Schenken Suzanne O’Dea. From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics (2 Volumes)
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The U.S. Supreme Court finds in General Electric v. Gilbert that
excluding pregnancy from a disability plan does not violate Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
1977 Patricia Roberts Harris is appointed secretary of housing and urban
development and becomes the first African American woman to hold a
federal cabinet position.
Juanita Kreps is appointed secretary of commerce by President Jimmy
Carter.
Democrat Dixy Lee Ray becomes governor of Washington.
Margaret (Midge) Costanza becomes the first woman assistant to the
president.
Eleanor Holmes Norton becomes the first woman to chair the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission.
Mari-Luci Jaramillo is the first Hispanic American woman to serve as a
U.S. ambassador, appointed by President Jimmy Carter.
Patsy Takemoto Mink becomes the first Asian American woman to serve
as assistant secretary of state, appointed by President Jimmy Carter.
The Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues is founded as the
Congresswomen’s Caucus.
The National Women’s Conference is held in Houston, Texas.
In Dothard v. Rawlinson, the U.S. Supreme Court considers bona fide
occupational qualifications and applies the disparate impact standard
to sex discrimination.
In Nashville Gas Company v. Satty, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that
denying seniority to women returning to work after a forced
pregnancy leave violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
In Beal v. Doe, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that Pennsylvania’s
Medicaid program does not have to pay for nontherapeutic abortions.
In Poelker v. Doe, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that hospitals owned
by cities have no constitutional obligation to perform nontherapeutic
abortions.
In Carey v. Population Services International, the U.S. Supreme Court
rejects New York’s law limiting access to contraceptives.
The U.S. Supreme Court finds constitutional a Connecticut regulation
limiting Medicaid payments for first-trimester abortions to those
considered medically necessary, in Maher v. Roe.
One more state ratifies the federal Equal Rights Amendment.
1978 Carolyn Robertson Payton becomes the first woman and first African
American to head the U.S. Peace Corps, appointed by President Jimmy
Carter.
Chronology 869
Jean Sadako King becomes the first Asian American woman elected
lieutenant governor in the United States.
The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence is founded.
The Older Women’s League is founded.
The National Women’s Conference Committee is organized.
Concerned Women for America is founded.
In Bakke v. Regents of the University of California, the U.S. Supreme
Court upholds the constitutionality of affirmative action plans.
Congress passes the Pregnancy Discrimination Act.
President Jimmy Carter establishes the National Advisory Committee
for Women.
An extension for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment
passes Congress.
Concerned Women for America is founded.
1979 Patricia Roberts Harris is appointed secretary of health and human
services by President Jimmy Carter.
The American Life League is founded.
Polly Baca becomes the first Hispanic American woman to serve in a
state Senate when she is elected in Colorado.
Suffragist Susan B. Anthony becomes the first woman depicted on an
American coin.
In Orr v. Orr, the U.S. Supreme Court finds that Alabama divorce laws
providing that husbands, but not wives, may be required to pay
alimony are unconstitutional.
In Personnel Administrator of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts v.
Feeney, the U.S. Supreme Court finds Massachusetts’s veterans
preference law constitutional.
In Colautti v. Franklin, the U.S. Supreme Court finds
unconstitutionally vague a Pennsylvania law requiring physicians
performing abortions to use the method most likely to preserve the life
and health of a fetus thought to be viable.
1980 Shirley Hufstedler is appointed secretary of education by President
Jimmy Carter.
Eunice Sato becomes the first Asian American woman elected mayor of
a large city, Long Beach, California.
The gender gap appears in presidential elections when fewer women
than men vote for Republican Ronald Reagan.
In Harris v. McRae the U.S. Supreme Court decides that states are not
required to pay for medically necessary abortions under their Medicaid
plans.
870 Chronology
1978
cont.
In Williams v. Zbaraz, the U.S. Supreme Court finds that states are not
required to pay for medically necessary abortions that are not covered
by Medicaid.
In McCarty v. McCarty, the U.S. Supreme Court finds that military
retirement pay is the personal entitlement of the retiree and that states
cannot allocate it to former spouses as part of a divorce settlement.
1981 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick is appointed ambassador to the United Nations by
President Ronald Reagan.
Sandra Day O’Connor is appointed to the United States Supreme
Court by President Ronald Reagan and becomes the first woman
appointed to the Court.
Katherine D. Ortega becomes U.S. treasurer.
The National Coalition of 100 Black Women is founded.
In Kirchberg v. Feenstra, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidates a Louisiana
law designating a husband head and master having unilateral control
of property jointly owned with his wife.
In Washington County, Oregon v. Gunther, the U.S. Supreme Court
decides that workers can make claims of undercompensation, even
though the jobs are not the same.
The U.S. Supreme Court decides in County of Washington, Oregon v.
Gunther that employees can claim they have been undercompensated
when compared to other employees, even though they do not do the
same work.
The Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues introduces the
Economic Equity Act.
1982 Roy M. Vesta serves as governor of New Hampshire from 29 December
1982 to 6 January 1983.
