Schenken Suzanne O’Dea. From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics (2 Volumes)

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From Suffrage to the Senate

An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics

Volume 1: A–M

Suzanne O’Dea Schenken

Foreword by Ann W. Richards

in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion

of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the

publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Schenken, Suzanne O’Dea

From suffrage to the Senate : an encyclopedia of American women in

politics / Suzanne O’Dea Schenken.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-87436-960-6 (acid-free paper)

1. Women in politics—United States—Encyclopedias. I. Title.

HQ1236.5.U6S32 1999

320'.082—dc21 99-048951

CIP

ABC-CLIO, Inc.

130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911

Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911

This book is printed on acid-free paper

Manufactured in the United States of America

Volume 1: A–M

Abbott, Grace (1878–1939), 1

Abel, Hazel Pearl Hempel

(1888–1966), 2

Abolitionist Movement, Women in

the, 3

Abortion, 5

Abzug, Bella Savitzky

(1920–1998), 9

Adams, Abigail Smith

(1744–1818), 12

Adams, Annette Abbott

(1877–1956), 14

Addams, Jane (1860–1935), 15

Adkins, Bertha Sheppard

(1906–1983), 17

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital

(1923), 18

Affirmative Action, 18

Akron v. Akron Center for Repro-

ductive Health (1983), 20

Albright, Madeleine Jana Korbel

(b. 1937), 21

Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mosell

(1898–1989), 23

Allen, Maryon Pittman (b. 1925),

Allred, Gloria Rachel (b. 1941),

Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, 25

Alpha Suffrage Club, 26

Alvarez, Aida (b. 1949), 26

American Association of Univer-

sity Women, 27

American Civil Liberties Union, 29

American Life League, Inc., 30

American Woman Suffrage Associ-

ation, 30

Contents

Entries by Category, xxi

Foreword, Ann W. Richards, xxxv

Preface, xxxvii

Introduction, xxxix

From Suffrage to the Senate

vi Contents

Ames, Jessie Harriet Daniel

(1883–1972), 31

Anderson, Eugenie Moore

(1909–1997), 32

Anderson, Marian (1902–1993),

Anderson, Mary (1872–1964), 35

Andrews, (Leslie) Elizabeth

Bullock (b. 1911), 36

Angelou, Maya (b. 1928), 36

Anthony, Susan Brownell

(1820–1906), 37

Antilynching Movement, 42

Armstrong, Anne Legendre (b.

1927), 43

Ashbrook, (Emily) Jean Spencer

(b. 1934), 44

Association of Southern Women

for the Prevention of Lynching,

Atkinson, Ti-Grace (b. 1939), 46

Baca, Pauline Celia (Polly) (b.

1941), 49

Bachur v. Democratic National

Committee (1987), 50

Baker, Ella Josephine (1903–1986),

Baker, Irene Bailey (1901–1994),

Balch, Emily Greene (1867–1961),

Baldwin, Tammy (b. 1962), 54

Banuelos, Romana Acosta (b.

1925), 55

Barnard, Catherine (Kate) Ann

(1875–1930), 56

Barshefsky, Charlene (b. 1949), 57

Bass, Charlotta Spears

(1880–1969), 58

Bates, Daisy Lee Gatson (b. 1920),

Beal v. Doe (1977), 61

Beauvoir, Simone Lucie Ernestine

Marie Bertrand de (1908–1986),

Bellamy, Carol (b. 1942), 62

Bellotti v. Baird (1976, 1979), 63

Belmont, Alva Erskine Smith Van-

derbilt (1853–1933), 63

Bentley, Helen Delich (b. 1923), 64

Berkley, Shelley (b. 1951), 65

Berry, Mary Frances (b. 1938), 66

Bethune, Mary Jane McLeod

(1875–1955), 68

Biggert, Judith Borg (b. 1936), 71

Blackwell, Alice Stone

(1857–1950), 72

Blair, Emily Newell (1877–1951),

Blatch, Harriot Eaton Stanton

(1856–1940), 74

Blitch, Iris Faircloth (1912–1993),

Bloomer, Amelia Jenks

(1818–1894), 76

Bloor, Ella Reeve Ware Cohen

Omholt (Mother Bloor)

(1862–1951), 78

Boggs, Marie Corinne Morrison

Claiborne (Lindy) (b. 1916), 78

Boland, Veronica Grace

(1899–1982), 80

Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham

(1885–1977), 81

Bona Fide Occupational Qualifica-

tion, 82

Bonney, Mary Lucinda

(1816–1900), 82

Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons (a.k.a.

Zitkala-S

a and Red Bird)

(1876–1938), 83

Bono, Mary Whitaker (b. 1961), 86

Bosone, Reva Zilpha Beck

(1895–1983), 86

Contents vii

Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive Com-

pany (1969), 87

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), 88

Bowring, Eva Kelly (1892–1985),

Boxer, Barbara Levy (b. 1940), 89

Bradwell, Myra Colby

(1831–1894), 91

Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), 92

Brady, Sarah Jane Kemp (b. 1942),

Bravo, Ellen (b. 1944), 94

Bray v. Alexandria Clinic (1993),

Brent, Margaret (ca. 1607–ca.

