Schenken Suzanne O’Dea. From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics (2 Volumes)

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Equal division rule. See Democratic Party

Equal Employment Opportunity Act

(1972), 19, 234, 235

Equal Employment Opportunity Commis-

sion (EEOC), xlii, 142, 144, 230,

234–236, 305, 484, 504–505, 528, 550.

See also Civil Rights acts; Sex discrim-

ination; Sexual harassment

Equal Employment Opportunity Program,

257

Equal Pay Act (1963), 143, 173, 175, 208,

213, 230, 234, 236–237, 305, 528

support for, 28, 105, 301, 305, 507, 534

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), xli, xliii,

116, 237–245, 276, 417, 437, 461, 479,

484, 485, 496, 596, 626, 633, 710,

748–756

in Democratic Party, 191–192, 193, 194

groups opposing, 162–163, 215, 237,

242, 291, 395, 461, 475–476, 485, 543,

646, 717

groups supporting, 28, 105, 143, 162,

167–168, 246–247, 291, 395, 417, 461,

479, 484–485, 496, 710

individuals opposing, 240, 601–602, 655

individuals supporting, 116, 238, 276,

437, 543, 596, 626, 633

movement preceding, 217–218,

489–491, 524, 527

passage of, 237–244, 246, 305–306, 546

and protective legislation, 35, 36, 192,

237, 383, 395, 475–476, 491, 533–534,

543, 655, 708, 715

ratification attempts, 240, 242–244, 326,

486, 494, 602, 621, 642

in Republican Party, 178, 572, 573

text of, 240

Equal rights amendments, state, 245–246

Equal Rights Party, 542, 721

Equality League of Self-Supporting

Women (ELSSW), 75, 717

ERA. See Equal Rights Amendment

ERA Action Committee, 242

ERAmerica, 105, 117, 118, 243, 246–247

Ervin, Sam J., Jr., 240

Eshoo, Anna, 247–248

Eslick, Willa, 248

Estrich, Susan, 248–249

Evers-Williams, Myrlie, 249–250

Executive Order 10925 (1961), 19

Executive Order 10980 (1961), 250, 542

Executive Order 11126 (1963), 142,

250–251, 544

Executive Order 11246 (1965), 19, 251,

257

Executive Order 11375 (1967), 19, 222,

251, 257, 258, 485

Executive Order 11478 (1969), 257

Executive Order 11832 (1975), 473

Executive Order 12050 (1978), 457

Extended Voting Rights Act (1975), 365

Fair Employment Practices Commission,

189

Fair Housing Rights Act (1968), 470

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 237, 507,

531, 544, 709

Fair Pay Act, 105

Family and Medical Leave Act (1993), xliv,

95, 253–254

support for, 105, 166, 168, 395, 444, 447,

501, 510, 588, 604

Family cap, 570

Family, Liberty, and God, 242

Family planning. See Abortion; Contra-

ception; Reproductive rights

Family policies. See Child day care;