Loretta Glickman becomes the first African American woman elected
mayor of a large city, Pasadena, California.
In Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, the U.S. Supreme Court
decides that a state law excluding men from a state-supported nursing
school violates the Fourteenth Amendment.
The extension for ratification of the federal Equal Rights Amendment
expires. Three more states were needed for the amendment to be
included in the U.S. Constitution.
1983 Margaret Heckler is appointed secretary of health and human services
and Elizabeth Dole is appointed secretary of transportation.
In Planned Parenthood Association of Kansas City, Mo. v. Ashcroft, the
U.S. Supreme Court rejects some parts and accepts some parts of a
Missouri abortion law.
In Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, the U.S. Supreme
Chronology 871
Court finds unconstitutional the several provisions of a city ordinance
related to abortion, including the requirements that physicians tell
patients seeking an abortion that life begins at conception, and that
minor women seeking abortions had to obtain parental consent.
1984 Democrat Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman nominated by a
major party for vice president.
Democrat Martha Layne Collins becomes governor of Kentucky.
Katherine D. Ortega, U.S. treasurer, becomes the first Hispanic
American to keynote a national convention of a major political party
at the Republican National Convention.
Valerie Terrigno becomes the first openly lesbian mayor in the United
States when she is elected in West Hollywood, California.
The National Political Congress of Black Women is founded by Shirley
Chisholm.
In Grove City v. Bell, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that Title IX of
the Education Amendments of 1972 applies only to the program
within an educational institution receiving federal funds and not to the
entire institution.
In Hishon v. King and Spalding, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 covers partners in a
partnership.
In H. L. v. Matheson, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that a Utah law
requiring a minor woman to notify her parents before obtaining an
abortion is constitutional.
1985 Democrat Madeleine Kunin becomes governor of Vermont.
Wilma Mankiller becomes the first woman elected principal chief of a
major Native American tribe.
The Council of Presidents is formed.
The National Organization of Black Elected Legislative Women is
founded.
EMILY’s List is founded to elect prochoice Democratic women
candidates.
1986 In Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, the U.S. Supreme Court makes its
first decision regarding sexual harassment and concurs with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission’s definition of a hostile work
environment and that sexual harassment is a form of sexual
discrimination.
In Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the U.S.
Supreme Court rejects provisions of a Pennsylvania abortion law.
The U.S. Supreme Court finds constitutional a Georgia law
categorizing sodomy as a criminal act in Bowers v. Hardwick.
872 Chronology
1983
cont.
Operation Rescue is founded.
1987 Ann Dore McLaughlin is appointed secretary of labor by President
Ronald Reagan.
Republican Kay Orr becomes governor of Nebraska, the first
Republican woman governor in the nation.
Dorothy Comstock Rile of Michigan becomes the first Hispanic female
chief justice of a state supreme court.
Joy Cherian becomes the first Asian American to sit on the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission, appointed by President
Ronald Reagan.
The Feminist Majority is founded.
Susan Estrich is the first woman to head a major presidential
campaign, for Democrat Michael Dukakis.
In California Savings and Loan v. Guerra, the U.S. Supreme Court
decides that California’s law for disability leave for pregnant workers
does not conflict with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
In Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, the U.S. Supreme
Court finds constitutional an affirmative action plan for women.
An appeals court finds constitutional the Democratic Party’s equal
division rule, designed to promote greater representation of women
and minorities in state delegations to national party conventions, in
Bachur v. Democratic National Committee.
1988 Democrat Rose Mofford becomes governor of Arizona.
Susan Estrich becomes the first woman to head a major presidential
campaign when Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis
chooses her for the position.
Lenora Fulani of New York is the first African American woman to
appear on the presidential ballot in all fifty states, on the National
Alliance Party ticket.
Elaine Chao becomes the first Asian American woman to chair a
federal commission, the Federal Maritime Commission, appointed by
President Ronald Reagan.
Juanita Kidd Stout of Pennsylvania becomes the first African American
woman appointed to a state supreme court.
National Gender Balance Project USA is founded.
The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 overturns the U.S. Supreme
Court decision in Grove City v. Bell.
1989 Carla Anderson Hills is appointed special trade representative, and
Elizabeth Hanford Dole is appointed secretary of labor, by President
George Bush.
Chronology 873
Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL) becomes the first Hispanic
American woman to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Joyce Kennard becomes the first Asian American woman to sit on a
state supreme court when she is appointed in California.
Julia Chang Bloch becomes the first Asian American woman U.S.
ambassador, appointed by President George Bush.
The Christian Coalition is founded.
In a sex discrimination case, Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, the U.S.
Supreme Court decides that when an employer considers sex in
employment, it is not in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, if the employer would make the same decision without
considering the employee’s sex.
In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the U.S. Supreme Court
affirms the rights of states to deny public funding for abortions and to
prohibit public hospitals from performing abortions.
1990 Antonia Novello becomes the first woman and the first Hispanic
American U.S. surgeon general.
In Hodgson v. Minnesota the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the
requirement that a minor woman notify both of her parents or obtain
a judicial waiver before having an abortion.