1671), 95

Brown, Corrine (b. 1946), 96

Brown, Elaine (b. 1943), 97

Brown, Judie (b. 1944), 99

Brown, Rita Mae (b. 1944), 99

Browner, Carol (b. 1955), 99

Buchanan, Vera Daerr

(1902–1955), 100

Burdick, Jocelyn Birch (b. 1922),

101

Burke, Perle Yvonne Watson

Brathwaite (b. 1932), 101

Burton, Sala Galante (1925–1987),

102

Bush, Barbara Pierce (b. 1925),

103

Bushfield, Vera Cahalan

(1889–1976), 104

Business and Professional

Women/USA, 104

Byrne, Jane Margaret Burke

(b. 1934), 106

Byrne, Leslie Larkin (b. 1946), 106

Byron, Beverly Barton Butcher

(b. 1932), 107

Byron, Katharine Edgar

(1903–1976), 108

Cabinets, Women in Presidential,

109

Cable Acts, 111

Caldicott, Helen Broinowski

(b. 1938), 112

California Federal Savings and

Loan v. Guerra (1987), 112

Cammermeyer, Margrethe

(b. 1942), 113

Campbell, Bonnie Jean Pierce

(b. 1948), 114

Cantwell, Maria (b. 1958), 115

Capps, Lois (b. 1938), 115

Caraway, Hattie Ophelia Wyatt

(1878–1950), 116

Carey v. Population Services Inter-

national (1977), 117

Carpenter, Mary Elizabeth (Liz)

Sutherland (b. 1920), 117

Carson, Julia May Porter (b. 1938),

118

Carson, Rachel Louise

(1907–1964), 118

Carter, Eleanor Rosalynn Smith

(b. 1927), 121

Catholics for a Free Choice, 122

Catt, Carrie Clinton Lane Chap-

man (1859–1947), 123

Center for the American Woman

and Politics, 126

Chavez, Linda (b. 1947), 127

Chavez-Thompson, Linda

(b. 1944), 128

Chenoweth, Helen Palmer

(b. 1938), 129

Child Day Care, 130

Child Labor Amendment, 131

Child, Lydia Maria Francis

(1802–1880), 132

Child Support Enforcement, 133

Children’s Bureau, 135

Children’s Defense Fund, 137

viii Contents

Chisholm, Shirley Anita St. Hill

(b. 1924), 138

Christian Coalition, 141

Christian-Green, Donna (b. 1945),

141

Church, Marguerite Stitt

(1892–1990), 142

Citizens’ Advisory Council on the

Status of Women, 142

Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII,

143

Civil Rights Act of 1991, 145

Civil Rights Movement, Women in

the, 146

Civil Rights Restoration Act of

1988, 148

Clark Gray, Georgia Neese

(1900–1995), 149

Clark, Septima Poinsette

(1898–1987), 149

Clarke, Marian Williams

(1880–1953), 150

Clayton, Eva McPherson (b. 1934),

151

Cleaver, Kathleen Neal (b. 1945),

152

Cleveland Board of Education v.

LaFleur (1974), 152

Clinton, Hillary Diane Rodham

(b. 1947), 153

Clinton v. Jones (1997), 154

Coalition for Women’s Appoint-

ments, 155

Coalition of Labor Union Women,

155

Colautti v. Franklin (1979), 156

Collins, Barbara-Rose (b. 1939),

156

Collins, Cardiss Hortense Robert-

son (b. 1931), 157

Collins, Martha Layne Hall (b.

1936), 158

Collins, Susan Margaret (b. 1952),

158

Colored Women’s League, 159

Comisión Femenil Mexicana

Nacional, Inc., 160

Commissions on the Status of

Women, 160

Communist Party, USA, 161

Concerned Women for America,

162

Congress, Women in, 163

Congressional Caucus for

Women’s Issues, 167

Congressional Union, 169

Congressional Workplace Compli-

ance Act of 1995, 171

Consciousness Raising, 172

Conservatism, 172

Corning Glass Works v. Brennan

(1974), 173

Costanza, Margaret (Midge)

(b. 1932), 173

Council of Presidents, 174

County of Washington, Oregon v.

