Schenken Suzanne O’Dea. From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics (2 Volumes)
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1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Burns form the Congressional Union, which later
becomes the National Woman’s Party.
More than 3,000 suffragists parade in Washington, D.C., on the day of
Woodrow Wilson’s presidential inauguration, drawing attention away
from his arrival. The marchers are mobbed by spectators.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett founds the Alpha Suffrage Club.
Illinois women gain presidential suffrage by legislative action.
Women in the Alaska Territory gain suffrage rights.
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority is founded.
1914 Annette Abbott Adams is appointed U.S. attorney for the Northern
District of California, the highest judicial position ever held by any
woman in the world.
Women in Montana and Nevada gain suffrage rights.
1915 The National Birth Control League is founded.
The Woman’s Peace Party is founded.
The U.S. House of Representatives votes on woman suffrage for the
first time and defeats the measure.
1916 Margaret Sanger and Ethel Byrne open the first American birth control
clinic and are arrested ten days after the opening.
Republicans add support for woman suffrage to their platform.
1917 Jeannette Rankin (R-MT) becomes the first woman to serve in the U.S.
Congress.
Women in New York gain suffrage rights.
Women in North Dakota, Nebraska, and Rhode Island gain
presidential suffrage by legislative action.
Women in Arkansas gain primary suffrage by legislative action.
1918 Kathryn Sellers becomes the first woman in the U.S. to hold a
judgeship as she is named a judge in the juvenile court of Washington,
D.C.
The U.S. House of Representatives passes the federal suffrage
amendment.
The U.S. Senate rejects the federal suffrage amendment by two votes.
President Woodrow Wilson declares his support for woman suffrage.
Women in Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota gain suffrage rights.
Women in Texas gain presidential suffrage by legislative action.
1919 The Democratic National Committee creates the position of associate
member for women.
Chronology 859
The U.S. Senate again rejects the federal suffrage amendment.
President Woodrow Wilson pressures the Senate into passing the
amendment. On 4 June, the federal suffrage amendment passes and
goes to states for ratification.
The League of Women Voters is founded.
The National Federation of Business and Professional Women is
founded.
Women in Indiana, Maine, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Ohio,
Wisconsin, and Tennessee gain presidential suffrage by legislative acts.
1920 Congress establishes the Women’s Bureau of the U.S. Department of
Labor, and Mary Anderson becomes its first director.
Annette Abbott Adams is appointed the first female U.S. assistant
attorney general.
The Democratic National Committee adopts the fifty-fifty plan and
replaces associate members with national committeewomen.
The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
granting women full suffrage rights, is ratified on 18 August and signed
on 26 August.
1921 Margaret Sanger organizes the American Birth Control League.
Representative Alice Mary Robertson (R-OK) becomes the first woman
to preside over a session of the U.S. House of Representatives.
The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom is founded.
The American Association of University Women is formed.
The Sheppard-Towner bill for maternal and infant health education is
passed by Congress.
1922 Emily Newell Blair becomes the first woman vice chair of the
Democratic National Committee.
Rebecca Latimer Felton (D-GA) becomes the first woman sworn in to
the U.S. Senate, an appointment that lasts only two days.
Florence Ellinwood Allen becomes the first woman to serve on a state
supreme court when she is elected associate justice in Ohio.
Alice Brown Davis beomes the first woman tribal chief when she is
appointed chief of the Seminole Nation by President Warren G.
Harding.
The first Cable Act passes, giving married women citizenship
independent of their husband’s citizenship.
1923 Representative Mae E. Nolan becomes the first woman to chair a
standing congressional committee, the House Committee on
Expenditures in the Post Office Department.
860 Chronology
1919
cont.
The U.S. Supreme Court decides in Adkins v. Children’s Hospital that a
minimum wage for women and children is unconstitutional.
The first congressional hearings are held on a federal Equal Rights
Amendment.
1924 Cora Reynolds Anderson is the first Native American woman elected to
a state legislature when she enters Michigan’s House of Representatives.
The National League of Colored Republican Women is founded.
1925 Democrat Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes governor of Wyoming, the first
woman sworn in as a governor in the nation.
Fifteen days after Governor Ross is sworn in, Democrat Miriam
Ferguson becomes governor of Texas.
Republican Cora Belle Reynolds Anderson, a La Pointe Band
Chippewa, enters the Michigan House of Representatives, the first
Native American woman elected to a state legislature.
1926 Bertha Knight Landes is the first woman elected mayor of a large city,
in Seattle, Washington.
