Zuo-Guang. Ye Advanced Dielectric Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials: Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications
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Index1050
spectroscopic ellipsometry 983–4,
985
preparation 973–80
laser MBE system 973–4
reactive MBE system 974–7, 978,
980
sputtering system 977–80, 994–5
perovskite structure 304–32
anisotropy of a free energy and
piezoelectric enhancement
317–26
compositionally induced phase
transitions 322, 323
electric field and stress-induced
enhancement 322–6, 327
Gibbs free energy 318–19
thermally induced phase transitions
319–21
BSPT 134, 141–5, 146, 148, 149, 150,
174, 425
crystal deformation under external
fields 305–17
polarisation rotation and
monoclinic phases 305–12
polarisation rotation vs polarisation
extension 313–17
piezoelectric property enhancement by
texture formation 799–801
see also reactive templated grain
growth method
perovskite-type lead-free relaxors
containing bismuth 918–23
derived from barium titanate 897–906,
924
ferroelectric-relaxor crossover
906–12
not derived from barium titanate
906
perturbation strength 910–11
Pfizer 561
phase angle 271, 274, 282, 283
phase coexistence 767–70
phase diagrams
barium titanate crystals with
engineered domain
configuration 291, 292
BZN pyrochlores 509, 510
generic phase diagram for relaxor-PT
crystal systems 130, 132
modelling of MPB phase diagrams
421–5
PIMNT system 209
PMN-PT 103–4, 207, 415, 416
PSN-PT 175, 176, 182–4, 201, 417–20
PZN-PT 207, 415–17
PZT 413–15
relaxor compositions in ternary
systems 902–4
phase equilibrium
BZN pyrochlores 509
PMN-PT 6, 7, 8
phase field theory 382, 783
phase formation 509–11, 512, 513
phase matching (PM) 622–3, 934, 943
phase relation
BLSF 821–2
BZN pyrochlores 513–14
phase segregation 40, 44, 75–7, 81,
193–4
phase-shifted model 403
phase shifter 526
phase stability 368
MPB phases under external and
internal fields 429–32, 433, 434
phase transitions
barium titanate-derived lead-free
relaxor ceramics 897–900, 901
BZN-based pyrochlores 513–14
compositionally induced 322, 323
electric field-induced 322–6, 327
PMN-PT single crystals 333–65
energy analysis of field-induced
transitions see energy analysis
of phase transitions
multi-induced 368–73
role of bismuth in ferroelectric phase
transition of BiT 1009–11, 1112
stress-induced 322–6, 327
thermally induced 319–21
phase velocities 244, 245
phased-array radar 558
phased-array transducers 115–16,
117–21
phonon-polariton (P-P) Raman scattering
953
photonic arrays 562
photorefractive effect 941–2
piezoelectric anisotropy factor 314–16
WPNL2204
Index 1051
piezoelectric coefficients 245, 246–8,
769–70
barium titanate crystals with
engineered domain
configurations 271, 272, 273,
274, 275–7
domain size dependence 282–3,
284, 285
non-180° domain wall regime
287–90
uniaxial stress field 297–8, 299
bismuth-based perovskite single
crystals 143–5
orientation effect 260, 261
PIMNT ceramics 209–10, 213
Bridgman-grown 225, 226
flux-grown 215
PMN-PT single crystals 77–9, 80,
110, 130–1, 133, 252, 253,
254–6, 258, 259
Bridgman-grown 16, 17, 20, 21
covariation with dielectric constant
22–3
dc bias 86, 87
flux-grown 59, 60
measured vs calculated 21–2
small increase in 23–4
pMUT 743–4
PSN-PT 184, 186
PYNT single crystal 139–41, 142
PZN-PT single crystals 59, 60, 110,
248–54, 257
SSCG single crystals 165, 167, 168, 170
thick films 731, 732
piezoelectric loss 479, 480–3
piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic
transducer (pMUT) 733–53
microfabrication 737–42
buffer layer of bottom electrode
738–9
etching of PZT thick film 740–2
polyimide layer 739–40, 741
performances 742–51
directivity of 2D pMUT array
747–9
electromechanical coupling
coefficient 749, 750
equivalent circuit parameters
749–50, 751
output sound pressure level
745–7
piezoelectric response and
simulated properties 742–5
size dependence of resonance
frequency 750–1, 752
structure 733–6
piezoelectric nanotubes/carbon nanowire
hybrids 551
piezoelectric resonance 484–8