Domestic violence; Family and

Medical Leave Act

Family Stability and Work Act (1995),

444

Family Support Act (1988), 134–135, 588

Family Violence Prevention and Services

Act (1984), 206

Farenthold, Frances (Sissy), 193, 254–255,

316–317, 542, 642

Farrington, Mary Elizabeth, 255–256

Fauset, Crystal, 256–257, 638

Federal Contract Compliance, Office of,

Federal Women’s Program (FWP), 251,

257, 258

Federally Employed Women (FEW),

257–258

Feigen, Brenda, 642

Feinstein, Dianne, 166, 258–260

Feldt, Gloria, 803

Felton, Rebecca, 260–261

Female Anti-Slavery Convention, 453

Females Opposed to Equality, 242

Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan),

261–262

Feminism/feminist movement, xlii, 194,

261–262, 263–265, 339, 352, 413,

456–457, 523, 626, 715–716

first/second wave, 263–265

individuals in, 46–47, 61–62, 280–282,

339, 413–414, 441–442, 640–643

and lesbians, 442, 486, 558, 642

and men, 282

precursors of, 283–285, 291–293, 307

See also Radical feminism; Spider Web

Feminist Majority Foundation, 263

Feminist Majority, The, 262–263, 345

Index 909

Feminist Party, 376

Feminists (radical group), 46

Feminists against Censorship Task Force

(FACT), 539

Feminists for Life of America (FFLA), 265,

800, 802

Feminization of poverty, 265–266

Feminization of Power Campaign, 263,

345

Fenwick, Millicent, 267, 573

Ferguson, Miriam (Ma), 267–268, 297

Ferraro, Geraldine, 194, 268–270, 542

Fetal tissue research, 8, 466

Fiedler, Roberta (Bobbi), 270–271

Fifteenth Amendment, xli, 40–41,

271–272, 489, 636, 649, 668, 720–721

Finney, Joan, 272, 297

Firestone, Shulamith, 499, 565

First Amendment, 539

First ladies, xxvi

Flint auto workers’ strike (1936), 272–273

Flynn, Helen Gurley, 162, 273–274, 393,

630

Fonda, Jane, 275

Ford, Elizabeth (Betty), 244, 275–276, 474

Ford, Gerald, 109, 349, 473, 573

Fourteenth Amendment, xli, 39–40, 41,

177, 205, 277–278, 295, 444–445, 455,

489, 608, 636, 649, 668, 720–721

Fowler, Tillie, 278–279

Frahm, Sheila, 279

Franklin, Barbara Hackman, 110, 257,

279–280, 546

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools,

223

Free love, 720, 722, 723

Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act

(1994), 8, 91, 166, 280, 408, 466, 485,

518, 567

Friedan, Betty, xlii, 46, 62, 140, 261–262,

280–282, 398, 484, 494, 496, 642, 808

Frontiero v. Richardson, 282–283, 293–294,

439

Fuller, Margaret, 283–285

Fulmer, Willa, 285

Fund for the Feminist Majority, 263

Furies, 99, 398

Furse, Elizabeth, 285–286

Futrell, Mary, 286