Gertrude Bonnin organizes the National Council of American Indians
and becomes its founding president.
1927 Minnie Buckingham-Harper becomes the first African American
woman to serve in a state legislature when she is appointed by the West
Virginia governor to fill her deceased husband’s seat.
1928 Republican Minnie Buckingham Harper becomes the first African
American woman to serve in a state legislature when West Virginia’s
governor appoints her to the state’s House of Delegates.
Genevieve Cline of Ohio becomes the first female federal judge as a
judge for the U.S. Customs Court.
1930 The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching is
founded.
1931 Democrat Fedelina Lucero Gallegos and Republican Porfirria H. Saiz
enter the New Mexico House of Representatives, the first Hispanic
American women elected to a state legislature.
Jane Addams becomes the first woman to receive the Nobel Peace
Prize.
1932 Senator Hattie Wyatt Caraway, appointed to the U.S. Senate in 1931,
becomes the first woman elected to serve in the body.
The National Recovery Act includes a provision that allows only one
family member to hold a government job. Many women lose their
jobs.
1933 Frances Perkins becomes the first woman to serve in a president’s
cabinet, when Franklin D. Roosevelt appoints her secretary of labor.
Chronology 861
Democrat Miriam Ferguson begins her second term as governor of Texas.
Republican Minnie D. Craig of North Dakota becomes the first woman
speaker of a state House of Representatives.
Ruth Bryan Owen (Rohde) is appointed head of a U.S. diplomatic
mission to Denmark, making her the first woman to hold the position
of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.
1935 Sadie Tanner Mosell Alexander helps write Pennsylvania’s 1935 public
accommodations law prohibiting racial segregation.
Mary McLeod Bethune becomes director of Negro Affairs in the
National Youth Administration, appointed by President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, making her the first African American woman to hold a
major federal appointment. She also founds the National Council of
Negro Women.
1936 A court case, United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries, finds
that birth control information is not obscene and that contraceptive
devices can be legally imported into the United States.
1937 Representative Mary Teresa Norton becomes the first woman to chair a
major congressional committee, the Labor Committee.
1938 Democrat Crystal Bird Fauset becomes the first African American
woman elected to a state legislature, the Pennsylvania legislature.
The National Federation of Republican Women is founded.
1939 Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial.
Jane M. Brolin becomes the first African American woman to hold a
judgeship in the United States when she is appointed to New York
City’s Court of Domestic Relations.
The Birth Control Federation of America, which later becomes
Planned Parenthood Federation of America, is founded.
1940 The Republican Party is the first major party to include the Equal
Rights Amendment in its platform.
1941 Concha Ortiz y Pino becomes the first Hispanic woman to hold a
leadership position in a state legislature as the house majority whip in
New Mexico.
1944 The National Committee to Defeat the UnEqual Rights Amendment is
organized.
1946 Eleanor Roosevelt is the first female delegate to the United Nations,
appointed by President Harry S. Truman.
1948 In Goesaert v. Cleary, the U.S. Supreme Court concludes that state laws
can allow discrimination in employment on the basis of sex.
1949 Eugenie Moore Anderson is appointed the first female U.S.
ambassador.
862 Chronology
1933
cont.
Georgia Neese Clark becomes the first woman treasurer of the United
States and the first woman whose signature appears on U.S. currency.
Senator Margaret Chase Smith becomes the first woman elected to the
U.S. Senate for a six-year term whose husband did not precede her in
the Senate.
1951 Ambassador Eugenie Moore Anderson becomes the first woman to
sign a treaty between the United States and another nation.
1952 Progressive Party vice presidential nominee Charlotta Spears Bass
becomes the first African American woman to have her name appear
on the national presidential ballot.
Cora M. Brown becomes the first African American woman elected to
a state Senate, the Michigan Senate.
1953 Oveta Culp Hobby is appointed secretary of health, education, and
welfare by President Dwight Eisenhower.
The Second Sex by French feminist Simone de Beauvoir is published in
the United States.
1955 African American Rosa Parks refuses to relinquish her seat on a
Montgomery, Alabama, city bus, is arrested, and launches a boycott of
the city’s buses.
The Daughters of Bilitis is founded by Del Martin, Phyllis Lyons, and
six other women.
1957 Patsy Takemoto Mink enters Hawaii’s territorial legislature, the first
Asian American woman elected to a territorial or state legislature.
Daisy Bates helps integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
1960 Ella Baker helps organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee.
1961 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn becomes the first woman chair of the
Communist Party/USA.
Women Strike for Peace is founded.