In Ohio v. Akron Center, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that an Ohio law
requiring a physician to notify the parents of a minor woman before
performing an abortion is constitutional.
The Court rejects a parental notification measure that did not have the
judicial bypass procedure.
The Women’s Health Equity Act is introduced.
1991 Democrat Joan Finney becomes governor of Kansas.
Democrat Ann Richards becomes governor of Texas.
Democrat Barbara Roberts becomes governor of Oregon.
Lynn Morley Martin is appointed secretary of labor by President
George Bush.
Patricia Saiki is appointed by President Geoge Bush as head of the
Small Business Administration, making her the first Asian American
woman to head that department.
Anita Hill alleges that U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas
sexually harassed her, leading to the Senate Judiciary Committee
reopening the confirmation hearings. Sexual harassment receives
public attention.
Minnesota becomes the first state to have a majority of female
supreme court justices, with four out of seven justices being women.
874 Chronology
1989
cont.
In Rust v. Sullivan, the U.S. Supreme Court finds permissible
regulations that forbid the discussion of abortion as an option at
family planning centers that receive federal family planning funds.
In UAW v. Johnson Controls, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that
refusing to hire women for certain jobs to protect them from
workplace hazards violates the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978.
Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1991, part of which overturns
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989).
The Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues introduces the Health
Equity Act.
For the first time, at least one woman serves in every state legislature in
the nation.
1992 Barbara H. Franklin is appointed secretary of commerce by President
George Bush.
Democrat Georgianna Lincoln, an Athabascan, becomes the first
Native American woman elected to a state Senate, the Alaska Senate.
Leah Sears-Collins becomes the first African American woman elected
to a state supreme court when she wins a seat in Georgia.
Irma Gonzalez, Lourdes Baird, and Sonia Sotomayor beome the first
female Hispanic Americans appointed as federal judges, in California
and New York, respectively.
In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, the U.S.
Supreme Court discards the trimester framework that it established in
Roe v. Wade.
1993 Ruth Bader Ginsburg is appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by
President Bill Clinton.
California becomes the first state to have two female U.S. senators
serving simultaneously, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer.
Carol Moseley-Braun is the first African American woman sworn in to
the U.S. Senate.
Sheila Widnall becomes the first woman secretary of the Air Force.
Joycelyn Elders becomes the first African American woman U.S.
surgeon general.
Alice Rivlin is appointed director of the Office of Management and
Budget, Carol M. Browner is appointed administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency, Donna Shalala is appointed
secretary of health and human services, African American Hazel
O’Leary is appointed secretary of energy, and Janet Reno is appointed
U.S. attorney general by President Bill Clinton.
Native American Ada Deer becomes the first woman assistant secretary
for Indian affairs in the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Chronology 875
Roberta Achtenberg is the first open lesbian to serve in a subcabinet
position, as assistant secretary in the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development, appointed by President Bill Clinton.
In Bray v. Alexandria Clinic, the U.S. Supreme Court finds that the
Civil Rights Acts of 1871 does not cover protest actions at abortion
clinics.
In Harris v. Forklift Systems, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that an
employee does not need to show serious psychological damage or
other injury to prove sexual harassment.
President Bill Clinton signs the Family and Medical Leave Act.
For the first time, at least one woman serves in both chambers of every
state legislature and in Nebraska’s unicameral legislature.
1994 Christine Todd Whitman becomes governor of New Jersey.
Alaska is the first state to have both legislative chambers headed by
women, with Gail Phillips as speaker of the House and Drue Pearce as
Senate president pro tem.
Deborah Batts is the first openly lesbian federal judge appointed, in the
U.S. District Court in New York.
Marcy Kahn becomes the first openly lesbian state supreme court
justice in the United States when she is elected to New York’s supreme
court.
In NOW v. Scheidler, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that the
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Statute applies to
anti-abortion groups.
The Violence Against Women Act funds services for victims of rape
and domestic violence, allows women to seek civil rights remedies for
gender-related crimes, provides training to increase police and court
officials’ sensitivity, and funds a national twenty-four-hour hotline for
battered women.
Congress passes the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act.
1995 Laura D’Andrea Tyson is appointed chair of the National Economic
Council by President Bill Clinton.
Women’s Policy, Inc. is founded.
1996 In United States v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that the
male-only admissions policy of Virginia Military Institute violates the
Fourteenth Amendment.
1997 Aida Alvarez is appointed administrator of the Small Business
Administration, Charlene Barshefsky is appointed U.S. trade
representative, Alexis M. Herman is appointed secretary of labor, and
Madeleine Albright is appointed secretary of state, the first woman to
hold the position, by President Bill Clinton.
876 Chronology
1993
cont.
Jeanne Shaheen becomes governor of New Hampshire.
Jane Dee Hull becomes governor of Arizona.
In Clinton v. Jones, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that the
Constitution does not prohibit a private citizen from suing a sitting
president for acts committed before becoming president.
1998 Arizona becomes the first state with an all-female executive cabinet
(governor, secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, and
superintendent of public instruction).
1999 Representative Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) becomes the first open lesbian
to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Chronology 877