Gage, Matilda, 41, 101, 265, 287–288, 636

Gallegos, Fedelina Lucero, 638

Gasque Van Exem, Elizabeth, 288

Gay rights. See Lesbians/lesbian rights

Geduldig v. Aiello, 231, 288

Gender balance, in officeholding, 483, 494,

542

minority women in, 497

Gender gap, xli, 17, 195, 212, 289, 572,

574, 675, 725

General Electric v. Gilbert, 231, 289–290,

541

General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 85,

135, 174, 178, 237, 290–291, 341, 471,

592, 661, 700, 706, 714

Gibbs, Florence, 291

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 170, 291–293

Gilmore, Georgia, 147

Ginn, Rosemary, 572–573

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 283, 293–294, 566,

674, 691, 750

Glass Ceiling Commission, 145, 232, 294,

423

Global Feminist Program, 353

Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft. See Wo ll-

stonecraft, Mary

Goesaert v. Cleary, 230, 294–295

Goldman, Emma, 295–297

Goldmark, Josephine, 458

Goldwater, Barry, 233

Governors, women, xxvii

Granahan, Kathryn, 298

Granger, Kay, 298–299

Grasso, Ella, 297, 299–300

Grassroots activism, 50–51, 141, 395, 456,

616, 646, 707

Graves, Dixie, 300–301

Gray Panthers, 385

Great Society programs, 357, 400

Green, Edith, 144, 222, 236, 301–302, 534,

543

Green Party USA, 302, 388

Greene, Enid, 302–303

Greenway King, Isabella, 303–304

Griffiths, Martha, 144, 222, 235, 239,

304–306, 474, 492

Grimké, Angelina and Sarah, 4, 306–308,

553

Griswold v. Connecticut, 5, 308–309, 536

Grove City College v. Bell, 222, 309

Guerra v. California Federal Savings and

Loan Association, 231

Guinier, Lani, 309–311

Gun control, 93–94, 166, 227, 258,

259–260, 355, 356, 427

H. L. v. Matheson, 313

Hall, Katie, 313–314

Hamer, Fannie Lou, xlii, 52, 148, 192, 255,

314–317, 496, 642

Hansen, Julia, 317–318

Happiness of Womanhood, 242

Harden, Cecil, 318

Harder, Sarah, 174

910 Index

Harding, Warren G., 700

Harman, Jane, 278, 318–319

Harper, Anthony and Ida Husted, 42

Harper, Minnie Buckingham, 638

Harriman, Pamela, 319–320

Harris, LaDonna, 320–321, 496, 542

Harris, Patricia Roberts, 109, 110, 189,

321–322

Harris v. Forklift Systems, 232, 322, 609

Harris v. McRae, 7, 322–323, 350, 701

Hawkins, Paula, 323–324

Hayden, Casey, 379

Head Start, 356, 362, 390, 416, 433

Health care, 227–228, 324–325, 336, 508

inclusion of women in studies, 325, 619,

712, 713

legislation on, 168, 325, 615–617,

711–712

maternal, 1–2, 105, 227, 508, 570,

615–616

organizations supporting, 25, 105, 395,

456, 705, 712–713

See also Abortion; Cancer; Child health;