In Hoyt v. Florida, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that an all-male
jury does not violate an accused woman’s Fourteenth Amendment
rights.
President John F. Kennedy creates the President’s Commission on the
Status of Women.
1962 Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez found the United Farm Workers of
America.
Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring and helps launch the
environmental movement.
1963 Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mystique and launches the
modern feminist movement.
Chronology 863
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 makes it illegal to have different rates of pay
for women and men who do the same work.
The President’s Commission on the Status of Women issues its report,
American Women.
1964 Congress passes the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII, which
prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, race, creed, and national
origin in employment.
Republican Margaret Chase Smith becomes the first woman to run for
the presidential nomination of a major party.
Fannie Lou Hamer founds the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
1965 In Griswold v. Connecticut, the U.S. Supreme Court overturns state laws
prohibiting the prescription and use of contraceptives by married
couples.
Representative Patsy Mink (D-HI) becomes the first Asian American
woman to serve in the U.S. Congress.
Patricia Roberts Harris becomes the first African American woman
appointed as a U.S. ambassador.
Lorna Lockwood is the first female chief justice of a state supreme
court, in Arizona.
President Lyndon Johnson’s Executive Order 11246 requires federal
agencies and federal contractors to take affirmative action to overcome
employment discrimination. The measure does not include women.
1966 Constance Baker Motley becomes the first African American woman
appointed as a federal judge.
Olga Madar becomes the first woman member of the International
Executive Board of the United Auto Workers.
The National Organization for Women is founded.
1967 Democrat Lurleen Wallace becomes governor of Alabama.
The Chicago Women’s Liberation Group organizes.
The Day Care Council of American is founded.
New York Radical Women is founded.
The National Welfare Rights Organization is founded.
Executive Order 11375 amends Executive Order 11246 and prohibits
sex discrimination in employment by the federal government and its
contractors.
The federal Civil Service Commission creates the Federal Women’s
Program.
California becomes the first state to legalize abortion.
864 Chronology
1963
cont.
1968 Barbara Watson becomes the first woman and the first African
American appointed to an undersecretary position in the Department
of State when President Lyndon Johnson names her assistant secretary
of state.
Federally Employed Women is founded.
The first national Women’s Liberation Conference is held.
The Women’s Equity Action League is founded.
New York Radical Women gains media attention for the women’s
movement when its members protest the Miss America Pageant in
Atlantic City, New Jersey. The group also begins using consciousness
raising as a tool.
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission rules that sex-
segregated, help-wanted newspaper advertising is illegal unless there is
a bona fide occupational qualification.
1969 Representative Shirley Chisholm (D-NY) becomes the first African
American woman to serve in Congress.
In Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive Company the U.S. Supreme Court rules
that women meeting the physical requirements can work in many jobs
that had been for men only.
A federal appeals court finds that sex is not a bona fide occupational
qualification for the job of switchman in Weeks v. Southern Bell
Telephone and Telegraph Company.
The National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League is
founded.
The National Association of Commissions for Women is founded.
1970 LaDonna Harris founds Americans for Indian Opportunity.
Comisión Feminil Mexicana Nacional is founded.
Betty Friedan organizes the first Women’s Equality Day in recognition
of the fiftieth anniversary of woman suffrage.
The Equal Rights Amendment is reintroduced in Congress.
California passes the first no-fault divorce law in the nation.
1971 Anne L. Armstrong becomes the first woman national cochair of the
Republican National Committee.
Romana Acosta Banuelos becomes the first Hispanic American U.S.
treasurer.
The National Women’s Political Caucus is founded.
Ms. magazine is founded.
The Center for the American Woman and Politics is founded.
Chronology 865
New York Radical Feminists hold speak-outs and a conference on rape
and women’s treatment by the criminal justice system.
In Phillips v. Martin Marietta, the U.S. Supreme Court decides its first
gender discrimination case under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964.
In Reed v. Reed, the U.S. Supreme Court creates an intermediate level
of scrutiny that applies only to sex discrimination cases.
A federal appeals court finds that being female is not a bona fide
occupational qualification for a flight attendant in Diaz v. Pan
American World Airways, Inc.
1972 Representative Shirley Chisholm (D-NY) becomes the first African
American woman to run for president and has her name formally
placed in nomination at the Democratic National Convention.
Patsy Mink is the first Asian American woman to run for the
Democratic presidential nomination, in the Oregon primary.
Jean Westwood becomes chair of the Democratic National Committee,
the first woman to chair either of the two major parties.