equivalent circuit 486–7
losses as a function of vibration
velocity 487–8
vibration 484–6
piezoelectric thick films see thick films
piezomagnetism 551
piezomotors 87
piezoresponse force microscopy
(piezoforce microscopy) (PFM)
613–14, 629, 630
investigations of PZT single
crystalline films 707–9, 717
PIMNT (PIN–PMN–PT) system 31,
205–31
future trends 227–8
properties of ceramic 208–12, 213
single crystals 212–26
grown by Bridgman method
216–26
grown by flux method 212–15
PINT 207, 208
high Curie temperature 134, 137–8,
146, 147
platinum
crucible leakage 6–9
inclusions 56
PLZT 628
PMN (lead magnesium niobate) 333,
392–4, 909
structure 395–412
chemical order 403–8
interaction between CORs and
PNRs 408–12
polar order 395–403
temperature evolution of structure
437, 438
PMN–PT (or PMNT) (lead magnesium
niobate–lead titanate) 205–7,
208, 316
WPNL2204
Index1052
chemical inhomogeneity regions
425–9
nanopowders and MLCC 879
PEG–based sol–gel route 855–65, 878
phase diagram 103–4, 132, 134, 207,
415, 416
single crystals 3–100, 130–4, 173–4,
878
actuators 88–92
Bridgman growth see Bridgman
growth
challenges in growth of large
crystals 4
complete set material properties
252, 253, 254–5, 256, 258, 259
data useful in selection of crystals
31–5
dynamic performance 83–7
effective symmetry 237–41
electric field-induced domain
structures and phase transitions
333–65
field-dependent domain structures
349–57
field poling effect on optical
properties 357–9
flux growth see flux growth
future trends 30–1, 62–4, 97–8
growth 102–5, 135
high PT content 47–52, 53
imperfections 13–15
innovative zone-melting growth
81–3
modification by doping 134, 135–6,
150
multi-field-induced phase
transitions 371–3, 378, 379,
380
optimisation of cut directions
25–30
poled along (001) 252, 253, 254–5
poled along (111) 258, 259
properties of flux-grown crytals
57–62
properties of SSCG-grown crystals
166–7
property characterisation 15–25,
105–7, 108, 109, 110, 111
SSCG 161–2, 163, 164, 170
thermal stability 341–9
transducers 92–7
tungstic oxide doped 348–9
size effects 447–71
0.65PMN–0.35PT 461–6
0.8PMN–0.2PT 453–61, 462
future trends 466–7
nature of 450–1
processing of submicrometre and
nanostructured PMN-PT
ceramics 452–3, 454, 455, 456
PMN–PZT SSCG 161–2, 170
dielectric and piezoelectric properties
167–70
PNC 827
resistivity 829–30, 831
point defects 704–5
Poisson ratio 777
polar nano-regions (PNRs) 334–5, 393–4,
401–3, 436, 437, 438, 450
interaction with CORs 408–12
polar order 395–403, 464
see also polar nano-regions
polarisation–electric field hysteresis loops
477
BiT and BLT 1025–6
field-dependent domain structures of
PMN–PT crystals 350–1, 352–3
grain orientation and electrical
properties of BLSF 833–6
high-power piezoelectric ceramics
496–7
PMN–PT 460, 461
PEG-based sol-gel route to 860–2
size effects 464
PMN–PZT SSCG 168, 169
PSN crystals 196–7
PSN–PT 184, 185, 196–7
PYNT crystals 138–9
PZT single crystalline films 716
SBT from soft chemical methods 870,
874
thick films 731, 732
tungstic oxide–doped PMN–PT
crystals 348, 349
polarisation extension 313–17
polarisation reversal (switching)
BiT–based devices 1029–30
dipoles in BTO thin films 587–90
WPNL2204
Index 1053
domain structure evolution during
624–6
ferroelectric nanostructures 544–5
free energy piezoelectric enhancement
322–6, 327
misfit dislocations and in nano-islands
614–16
PZT single crystalline films 707–9
in relaxors 657–62
hysteresis loops 658–60
switching by rectangular pulses
660–1
visualisation of nano-domain
structure 662
polarisation reversal/reorientation model
483–4
polarisation rotation 305–17
and monoclinic phases 305–12, 412–20
vs polarisation extension 313–17
in thin films 432, 434, 770–1
polarisation rotation angle 307–8, 313–14
polarisation–stress hysteresis curves 477
polarising microscopy 630–1
perovskite structure crystals 336–41
polariton excitation 957, 958
polydomains 699
polyethylene glycol (PEG)
co-precipitation method for SBT 866,
867
sol-gel method for PMN–PT 855–65
polyimide 739–40, 741
polymeric ferroelectrics 562