Contraception

Health care reform, 154, 360

Health insurance, 352, 370–371, 408, 438,

530, 570, 612, 675

Heckler, Margaret, 110, 167, 325–326, 546

Heide, Wilma Scott, 140

Height, Dorothy, 326–328, 480, 496, 543,

727

Hennock, Frieda, 225–226

Henry Street Settlement, 683

Herman, Alexis, 110, 328–329

Hernandez, Aileen, 235, 329–330, 484

Hickey, Margaret, 543

Hicks, (Anna) Louise, 330–331

Hill, Anita, 331–333, 505, 831

Hills, Carla, 109, 110, 334

Hishon v. King and Spalding, 334–335

Hispanic Americans, 558, 811, 823, 832

in Congress, 465, 586–587, 590–591,

596, 677–678

federal appointments of, 26, 49–50, 55,

218–219, 508, 519

labor organizers, 127–128, 343–345, 823

organizations of, 160, 417–418

in state legislatures, 638, 639

Hobby, Oveta Culp, 110, 335–336, 572

Hodgson v. Minnesota, 336–337

Holland, Doris Lindsey, 638

Holling, Carrie Clyde, 637

Holm, Jeanne, 439–440

Holt, Marjorie, 337

Holtzman, Elizabeth, 167, 243, 326,

337–338

Homemakers/homemaking, 261–262, 264,

349, 383

displaced, xlii, 101, 199–200, 508,

707–708

Homosexual rights, 88, 398, 791, 819. See

also Lesbians/lesbian rights

Honeyman, Nan, 338–339

Hooks, bell, 339–340

Hooley, Darlene, 340

Hoover, Herbert, 701

Horn, Joan, 340–341

Housing discrimination, 189, 488, 496,

498, 611–612

Howe, Julia Ward, 341

Hoyt v. Florida, 342, 368

Huck, Winifred, 342–343

Huerta, Dolores, 343–345, 640, 823

Hufstedler, Shirley, 110, 345–346

Hughes, Dorothy Pitman, 641

Hull, Jane Dee, 297, 346

Hull House, 15–16

Human Life Amendment, xliii, 6

Human Rights Campaign, 399

Humphrey Brown, Muriel, 346–347

Hurley, Ruby, 347–348, 470

Hurok, Sol, 34

Hutchinson, Anne, xxxix, 348–349

Hutchison, Kathryn (Kay) Bailey, 349–350,

632–633, 690, 704

Hyde Amendment (1976), 6–7, 322–323,

350, 687

Hyde, Henry, 350

Ickes, Harold, 34

Immigration, 1, 16, 366, 434, 478,

557–558, 579, 587, 679

Independent Women’s Forum (IWF),

351

Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 388

Indigenous Women’s Network (IWN),

388, 773

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW),

273, 392–393, 630

Infertility, 569–570, 712

Infertility Prevention Act (1992), 712

Interdepartmental Committee on the Sta-

tus of Women, 216, 250–251, 544,

545

International Committee of Women for

Permanent Peace, 714

International Ladies’ Garment Worker’s

Union (ILGWU), 113, 617–618

International Woman Suffrage Alliance,

124

Interracial understanding, 32, 662

Interstate Child Support, U.S. Commission

on, 588

Ireland, Patricia, 351–353

Index 911

Jackson, Helen, 387

Jackson, Julia, 426

Jackson Lee, Sheila, 355–356

Japanese Americans, 557–558, 595

Jenckes, Virginia, 356–357

Jewish Women’s Caucus, 174

Job training. See under Employment

Johnson, Claudia (Lady Bird), 117–118,

357–358

Johnson, Eddie Bernice, 358–359, 690

Johnson, Lyndon B., 19, 109, 117, 251, 400,

453

Johnson, Nancy, 360–361

Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa

Clara County, 20, 361

Jones, Paula Corbin, 154, 351

Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, 362

Jordan, Barbara, 189, 194, 362–366, 763

Judicial Training Act (1992), 448

Jumper, Betty Mae, 366–367

Jury service, 342, 367–368, 420, 507, 544,

608, 650, 658–659

Kahn, Florence, 369

Kaptur, Marcia (Marcy), 370

Kassebaum Baker, Nancy, 370–371, 706

Keating-Owen Child Labor Reform Act

(1917), 1, 131–132, 136

Kee, Maude, 371–372

Keller, Helen, 170

Kelley, Florence, 135, 170, 372–373, 477,

683, 821

Kelly, Edna, 373–374

Kelly, Sue, 374–375

Kendall, Kate, 819

Kennedy, Florynce, 375–376, 442, 641

Kennedy, Jacqueline. See Onassis, Jacque-

line Kennedy

Kennedy, John F., 19, 109, 160, 237,

250–251, 476, 534, 542, 544, 586

Kennelly, Barbara, 376–377

Keys, Martha, 377–378

Kilpatrick, Carolyn, 378

King, Coretta Scott, 378–379

King, Mary, 379–380

Kirchberg v. Feenstra, 380–381

Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 110, 126, 381–382

Kissling, Frances, 382–383

Klock, Frances, 637

Knutson, Coya, 383

Koontz, Elizabeth, 383–384, 546, 708

Kozachenko, Kathy, 399

Kreps, Juanita, 110, 384–385

Kuhn, Margaret (Maggie), 385

Kunin, Madeleine, 297, 385–386

La Flesche, Susette, 387–388

Labor, farm. See Migrant farm workers

Labor legislation, protective. See Protective

legislation

Labor reform, 35, 78, 128–129, 155, 171,

343–345, 414–415. See also Pay eq-

uity; Protective legislation; Strikes;

