Sioshansi F.P. Smart Grid: Integrating Renewable, Distributed & Efficient Energy
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TK3105.S53 2011
621.319–dc23 2011027601
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Foreword
The present electric power delivery infrastructure was not
designed to meet the needs of a restructured electricity
marketplace, the increasing demands of a digital society, or
the increased use of renewable power production. In addition,
investments in expansion and maintenance are constantly
being challenged, and the existing infrastructure has become
vulnerable to various security threats. Today's power system
is largely comprised of large central-station generation
connected by a high voltage network of grid to local electric
distribution systems, which, in turn, serve homes, business,
and industry. In today's power system, electricity flows
predominantly in one direction using mechanical controls.
The smart grid still depends on the support of large
central-station generation, but it includes a substantial number
of installations of electric energy storage and of renewable
energy generation facilities, both at the bulk power system
level and distributed throughout. In addition, the smart grid
has greatly enhanced sensory and control capability
configured to accommodate these distributed resources as
well as electric vehicles, direct consumer participation in
energy management, and efficient communicating appliances.
This smart grid is hardened against cyber security while
assuring long-term operations of an extremely complex
system of millions of nodes.
As a result, there is now a national and international
imperative to modernize and enhance the power delivery
system. The smart grid is envisioned to provide the
enhancements to ensure high levels of security, quality,
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reliability, and availability (SQRA) of electric power; to
improve economic productivity and quality of life; and to
minimize environmental impact while maximizing safety and
sustainability. The smart grid will be characterized by
pervasively collaborative distributed intelligence, including
flexible wide band gap communication, dynamic sharing of
all intelligent electronic devices, and distributed command
and control.
As further described in this volume, achieving this vision will
require careful policy formulation, accelerated infrastructure
investment, and greater commitment to public/private
research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) to
overcome barriers and vulnerabilities.
Clark W. Gellings
Fellow
Electric Power Research Institute
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Preface
In his seminal book The Third Wave published in 1980,
Alvin Toffler talked about the coming information
revolution. What is remarkable about his book is that he
predicted many of the things that have happened since, even
before there was the Internet as we know it.
The information age that he predicted is, of course, upon us. It
has transformed many industries in ways that few could have
imagined in 1980. Incidentally, if you searched for the term
smart grid—there was no Google back in 1980—you would
probably not have come up with very many hits. Smart grid
was not a household word yet.
Consider a few examples of the pervasive impact of the
information age, which we take for granted today.
• The plastic credit card in your wallet—With few
exceptions, you can use it virtually anywhere around the
globe—and at the end of the month it will tell you what
you bought, when, where, for how much, in what
currency—which it will convert to your local currency for
a small fee.
• Your mobile phone—Based on rich levels of data on
individual consumers and an analysis of their usage
patterns, your local service provider can now deliver
customized programs and offerings to customer segments
down to an individual level. In turn, you as a consumer
now have tremendous flexibility in reviewing your usage,
adjusting plans, and adding services almost on demand.
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• The express package you ship or the item you order
online—You can track the package from the beginning to
the end of its journey.
• Purchasing your airline tickets—airlines today are able to
adjust pricing structures, almost in real time, in response to
supply and demand and a number of other variables too
numerous to mention. As travelers we are able to check in
online or get an alert on our mobile phone if a flight is
delayed, even before the gate agent knows.
From finance to delivery services to a vast range of products,
nearly every industry around the globe has been transformed
and revolutionized by information technology. The electric
power sector—not to offend anyone—is a laggard in fully
adopting information technology. For the most part, it still
bills customers—or ratepayers in many places—based on
monthly or quarterly volumetric consumption times a flat
rate, with a few exceptions, of course. Most consumers are
not aware of how much they are consuming or how much it is
really costing them—or the service provider.
A typical electric utility's knowledge of the state of its
distribution network is minimal. In many places, customers
call to report that the lights are out, and then someone has to
be sent to the field to figure out what happened, when, and
why. In short, the industry has yet to embrace the information
age.
The smart grid, a catch-all term, promises to change this.
Taken as a whole, it has the potential to usher the electricity
sector into the information age. As the chapters of this book
explain, the smart grid, along with smart meters, smart
devices, and smart prices, can catapult the electric power
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industry into a new era, allowing the service providers to
deliver new and improved services at lower costs and with
higher levels of reliability. These benefits can be had while
reducing the sector's considerable emissions of greenhouse
gases by increasing the penetration of renewable energy
resources and distributed and on-site generation. The list of
what can be done is endless, limited only by our imagination.
While the smart grid's great potentials are exciting, its
challenges are equally daunting. Capturing its many purported
benefits will not be easy or necessarily cheap. But as other
industries have made the transition to the information age, the
electric power sector too must embrace the concept and bring
its full potential benefits to customers and society at large.
This book, with contributions from a number of experts,
practitioners, and scholars, describes the advantages of the
smart grid while addressing the obstacles to its achievement.
Guido Bartels
General Manager, Energy & Utilities, IBM
Chairman, Global Smart Grid Federation
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Author Bios
Jérôme Adnot is a Full Professor in charge of the Demand
Side Management research team of the Center of Energy and
Processes of Mines-ParisTech. He also leads several master's
degree programs at the school including the program on
Mobility and Electric Vehicles.
Since 1991 he has focused on Demand Side Management
working on the evaluation of new energy technologies. He is
the co-author of numerous reports on the subject, for example
for the European Commission and for the French
environmental agency, ADEME. He has authored more than
100 scientific papers on these topics and is a member of the
editorial board of the Energy Efficiency Journal.
Professor Adnot graduated in mechanical engineering from
the Ecole des Mines de Nancy and holds PhDs from
Mines-ParisTech and Université Paris VI.
Graeme Ancell is Planning and Development Manager at
Transpower New Zealand Limited. He is involved in the
long-term development of the transmission grid in New
Zealand. He has worked in both grid development and system
operations divisions in Transpower.
Dr. Ancell has interests in the integration of large-scale wind
generation in island power systems, power system economics,
and smart grids.
Dr. Ancell received his BE (Honors) and PhD degrees from
the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He received a
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