polymeric precursor method 856–7
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 562
potassium niobate 274–5, 277, 300–1,
884–95
future trends 894
nanoparticles 885–9, 890, 891
thin film 889–94
predetermined nucleation 636–7
pressure, external 431
property characterisation methods 237–48
see also full-set material properties
property matrices 64
proton exchange 938
pseudo-cubic morphology 188, 190–1
PSMNT 137
single crystals grown by Bridgman
method 216–26
PSN 174, 201, 909
crystal growth 185–91
growth mechanism 188–91
properties of single crystals 191–200
calorimetric analysis 196
dielectric properties 191–2
domain structure 198–200
ferroelectricity 196–7
piezoelectricity 198
structure 395–412
chemical order 403–8
interaction between CORs and
PNRs 408–12
polar order 395–403
temperature evolution of structure
437, 438
PSN–PT (PSNT) 173–204, 207–8,
417–20
chemical inhomogeneity regions
425–9
crystal growth 185–91
growth mechanism in single
crystals 188–91
dielectric properties 180, 181
ferroelectric and piezoelectric
characterisations 184–5
future trends 201–2
high Curie temperature crystals 134,
137, 146, 147
phase diagram 175, 176, 182–4, 201,
417–20
properties of single crystals 191–200,
201–2
dielectric properties 192–6
domain structure 198–200
ferroelectricity 196–7
piezoelectricity 198
structural analysis and X–ray spectra
177–80
synthesis 177
thermal analysis by DSC 180–2, 183
PST 909
PSZNT 137
PT see lead titanate; PMN–PT; PSN–PT;
PZN–PT
PT/STO system 616
pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) 696–7,
705–6, 709–11
pulsed-laser interval deposition 697
WPNL2204
Index1054
pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation
652–7
PYbN-PMN-PT 31
PYNT 207
high Curie temperature crystals 134,
137, 138–41, 142, 146, 147
pyramids 604–5
pyrochlores
pyrochlore crystals in flux growth 41,
54–5
pyrochlore phase 177, 188
BZN-based see BZN-based pyrochlore
ceramics
crystal structure 504, 505
pyroelectric coefficient 841–3, 914–15,
916
PZBT 821
PZN–PT (or PZNT) (lead zinc
niobate–lead titanate) 3, 73,
130, 173–4, 205–7
effective symmetry 237–41
engineered domain configuration
267–8
flux growth 38–72, 74
common problems 52–7
future trends 62–4
low PT content 44–7
properties 57–60
properties compared with reported
property values 60–1
growth 102–4, 135
multi-domain crystals
poled along (001) 248–54
poled along (011) 256, 257
multi-field-induced phase transitions
370–1
phase diagram 207, 415–17
PZT (lead zirconate titanate) 168, 205,
543, 865
high-power piezoelectric ceramics
491–8
origin 495–7
semi-hard PZT-based ceramics
497–8, 499
very hard PZT-based ceramics
491–5
nanodots and nanowires 591–7
nano-islands see nano-islands
phase diagram 413–15
piezoelectricity and phase coexistence
767–9
single crystalline films see single
crystalline PZT films
single crystals vs conventional PZT
ceramics for medical ultrasound
imaging 107–12, 113
texture development in BNKT–PZT
solid solutions 812, 813
thin films 878
domain evolution under electric
field 581–6
domains 573–7, 579–80
PZT xerogel 725–6
quartz 145
quasicrystal systems 421
quasi-periodic DLSs (QPDSLs) 942,
945–52
construction 946
direct THG 951-2
effective nonlinear optical coefficients
950
QPM multi wavelength SHG 951
theoretical treatment of nonlinear
optical processes in 946–50
quasi-phase matching (QPM) 934, 943,
944–53, 960–1
quasi-regular domain rays 652–7
r-phase 780
radiofrequency (RF) applications of
BZN-based polychlores 525–31
radiofrequency (RF)-magnetron
sputtering 977–80, 994–5
Raman scattering, P–P 953
Raman spectroscopy 426–8
lead-free relaxors derived from
barium titanate 905–6
random bond–random field model 412
random field models 394, 411–12
rare-earth (RE)-substituted BiT 1006–32
defect structure 1016–18
domain structure 1021–3
effects of rare earth substitution on
electronic band structure and
chemical bonding 1027–8
leakage current 1024–5
polarisation properties 1025–6
WPNL2204
Index 1055
reactive MBE system 974–7, 978, 980
reactive templated grain growth (RTGG)
method 799–817