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

LaDuke, Winona, 302, 388, 773

LaHaye, Beverly, 162

Lampkin, Daisy, 146, 388–389, 470

Landes, Bertha, 389–390

Landrieu, Mary, 166, 390–391

Langley, Katherine, 391–392

Lathrop, Julia, 1, 135, 136, 392, 615

Latinas. See Hispanic Americans

Lawrence Textile Mill Strike (1912), 392

Lawyers, early, 91–92, 95–96, 230, 403–404

League of Women Voters (LWV),

xli, 73–74, 174, 393–396, 469, 521,

631, 654, 717

issues supported by, 111, 132, 242, 246,

475, 700, 707

Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 396–397

Lee, Barbara, 397

Lesbians/lesbian rights, xliii, 54–55, 99,

113–114, 173, 181–182, 398–399,

410–411, 791, 819

and feminist movement, 442, 486, 558,

642

as political choice, 398, 558

and privacy, 88

Lewis, Ann Frank, 399–400

Liberalism, 400–401

Liliuokalani, 401–402, 769

Lincoln, Blanche Lambert, 402

Literacy programs, 103–104, 150, 504

Lloyd Bouquard, Marilyn, 402–403

Lochner v. New York, 457

Lockwood, Belva, 542

Lofgren, Zoe, 404–405

Long, Catherine, 405

Long, Huey, 116

Long, Rose, 406

Long Thompson, Jill, 406–407

Louchheim, Kathleen (Katie), 407

Lovelace, Linda, 413

Lower court rulings

on affirmative action, 50

on birth control information dissemina-

tion, 324, 536

on employment discrimination, 198–199

on parental notification for abortion,

336–337

on pay equity, 175

on veteran preference, 533

Lowey, Nita, 407–408

Luce, Clare Boothe, 225, 408–410, 474

912 Index

Lusk, Georgia, 410

LWV. See League of Women Voters

Lynching. See Antilynching movement

Lyon, Mary, 223

Lyon, Phyllis, 398, 410–411, 422

MacKinnon, Catharine, 212, 413–414, 539

Madar, Olga, 155, 414–415, 496

Maher v. Roe, 415, 538

Malcolm, Ellen, 229, 415–416

Maloney, Carolyn, 416–417

Mammography Quality Assurance Act

(1992), 712

MANA, a National Latina Organization,

417

Mankiller, Wilma, 418–419

Mankin, Helen, 419–420

Mansfield, Arabella Babb, 92

Margolies-Mezvinsky, Marjorie, 420–421

Marriage laws, xl, 38, 91, 105, 111,

175–177, 305, 380–381, 394, 421–422,

520, 607, 635, 659. See also Citizen-

ship; Property rights

Married Women’s Earning Act (1860), 422

Married Women’s Property Act (1860), 38

Married women’s property acts, 38,

421–422

Martin, Del, 205, 398, 410, 422

Martin, Lynn Morley, 110, 423–424

Martin, Marion, 424–425, 482, 572

Mason, Margaretta, 133

Matalin, Mary, 425

Maternal health. See under Health care

May Bedell, Catherine, 426

May, Catherine Barnes, 546

Mayors, 106, 389–390

McCabe, Jewell Jackson, 426, 473

McCarthy, Carolyn, 427

McCarthy, Eugene, 239

McCarthy, Karen, 427

McCarty v. McCarty, 428

McCormack, Ellen, 428–429

McCormick Simms, Ruth, 165, 429–430,

549, 662

McGovern, George, 193, 695

McKinney, Cynthia, 333, 430–431

McLaughlin, Ann, 110, 431–432

McMillan, Clara, 432

Media. See News media

Meek, Carrie, 432–434

Meissner, Doris, 193, 434, 573

Mental health, 121–122, 200–201

Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 232, 413,

434–435, 609

Mesta, Perle, 225

Mexican American Women’s National As-

sociation, 417–418

Mexican Americans. See Hispanic

Americans

Meyers, Jan, 435–436

Meyner, Helen, 436–437

Migrant farm workers, 343, 344–345, 478

Mikulski, Barbara, 80, 165, 229, 437–438,

712

Military, 81, 105, 335, 438–440, 584, 623

lesbians in, 113–114, 399

preferential treatment for, 533

pregnant women in, 439

racial integration in, 25, 70, 409, 480

sexual harassment in, 278, 604, 609

veteran preferences for, 678

women in combat, 439–440, 604

women’s benefits in, 258, 439, 690

Millender-McDonald, Juanita, 440–441

Millett, Kate, 62, 398, 441–442

Minimum wage laws, 18, 202, 383

legislation on, 140, 196, 197, 363, 507,

531, 544, 709

support for, 423, 476, 477, 500, 550

Mink, Patsy, 165–166, 442–444, 638, 709,

