rejects the argument
that the Fourteenth Amendment grants women voting rights.
1878 The woman suffrage amendment, known as the Susan B. Anthony
Amendment, is introduced in the U.S. Congress for the first time.
1879 Belva Lockwood successfully lobbies Congress to pass legislation
permitting women to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. She
becomes the first woman admitted to practice before the Court.
1884 Belva Lockwood, presidential candidate of the National Equal Rights
Party, becomes the first woman to receive votes in a presidential
election.
1887 The U.S. Senate debates and defeats the woman suffrage amendment.
Utah women lose the suffrage rights granted them in 1870.
1889 Jane Addams opens Hull House in Chicago.
1890 The National American Woman Suffrage Association is formed by the
merger of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American
Woman Suffrage Association.
The General Federation of Women’s Clubs is founded.
Wyoming becomes a state with woman suffrage.
1893 The National Council of Jewish Women is founded.
Colorado women gain suffrage rights.
Mary Elizabeth Lease is the first female candidate for the U.S. Senate,
running on the Populist Party ticket.
Chronology 857
Laura J. Eisenhuth becomes the first woman elected to statewide office
by male and female voters when she is elected North Dakota’s
superintendent of public instruction.
1894 Clara Cressingham, Carrie C. Holly, and Frances Klock, all Republican,
are elected to serve in the Colorado House of Representatives, the first
women elected to serve in a state legislature.
1895 The National Federation of Afro-American Women is founded.
1896 The National Association of Colored Women is founded.
Idaho women gain suffrage rights.
Utah reinstates woman suffrage.
The first woman state senator in the nation, Martha Hughes, is elected
to the Utah legislature.
1899 The National Consumers League is founded.
1900 The first official women delegates (one each) attend the Democratic
National Convention and Republican National Convention.
1907 The Women’s Trade Union League is founded.
Kate Barnard is the first woman elected to statewide office by male-
only voters when she becomes commissioner of charities and
collections in Oklahoma.
1908 The Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority is founded.
The U.S. Supreme Court decides that “sex is a valid basis for
classification” in employment and that protective legislation is
constitutional in Muller v. Oregon.
1909 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is
founded.
1910 Washington state grants women suffrage.
1911 The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York City takes 145
women employees’ lives and leads to the state legislature limiting the
workweek to fifty-four hours and enacting a new industrial code.
California grants women suffrage.
1912 Congress creates the Children’s Bureau, and as its first director, Julia C.
Lathrop is the first woman to head a major federal bureau.
Tye Leung is the first Asian American woman to vote in a presidential
election, in California, which granted women the right to vote in
1911.
Kansas, Oregon, and Arizona grant women suffrage.
The Progressive Party supports woman suffrage.
858 Chronology
1893
cont.