application to solid solutions 811–13
factors determining texture
development 809–11, 812
future trends 813–14
selection of reactive templates 807–9
rectangular pulses, switching by 660–1
reflection effect 654, 655, 656–7
reflection high-energy electric diffraction
(RHEED) 973–4, 975, 977, 978
refractive index
effect of field poling 358–9
perovskite artificial superlattices 984–7
refractive index modulation (RIM) 943
registration 546–7
nano-islands 609–10
relaxor compounds 391–446, 628–9,
896–7
energy analysis of field-induced phase
transitions in single crystals
366–88
future trends 432–40
historical context 392–5
lead-free see lead-free relaxors
polarisation reversal and nano- and
micro-domain engineering
657–62
structure of archetypal relaxors PMN
and PSN 395–12
chemical order 403–8
interaction between CORs and
PNRs 408–12
polar order 395–403
temperature evolution of structure
435–8, 439, 440
relaxor–PT materials 130–4, 167, 168,
205, 206
growth 135
with high Curie temperature 134,
137–41, 142, 150
piezoelectric constant and Curie
temperature 225, 226
see also under individual materials
remanent polarisation
BiT and BLT crystals 1025–6
BLSF 833–6
PMN–PT crystals 341, 342, 347
PZT single crystalline films 716
SBT from soft chemical methods
870–3, 875
residual depolarisation field 635, 643
resistivity 828–33
resonance
DSLs 953–4
high-frequency resonance 954–7
losses at a piezoelectric resonance
484–8
method for complete set material
properties 242, 244
resonance frequency and pMUT
742–3
displacement and phase frequency
properties 744–5
size dependence 750–1, 752
resonator-type DSL devices 956
re-stacking of nanosheets 888–9, 890,
891
rhombohedral phase 130, 132, 773, 774
crystals for medical transducers
106–7, 108, 110
electric field and polarisation rotation
307, 309–12
Rietvald analysis 460–1, 462, 464
ring-shaped BZT crystal 162–3
rotating-analyser type spectroscopic
ellipsometer 984, 985
rotation angles 25–6
‘rotator’ ferroelectrics 313–17
compositionally induced phase
transitions 322, 323
thermally induced phase transitions
319–21
rotorcraft flap control 90–1
Ruddlesden-Popper phase 885, 886
Samsung 555
satellite crystals 41, 53–4
SBN 940–1
SBNS 914–16
SBT (strontium bismuth tantalate) 543,
821, 822
soft chemical methods 865–73, 874,
875, 878
SBTT ceramics 821, 848
Curie temperature 828, 829
piezoelectric properties 839–41
WPNL2204
Index1056
remanent polarisation 836
resistivity 832–3
scandium cations 400
screening 634–5, 761–2
screening coefficient 572–3, 574, 575,
585
screening effectiveness 636, 640
second harmonic generation (SHG) 933,
943
QPDSLs 950, 951–2
QPM multi wavelength SHG 951
seeded polycrystal conversion (SPC) 849
selective chemical etching 629–30
self-assembled nanoscale domain
structures
nano- and micro-domain engineering
663–4
self-consistency of full-set data 236,
242–4
self-patterning 549–51, 562, 600–1,
784–5
semi-hard PZT-based ceramics 497–8,
499
shape, crystal 162–3, 164
shear stresses 312
Shchukin-Williams theory 604–5
side-wall nucleation 41, 54
sideways domain growth (spreading) 624,
625, 626, 633
silica 960–1
single crystalline PZT films 695–723
comparison of properties of films with
and without structural defects
714–17, 718
pulsed-laser deposition 696–7
with extended structural defects
697–709
PFM investigations 707–9
TEM and HRTEM analyses
699–707
without extended structural defects
709–14, 715
single domain-multi-domain correlation
of properties 256–60, 261, 262
sintered compacts 802–3, 804, 805, 806,
807
sintering, non-conventional 679–83
size effects
ferroelectric thin films 757–64
dielectric size effect 762–4
ferroelectric size effect 757–62
in ferroelectrics 448–50
grain size effects and macroscopic
properties of PMN–PT 447–71
future trends 466–7
0.65 PMN–0.35 PT 461–6
0.8 PMN–0.2 PT 453–61, 462
processing of submicrometre and
nanostructured PMN–PT
ceramics 452–3, 454, 455, 456
grain size reduction and MPB phase
stability 431–2, 433
skeletons 189
sodium niobate, relaxors derived from
906
soft chemical methods 852–83
co-precipitation method 852, 854–5