784

Minor v. Happersett, 278, 444–445, 650, 720

Minority Women’s Task Force, 330

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

(MFDP), 50, 52, 316

Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan,

445, 674

Mofford, Rose, 297, 445–446

Molina, Gloria, 160

Molinari, Susan, 446–448

Mondale, Walter, 194, 269

Montgomery (Ala.) bus boycott, 147, 717

Morella, Constance, 166, 448, 706

Moseley-Braun, Carol, 166, 333, 448–450,

788

Moskowitz, Belle, 189, 450–451, 506

Motley, Constance Baker, 147, 451–453,

470

Mott, Lucretia, 4, 133, 209, 453–455, 555,

606, 634, 635, 648, 704

Ms. Foundation for Women (MFW),

455–456, 545, 642

Ms. Magazine, 456–457, 642, 643

Muller v. Oregon, 23, 373, 457–458,

477–478, 550

Murray, Patty, 458–459

Murray, Pauli, 144, 459–461, 484

Myers, Margaret (Dee Dee), 462

Myrick, Sue, 462–463

NAACP. See National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People

NACW. See National Association of Col-

ored Women

Index 913

Nader, Ralph, 302

Napolitano, Grace, 456

Nash, Diane, 148

Nashville Gas Co. v. Satty, 231, 465–466

National Abortion Rights Action League

(NARAL), 466

National Advisory Committee for Women

(NACW), 11, 467, 475, 494, 495

National Afro-American Council, 694

National Alliance against Racist and Politi-

cal Oppression, 183

National American Woman Suffrage Asso-

ciation (NAWSA), 16, 26, 63, 72, 74,

123–125, 467–469, 650–652, 653

Congressional Committee of, 169–170,

429, 525, 526, 651, 675

individuals in, 16, 63, 72, 74, 123–125,

195, 429, 521, 613–614, 637–638, 646

Winning Plan of, 123, 125, 468–469,

651–652, 746

National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People (NAACP),

469–471

individuals in, 50–51, 249–250, 347,

372–373, 388–389, 451–452, 522, 618,

657, 660, 693–694

issues supported by, 43, 146, 147

National Association of Colored Women

(NACW), 146, 160, 290, 471–472,

479, 481, 483, 592, 653

individuals in, 70, 388–389, 657, 660,

661, 693

National Association of Commissions for

Women (NACW), 161, 472, 483

National Association Opposed to Woman

Suffrage, 631

National Birth Control League (NBCL),

195

National Child Labor Committee, 373,

683

National Coalition Against Domestic Vio-

lence (NCADV), 473

National Coalition of 100 Black Women

(NCBW), 426, 473

National Colored Women’s League

(NCWL), 471

National Commission on the Observance

of International Women’s Year,

473–475, 495, 621, 643

National Committee on Federal Legislation

for Birth Control (NCFLBC), 599

National Committee on Pay Equity, 475,

528

National Committee on the Cause and

Cure of War, 126

National Committee on the Status of

Women, 476

National Committee to Defeat the Un-

Equal Rights Amendment (NC-

DURA), 238, 475–476

National Conference of Puerto Rican

Women, 174

National Congress of Mothers, 714

National Consumers League (NCL), 196,

237, 372, 458, 475, 476–478, 550, 714

National Council of Catholic Women, 476

National Council of Jewish Women

(NCJW), 478–479, 714

National Council of Negro Women

(NCNW), 70, 146, 174, 326, 327, 472,

476, 479–481

National Council on Indian Opportunity,

321

National Day of Commitment to Elimi-

nate Racism, 727

National Displaced Homemakers Net-

work, 707

National Education Association, 246, 286,

384

National Farm Workers Association

(NFWA), 343

National Federation of Afro-American

Women (NFAAW), 160, 290, 471,

481, 592, 661

National Federation of Independent Busi-

ness, 253

National Federation of Republican

Women (NFRW), 424, 481–483, 570,

572, 625, 692

National Gender Balance Project USA

(NGBP), 483

National Institute of Public Affairs, 703

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 712

National League of Republican Colored

Women (NLRCW), 483–484