Republican Anne L. Armstrong becomes the first woman to deliver a
keynote address at a major party national convention.
Stop ERA is founded by Phyllis Schlafly.
Feminists for Life of America is founded.
The Ms. Foundation for Women is founded.
Ms. magazine begins publication.
In Eisenstadt v. Baird the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the right to
privacy includes an unmarried person’s right to use contraceptives.
Congress passes Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972,
outlawing sex discrimination in education in programs receiving
federal financial assistance.
Congress passes the Equal Opportunity Act, giving the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission authority to take legal action
to enforce its rulings.
On 22 March, Congress passes the federal Equal Rights Amendment
and sends it to the states for ratification. By the end of the year,
twenty-two of the necessary thirty-eight states ratify it.
1973 Anne Armstrong becomes the first woman counselor to the president,
appointed by President Richard M. Nixon.
Representative Leonor K. Sullivan (D-MO) becomes chair of the
House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.
9to5, National Association of Working Women is founded.
866 Chronology
1971
cont.
The Children’s Defense Fund is founded.
Catholics for a Free Choice is founded.
The National Right to Life Committee is founded.
The Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice is founded.
Congress passes the Women’s Educational Equity Act.
In Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court establishes a woman’s right to
abortion. Doe v. Bolton is decided at the same time.
The U.S. Supreme Court decides that family members of females in the
armed services have the same rights to benefits as family members of
males in the armed services in Frontiero v. Richardson.
Eight more states ratify the federal Equal Rights Amendment.
1974 Mary Louise Smith becomes chair of the Republican National
Committee, the first woman to hold the post.
The first Filipina American women are elected to a state legislature,
Democrat Thelma Garcia Buchholdt to the Alaska legislature and
Republican Velma M. Santos to the Hawaii legislature.
March Fong becomes the first Asian American woman elected to a
statewide position when she is elected California’s secretary of state.
Lilai Smith becomes the first African American woman to be elected
mayor, in Taft, Oklahoma.
Elaine Brown becomes the first woman chair of the Black Panther
Party.
Elaine Noble becomes the first open lesbian elected to a state office
when she wins her race for a seat in the Massachusetts legislature.
The Women’s Campaign Fund is founded.
The Alliance of Displaced Homemakers is founded.
The Coalition of Labor Union Women is founded.
In Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, the U.S. Supreme Court
finds that some mandatory maternity leave policies violate the due
process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The U.S. Supreme Court decides the first equal pay case, Corning Glass
v. Brennan.
In Geduldig v. Aiello, the U.S. Supreme Court rejects an employed
woman’s claim that her Fourteenth Amendment rights have been
violated because California’s disability insurance program does not
cover pregnancy.
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 is extended to prohibit discrimination
on the basis of sex.
Chronology 867
The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits sex discrimination in all
consumer credit practices.
The Women’s Educational Equity Act funds the development of
nonsexist teaching materials and model programs, nondiscriminatory
career counseling, sports education, and related programs.
Three more states ratify the federal Equal Rights Amendment.
1975 Carla Hills is appointed secretary of housing and urban development
by President Gerald Ford.
Democrat Ella Grasso becomes governor of Connecticut.
Susan Brownmiller publishes Against Our Will, a book that contributes
to changes in rape legislation.
The Eagle Forum is founded.
MANA, a National Latina Organization, is founded.
The National Commission on the Observance of International
Women’s Year is established.
In Taylor v. Louisiana, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that Louisiana’s
exemptions from jury service violate the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments.
In Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that
denying Social Security benefits to a widower and the children of a
deceased worker that would have been available to a widow and the
children of a deceased worker violates the due process clause.
California passes the nation’s first Displaced Homemaker Act.
One more state ratifies the federal Equal Rights Amendment.
1976 Representative Barbara Jordan (D-TX) becomes the first woman and
first African American to deliver a keynote speech at a Democratic
National Convention.
Representative Corinne Claiborne (Lindy) Boggs (D-LA) becomes the
first woman chair of a Democratic National Convention.
ERAmerica is founded to serve as a national bipartisan political
organization to coordinate ratification of the federal Equal Rights
Amendment.
In Craig v. Boren, the U.S. Supreme Court finds unconstitutional
Oklahoma’s law establishing different ages for men and women to
legally purchase beer.
In Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth, the U.S. Supreme
Court rejects parts and accepts parts of a Missouri abortion law.
The U.S. Supreme Court decides in Bellotti v. Baird that in some
circumstances states may require a minor woman to obtain parental
consent before having an abortion.
868 Chronology
1974
cont.