for ferroelectric SBT 865–73, 874,
875, 878
future trends 876–9
PEG-based sol-gel route to PMN–PT
855–65, 878
sol-gel process 852, 853–4
sol-gel route to BiT and BLT ceramics
873–6, 877
soft PZT 266, 447, 449
sol-gel process 852, 853–4
BiT 873–6, 877
BLT 875–6, 877, 878
PEG-based route to PMN–PT 855–65,
878
SBT 865, 866–73, 874, 875, 878
solid solutions
lead-free relaxor characteristics in
900–2
RTGG method 811–13
solid-state single crystal growth (SSCG)
135, 151, 158–72, 228
BZT single crystals 163–5
future trends 170
PMN-PT single crystals 166–7
PMN-PZT single crystals 167–70
process 159–63
soliton systems 960
sonar transducers 95–7
sound pressure level (SPL) 745–7
space charge 671–4
relaxation 672, 673
WPNL2204
Index 1057
spark plasma sintering (SPS) 681, 682
spectroscopic ellipsometry 983–4, 985
spherical model 360
spin coating 728–9
characterisation of spin-coated thick
films 729–33
spindle-like domains 199, 200
spontaneous backswitching (flip-back)
624, 625, 626, 640, 641, 644
spontaneous nucleation 187, 188
spontaneous polarisation 424
BiT single crystals 1008–9
perovskite structure and texture
formation 799–801
spreading (sideways domain growth) 624,
625, 626, 633
sputtering systems 977–80, 994–5
SRO 710
stack actuators 87
for deformable mirrors 88–90
stacking faults 703–4, 705
static polar nanoregions (SPNRs) 438
step generation and growth 632, 633,
636–8, 639
STO substrates 601, 605, 606, 607–8
niobium-doped 987–8
stochastic nucleation 636
stoichiometric DSLs 940–1
stoichiometric LN (SLN) 627–8
stoichiometric LT (SLT) 627–8
stoichiometric melt 4–6
see also Bridgman growth
stored energy 477–8
strain
compressive see compressive strain
effects on ferroelectric thin films
776–83
fully strained films 779–81
lead titanate under tensile strain
781–2
strain relaxation and domain
formation 783
piezoelectric property enhancement
and texture 800–1
PMN–PT solid solution and grain size
465–6
remnant strain 380–1
tensile see tensile strain
unipolar 85–7
strain-electric field relation 184, 185,
198, 465–6, 477
strain gradients 765–6
stress-strain curve 477
stresses
BTO/STO superlattices 995–6
energy analysis of field-induced phase
transitions 366–88
inducement of piezoelectric property
enhancement 322–6, 327
polarisation rotation 312
uniaxial stress field 294–8, 299, 300
stripe domains
BTO ultra-thin films 577–80
evolution under electric field
586–90
fully strained films 781
under tensile strain 781–2
nanodots and nanowires 595–7
PZT ultra-thin films 574–7
evolution under electric field 581–6
single crystal films of barium titanate
759–60
strontium acetate 866, 868
strontium bismuth tantalate see SBT
strontium-potassium niobate oxide
system 914
strontium titanate (STO)
BTO/STO artificial superlattices see
BTO/STO artificial
superlattices
SZO/STO artificial superlattices see
SZO/STO artificial superlattices
structural distortion 1008–9
sum frequency generation (SFG) 933,
951–2
superdomes 604–5
superlattices 559, 764, 765, 934, 971
dielectric see dielectric superlattices
perovskite see perovskite artificial
superlattices
surface structure 757, 758
switching see polarisation reversal
symmetry
and ferroelectric thin films 756, 767–76
low-symmetry ferroelectric phases
771–6
piezoelectricity and phase
coexistence 767–70
WPNL2204
Index1058
polarisation rotation 770–1
multi-domain single crystal systems
236, 237–41
novel crystal symmetries in fully
strained films 779–81
SZO/STO artificial superlattices 972–3,
976–7, 1001
dielectric properties 998–1000
lattice distortions 980–3
optical constants 984–7
tantalum–niobium substitution 917
temperature
crystallisation temperature 604–5
Curie temperature see Curie
temperature
dependence of dielectric permittivity
of BTO/STO superlattices
997–8
domain size dependence in barium
titanate crystals with engineered
domain configurations 278–80
evolution of structure of relaxors
435–8, 439, 440
morphotropic phase transition
temperature see morphotropic
phase transition temperature
thermally induced phase transitions
319–21