National Organization for Women

(NOW), xlii, 216, 282, 329–330,

351–353, 375–376, 422, 460, 484–486,

545, 735, 737

and ERA, 239, 242, 243, 244, 246

issues supported by, 8, 46, 113, 140, 233,

235, 270, 509, 518, 541

Legal Defense and Education Fund, 485

and lesbianism, 398, 486, 558

National Organization of Black Elected

Legislative Women (NOBEL),

486–487

National Plan of Action (NWC), 493, 494,

495, 735

National Political Congress of Black

Women (NPCBW), 140, 487–488

National Republican Coalition for Choice,

178

National Retail Federation, 253

914 Index

National Right to Life Committee

(NRLC), 99, 488

National Voter Registration Act, 395

National Welfare Rights Organization

(NWRO), 488–489

National Woman Suffrage Association

(NWSA), 30–31, 489, 649–650

individuals in, 38, 40, 42, 74, 210, 287,

404, 636, 646, 721

National Woman’s Loyal League. See

Woman’s National Loyal League

National Woman’s Party (NWP),

xli, 144, 171, 237, 242, 489–491, 654

individuals in, 63–64, 217, 524, 527

National Women’s Conference (NWC), 11,

216, 338, 474, 475, 492–495, 602, 621

National Women’s Conference Committee

(NWCC), 475, 494, 495

National Women’s Political Caucus

(NWPC), 74, 495–497

individuals in, 12, 118, 328, 329, 400,

434, 497, 641

issues of, 140, 193–194, 233, 242, 246,

255, 269, 483, 552, 573

Native Americans, xxxiv, xl, 111, 558, 570,

769–781

advocates for, 56–57, 320–321, 387–388,

404

leaders of, 82–86, 366, 401, 418–419

in public office, 186–187, 638

voting rights for, 85

Natividad, Irene, 174, 497–498

NAWSA. See National American Woman

Suffrage Association

Negro Fellowship League, 694

Negro Women’s Suffrage League, 388

Neuberger, Maurine, 498, 543

New Alliance Party, 542

New Deal, 338, 400, 477, 507, 513

New York Radical Women (NYRW), 172,

499, 561

News media, women politicians and, 376,

499–500

Nineteenth Amendment, xli, 125, 467–469,

501–502, 527, 652–653

9to5, National Association of Working

Women, 94, 113, 253, 500–501, 510

Nixon, Pat, 502–503

Nixon, Richard M., 19, 43, 55, 109, 209,

257, 279, 364, 545, 546

Nobel Prize, 16, 53

Noble, Elaine, 399

Nolan, Mae, 503

Nontraditional occupations, 219, 448, 488,

708, 710

Nonviolence, 53–54, 378–379, 460, 640,

714. See also Peace movement

Norrell, Catherine, 503–504

Northrup, Anne, 504

Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 504–506

Norton, Mary, 236, 506–508, 552

Novello, Antonia, 508–509

NOW. See National Organization for

Wom en

NOW v. Scheidler, 8, 353, 509–510,

549

Nuclear arms testing, 112, 207, 706–707

Nussbaum, Karen, 500, 510

NWPC. See National Women’s Political

Caucus

NWSA. See National Woman Suffrage

Association

Oakar, Mary Rose, 167, 168, 511–512

Obscenity, 414, 539. See also Pornography

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 512–513

O’Day, Caroline, 513–514

O’Donnell, Gladys, 482

O’Hare, Kathleen (Kate), 514, 630

Ohio v. Akron Center, 514–515

O’Laughlin, Kathryn McCarthy, 515

Oldfield, Pearl, 515–516

O’Leary, Hazel, 110, 516–517

Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy, 517

One Imperative (YWCA), 727

Operation Rescue, 7–8, 95, 485, 509,

517–518

O’Reilly, Jane, 457

Orr, Kay, 297, 518–519

Orr v. Orr, 519

Ortega, Katherine, 519

Ovington, Mary White, 470

Owen Rhode, Ruth, 519–520

Pacific Islanders, 442, 639

Pap smears, 712

Parent-Teachers Associations, 714

Park, Maud, 521–522

Parks, Rosa, xlii, 147, 470, 522–523, 717

Paternalism, 31, 32

Patriarchy, 441, 640

Patterson, Elizabeth, 523–524

Paul, Alice, 125, 169–171, 237, 265, 468,

489, 490, 524–528, 651, 748

Pay equity, 35, 78, 163, 173, 215, 266,

528–529, 832

and comparable worth, 175, 231, 528

legislation on, 208, 231, 236–237, 475,

507

support for, 35, 193, 213, 409, 417, 475,

476, 535, 544, 596, 705, 709