Gunther (1981), 175

Coverture, 175

Craig v. Boren (1976), 177

Crisp, Mary Dent (b. 1923), 177

Croly, Jane Cunningham

(1829–1901), 178

Cubin, Barbara Lynn (b. 1946),

178

Danner, Patsy Ann (b. 1934), 181

Daughters of Bilitis, 181

Daughters of Liberty, 182

Davis, Angela Yvonne (b. 1944),

182

Day Care Council of America, 184

Day, Dorothy (1897–1980), 184

Decter, Midge Rosenthal (b. 1927),

185

Deer, Ada Elizabeth (b. 1935), 186

Contents ix

DeGette, Diana (b. 1957), 187

DeLauro, Rosa L. (b. 1943), 187

Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 188

Democratic Party, Women in the,

189

Dennett, Mary Coffin Ware

(1872–1947), 195

Dewson, Mary (Molly) Williams

(1874–1962), 196

Diaz v. Pan American World Air-

ways, Inc. (1971), 198

Displaced Homemakers, 199

Divorce Law Reform, 200

Dix, Dorothea Lynde (1802–1887),

200

Doe v. Bolton (1973), 201

Dole, (Mary) Elizabeth Hanford

(b. 1936), 202

Domestic Violence, 204

Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977), 206

Douglas, Emily Taft (1899–1994),

207

Douglas, Helen Mary Gahagan

(1900–1980), 207

Douglass, Frederick (1817–1895),

209

Duniway, Abigail Jane Scott

(1834–1915), 210

Dunn, Jennifer (b. 1941), 211

Dworkin, Andrea (b. 1946), 212

Dwyer, Florence Price

(1902–1976), 213

Eagle Forum, 215

East, Catherine Shipe

(1916–1996), 216

Eastman, Crystal (1881–1928), 217

Echaveste, Maria (b. 1954), 218

Economic Equity Act, 219

Edelman, Marian Wright (b.

1939), 219

Education Amendments of 1972,

Title IX, 221

Education, Women and, 223

Edwards, Elaine Lucille

Schwartzenburg (b. 1929), 224

Edwards, India Moffett

(1895–1990), 225

Eisenhuth Alming, Laura J. Kelly

(1858–1937), 226

Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972), 226

Elders, Joycelyn (b. 1933), 227

Emerson, Jo Ann (b. 1950), 228

EMILY’s List, 229

Employment Discrimination, 230

English, Karan (b. 1949), 232

Equal Credit Opportunity Act of

1974, 233

Equal Employment Opportunity

Act of 1972, 234

Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission, 234

Equal Pay Act of 1963, 236

Equal Rights Amendment, 237

Equal Rights Amendments, State,

245

ERAmerica, 246

Eshoo, Anna G. (b. 1942), 247

Eslick, Willa McCord Blake

(1878–1961), 248

Estrich, Susan (b. 1953), 248

Evers-Williams, Myrlie Louise

Beasley (b. 1933), 249

Executive Order 10980, 250

Executive Order 11126, 251

Executive Order 11246, 251

Executive Order 11375, 251

Family and Medical Leave Act of

1993, 253

Farenthold, Frances (Sissy) Talton

(b. 1926), 254

Farrington, Mary Elizabeth Pruett

(1898–1984), 255

Fauset, Crystal Dreda Bird

(1894–1965), 256

x Contents

Federal Women’s Program, 257

Federally Employed Women, 257

Feinstein, Dianne Goldman

(b. 1933), 258

Felton, Rebecca Ann Latimer

(1835–1930), 260

The Feminine Mystique, 261

The Feminist Majority, 262

Feminist Movement, 263

Feminists for Life of America, 265

Feminization of Poverty, 265

Fenwick, Millicent Hammond

(1910–1992), 267

Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wal-

lace (1875–1961), 267

Ferraro, Geraldine Anne (b. 1935),

268

Fiedler, Roberta (Bobbi) Frances

Horowitz (b. 1937), 270

Fifteenth Amendment, 271

Finney, Joan (b. 1925), 272

Flint Auto Workers’ Strike, 272

Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley

(1890–1964), 273

Fonda, Jane Seymour (b. 1937),

275

Ford, Elizabeth Ann (Betty)

Bloomer (b. 1918), 275

Fourteenth Amendment, 277

Fowler, Tillie Kidd (b. 1942), 278

Frahm, Sheila Sloan (b. 1945), 279

Franklin, Barbara Hackman (b.

1940), 279

Freedom of Access to Clinic En-

trances Act of 1994, 280

Friedan, Betty Naomi Goldstein

(b. 1921), 280

Frontiero v. Richardson (1973), 282

Fuller, Margaret (1810–1850), 283

Fulmer, Willa Lybrand

(1884–1968), 285

Furse, Elizabeth (b. 1936), 285

Futrell, Mary Alice Franklin Hat-

wood (b. 1940), 286

Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1826–1898),

287

Gasque Van Exem, Elizabeth Mills

Hawley (1886–1989), 288

Geduldig v. Aiello (1974), 288

Gender Gap, 289

General Electric v. Gilbert (1976), 289

General Federation of Women’s

Clubs, 290

Gibbs, Florence Reville

(1890–1964), 291

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins

(1860–1935), 291

Ginsburg, Ruth Joan Bader (b.

1933), 293

Glass Ceiling Commission, 294

Goesaert v. Cleary (1948), 294

Goldman, Emma (1869–1940), 295

Governors, Women, 297

Granahan, Kathryn Elizabeth

O’Hay (1894–1979), 298

Granger, Kay (b. 1943), 298

Grasso, Ella Rosa Giovanna Oliva

Tambussi (1919–1981), 299

Graves, Dixie Bibb (1882–1965),

300

Green, Edith Louise Starrett

(1910–1987), 301

Green Party USA, 302

Greene, Enid (b. 1958), 302

Greenway King, Isabella Selmes

(1886–1953), 303

Griffiths, Martha Edna Wright

(b. 1912), 304

Grimké, Angelina Emily

(1805–1879) and Sarah Moore

(1792–1873), 306

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 308

Grove City College v. Bell (1984),

309