Sioshansi F.P. Smart Grid: Integrating Renewable, Distributed & Efficient Energy
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IBM is an early pioneer, launching their smart grid efforts
more than a decade ago. Their global “Intelligent Utility
Network” of several large utilities around the world has set
the pace in many ways for the industry on various key issues.
Their leadership has been obvious in many industry
organizations and events around the world.
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IBM's Smarter
Cities Challenge, launched in late 2010, is indicative of their
leadership on smart grid and related issues globally.
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This book includes contributions from IBM.
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See www.smartcititeschallenge.org.
In the past year, Commonwealth Edison launched a group of
five smart grid pilot projects that will incorporate 10 Chicago
communities. The projects included in the ComEd Smart Grid
Innovation Corridor are intended to evaluate the smart grid
technologies and implementation approaches for residential
solar power, ComEd's first intelligent substation, distribution
automation, EV charging stations, and dynamic voltage
regulation. The project is designed to build on the information
gathered from smart meters installed in 130,000 homes in the
area.
The GridWise Alliance (www.gridwise.org) has emerged as
the industry's leader on advocating for a smart grid. A broad
coalition of more than 150 companies, it represents the
interests of utilities, vendors, and other key stakeholders. It
has been a key driver for new legislation and new initiatives
in the United States and has spawned sister organizations in
several other countries that similarly drive change in the
power industry in their own countries.
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Since June 2010, the National Science and Technology
Council under the Executive Office of the President of the
United States has engaged various federal agencies in
developing policies and guidelines for accelerating smart grid
development in the United States. During this process they
engaged more than 100 different companies and organizations
to provide expert input and released a report on their findings
in mid-2011. Other federal organizations such as the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission, the Department of Energy,
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, have
active programs addressing various aspects of smart grid
development.
While some argue that the roots of the present smart grid
efforts can be traced back to various pilot-scale projects in the
late 1980s, there is no doubt that whether measured by the
number of digital meters deployed, by government and
industry expenditures, or simply by the number of
conferences and papers on the topic, we are now witnessing
an explosion of activity. These efforts and many more like
them around the world build on one another through complex
interactions and exchanges of information, forming a new
global smart grid industry. This new industry is still
maturing—learning from its successes and from its
mistakes—and collectively building a path to a smarter grid.
In the United States alone several hundred projects have been
started in recent years, due in large part to the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which authorized
the expenditure of $4.5 billion matched by an additional $5.5
billion from the project participants. Most of the 50 states
have active projects somewhere in the state, and certain states
like Texas, California, New York, and Vermont have
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comprehensive state-wide efforts underway. The latest details
of the Recovery Act funded projects can be found at
www.smartgrid.gov.
Likewise, major smart grid projects are now underway in
Australia, Ireland, India, China, Korea, Japan, Canada,
Britain, France, Italy, Spain, and numerous other countries. In
2010 several of these countries formed a new organization
called the Global Smart Grid Federation
(www.globalsmartgridfederation.org) with the purpose of
sharing best practices and advocating for policies that
encourage smart grid development around the world. This
group encourages public agencies and private companies to
collaborate on issues that are critical to rapid smart grid
development. A recent report by the World Economic Forum
titled “Accelerating Successful Smart Grid Pilots”[47]
summarizes the key drivers and issues from interviews with
smart grid pilot projects underway around the world. This
report discusses the commonalities and differences of the
projects in various countries.
The Electric Power Research Institute released a report in
early 2011 that provides a broad assessment of the costs and
benefits of deploying a smart grid [23]. The report titled
“Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid—A
Preliminary Estimate of the Investment Requirements for a
Fully Functioning Smart Grid” factors in a wide range of new
technologies, applications, and consumer benefits. The
analysis shows that the investment needed to implement a
fully functional smart grid in the United States ranges from
$338 billion to $476 billion and can result in benefits between
$1.3 trillion and $2 trillion. A few excerpts from the EPRI
study including the estimated costs and benefits are included
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in the Introduction. While many assumptions went into
EPRI's assessment, it suggests that the projected benefits to
consumers far outweigh the costs.
Formal international agreements have also been recently
negotiated. Growing out of the Major Economies Forum and
the UN Climate Change Conference, smart grid was adopted
in 2009 as a major new thrust for technology partnership. As
a result, at the first Clean Energy Ministerial held in
Washington, DC, in July 2010, the United States announced
the launch of the International Smart Grid Action Network
(ISGAN). ISGAN is an international partnership that was
created to be a mechanism for multilateral,
government-to-government collaboration to advance the
development and deployment of smarter electric grid
technologies, practices, and systems. ISGAN activities are
focused on those aspects of the smart grid where governments
have regulatory authority, expertise, convening power, or
other leverage, with a focus on six principal areas: policy;
standards and regulation; finance and business models;
technology and systems development; user and consumer
engagement; and workforce skills and knowledge. In April
2011, ISGAN was formally established with 19 countries and
the European Commission as participants, as an
Implementing Agreement under the International Energy
Agency's Framework for International Technology
Cooperation.
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IEA recently published a smart grid roadmap that captures, at a high
level, the purported benefits of the smart grid in meeting future climate
change targets.
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Conclusions
Plans, strategies, and policy frameworks are gradually
emerging around the globe. Cities, states, utilities, countries,
and regions are all developing a vision and a path toward a
twenty-first-century grid—a smart grid. Thoughtful
leadership by some organizations and companies is resulting
in common themes and even an informal consensus beginning
to emerge in obvious and not so obvious ways. Add to this the
rapidly growing practical experience of designing and
operating various smart grid systems, and the result is not just
new ideas, concepts, and impacts, but also new challenges
that fuel research, analysis, and even new paradigms.
While these myriad efforts can sometimes seem unfocused,
unstructured, slow, and less productive than desired, changes
are already occurring. Consumers are beginning to understand
and make small but important decisions to manage their
energy use differently, based on timely and accurate
information. Eventually consumers will embrace these
changes the way they have in other markets, and they will
demand solutions that go far beyond today's. Utilities are
sensing the paradigm shift, and many are responding with
their own plans. Some are embracing the pressure for better
information. Some are embracing the pressure to engage
consumers. Some are even thinking ahead toward better
systems, models, operations—changes that may radically
change their business over time.
Change is hard for any organization and even more so for an
industry. While innovative technologies will motivate change,
rules, regulations, contracts, models, systems and standards
are more difficult and more complicated, often involving
stakeholders with opposing goals and intent. The changes
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we've seen to date have been largely motivated by engineers
and technologists with others acting primarily as observers.
True change will require full participation from economists,
regulators, lawyers, policy experts, financial experts, and
many others.
While predicting the landscape of the power industry in 2020
and beyond is a challenge, the changes will be more radical,
intense, and impactful than most can imagine. Technologies,
systems, and institutions alike will change. Those that lead
these changes will be those that determine the future of the
industry.
While this volume does not pretend to be a comprehensive
treatment of all the global efforts in smart grid progress, the
authors and editors believe it to be indicative of the both the
breadth and depth of these efforts. The goal is to inform
readers, catalyze new thinking, and challenge old paradigms.
With the fast-moving pace of the changes taking place across
the industry, better information and better concepts will
quickly emerge to build on those we present here. However,
the contributions contained herein guide the progress taking
shape and will play a significant role in accelerating this
progress.
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