temperature usage range 145, 147
templated crystal growth (TCG) 228
templated grain growth (TGG) 802–3,
849
see also reactive templated grain
growth (RTGG) method
tensile strain
domains in nanodots and nanowires
593, 594–5
domains in PZT ultra-thin films 574,
575, 576
lead titanate thin films under 781–2
tensile stresses 312
Tera-bit/in
2
PZT nano-array on platinum
nanowires 545–7, 561
ternary systems, relaxor compositions in
902–4, 905, 906
tetragonal bronze (TTB) lead-free
relaxors 912–17, 924
ceramics containing bismuth 923–4
tetragonal phase 106, 130, 132
domain patterns 106, 109
electric field and polarisation rotation
307, 308–9
PSN–PT 178, 180, 183, 184
texture
enhancement of piezoelectric
properties by texture formation
799–801
see also reactive templated grain
growth method
thermal loading 373–82
thermal stability 341–9
thermally induced phase transitions
319–21
thermogravimetric (TG) analysis 863–4
thick films 724–55
characterisation 729–33
ferroelectric and piezoelectric
properties 731–2
leakage current density and
dielectric properties 733
microstructure 729–31
composite coating process 724, 725–9
future trends 753
pMUT 733–53
microfabrication 737–42
performances 742–51, 752
thin films
BZN and dielectric tunability 521–5
fabrication of potassium niobate thin
film 889–94
ferroelectric nanostructures 545–6,
561
domains in see domains
ferroelectric thin films 756–95
future trends 783–5
gradients 764–7
heterogeneous 764–7
size effects 757–64
symmetry and ferroelectric
properties 767–76
strain effects 776–83
polarisation rotation 432, 434, 770–1
single crystalline PZT films see single
crystalline PZT films
soft chemical methods 877–8
third harmonic generation (THG) 933
QPDSLs 950, 951–2
WPNL2204
Index 1059
threading dislocations 695, 697–8, 700–7
three-dimensional nanoferroelectrics 784
three-ray stars 654, 655
titanium 75–7, 82–3
cations 400
chemical diffusion and DSLs 938–9
substitution and MPB systems
412–29
titanium isopropoxide 725
titanium oxide 738–9
titanium-oxygen bond oscillations
910–11
tolerance factor 135–6
tonpilz transducers 95–6
top-seeded solution growth 39
toroidal domains 553–4
total energy 572
towed sonary arrays 96, 97
transducer-type DSL devices 956
transducers 92–7
medical see medical ultrasonic
transducers
pMUT see piezoelectric
micromachined ultrasonic
transducer
sonar 95–7
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
611–12
single crystalline films with defects
699–707
single crystalline films without defects
711, 713, 714
transparency 77
transverse acoustic (TA) phonon mode
403
transverse optic (TO) phonon mode 403
1,1,1–tris(hydroxy)methylethane
(THOME) 857–65
tunability
dielectric tunability in BZN thin films
521–5, 532
tunable microwave devices 526–7,
681–3
tungstic oxide doped PMN–PT crystals
348–9
tunnelling 543
twin wall nano-islands 616–18
twinned nanodomains 421
two-dimensional DSLs 943, 952–3
two-dimensional electromagnetic
bandgap structures (2D EBGs)
530–1
two-mode behaviour 428–9
ultrasonic pulse-echo method 244
ultrasonic transducers see medical
ultrasonic transducers
ultra-thin films
domains in 573–91
barium titanate 577–80, 586–91
domain evolution 580–91
PZT 573–7, 579–80, 581–6
microstructural instability 601
see also nano-islands; thin films
ultra-thin single crystals 559–61
uniaxial stress field 294–8, 299, 300
uniform slurry 726–7
uniformity
PMN–PT crystals 107, 111
single crystal transducers 114–15
unipolar strain 85–7
unmanned solar systems 96, 97
vacancy formation
energy 1015–17
mechanism 1018–20
vibration 484–8
vibration velocity
high-power piezoelectric ceramics
491–5
losses as a function of 487–8
pMUT frequency response 743
Vogel-Fulcher (VF) relationship 455,
458, 460, 896, 908, 909
voltage tunable devices 526–7
volume fraction of distorted domain wall
region 286–8
volumic ratio of ordered regions 406
vortex dipole structures 591, 593, 595
vortex domains 553–4
waterfall effect 403
wave vector conservation 942–3
wavelength-division-multiplexing
(WDM) 960
wedge-type domains 464, 465
wet etching 741–2
work 374
WPNL2204