Sioshansi F.P. Smart Grid: Integrating Renewable, Distributed & Efficient Energy
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RES-E (technology network) 334, 337
wind power in 49
Exception management 276
F
False outage alarms 267
False zero values 269
Faraday, Michael 32
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 14, 46,
65, 226–227, 237
Feedback mechanisms 402, 407
Feedback program savings 357
Flat rate pricing 71–73
Flat Users 71, 72
Forecasting, advanced 145–147, 146
Fossil fuel use 44
Frameworks for engagement
commercial 55
policy and governance 55–56
technical 53–55
France
buy and sell offers in 494
electric vehicles and 481, 482, 483, 484
electric vehicles price impacts
on average prices 494–496, 495
on day-ahead prices 485–486, 490
scenarios 491–492
energy mix in 480, 480
EVs battery recharging 495–496
market approach in 487
market curtailment in 493, 494
simulated electricity sales curve 489
simulated price scenarios 491–492
951
wind power, price reduction from 485
Frequency controls 134–135, 136, 239
G
General Electric (GE) 22, 34, 411–412
Generators, renewable 162
Germany
electricity bill composition in 323
intra-day prices 333
locational distribution pricing in 327–336
network investment locational pricing 320–?327
photovoltaic development in 329
renewable energy in 327–330
Global and Local Learning Model (GALLM) 165,
166–168, 170, 174
Global Smart Grid Federation 24
Global technology mix 172–173, 175
“Going to Bed” app. 391–392
Google 21–22
Governance and policy frameworks 55–56
Government
building construction and 37
energy storage efforts 123–124
technological innovation support 25 see
also Regulation
Great Britain 70
Great Lakes Wind Collaborative 18
Greenhouse gas emissions, global 171
Greenhouse gas reductions 210
GridWiseAlliance 23
Gross domestic product, global energy consumption and 3,
4
952
H
Hedging cost premiums 74, 78–82
Hepburn Wind Project (Victoria, Australia) 49
Hicks-Kaldor solution 74
Hirst, Eric 70
Home automation
consumer backlash and 374–375
controllers for 386
demand response and 373
scenarios for 377
selling consumers on 379
Housework 35
Hydropower 250
I
IBM 21, 23
Illinois 353, 415–417
In home energy display devices 402–404
Information technology (IT)
business silos and 271
implementing systems 261
relationships data model 274
Innovation see Technological innovation
Integrative approach, retail markets 52
Intermittent energy
diurnal 111
managing 110–111, 164, 176–177
microgrids and 200
wind and solar 145
International Smart Grid Action Network (ISGAN) 25
Interruptible tariffs 222, 224, 230
Inverters 200
953
IPads 372, 381, 392
Islanding 201
J
Japan 20, 43
Journal of the Society of Telegraph-Engineers and
Electricians 33
K
Kirby, Brendan 217
L
Last gasp messages 266
Law of Accelerating Returns 6
Lead-acid technology storage 118
Lighting 32
Load control 223–225
Load following
demand response and 247
regulation and 136, 137, 241
requirements 142–143
service in CAISO 240
wind ramping and 218, 218
Load impacts
average event hour CPP and 299–305, 306
concentrations of CPP 308–309
by utility 299–306, 310
Locational network pricing see Network investment
Low-income consumers 75–76, 96–97
M
Maine 375
Maintaining system balance 136
954
Market curtailment 493, 494
Market-driven reliability 20
Market fixing 496, 496
Markets
adjustments needed in 158
ancillary 444–448
retail 51–53
Maryland 351
Massachusetts 361
Meter data management (MDM) 260, 281
Meter resets 269
Microgrids
applications of 195–198, 203–204
benefits of 192
challenges for adoption of 194–203
characteristics 189
commercial 191
concept of 188–191
definitions of 186, 188
energy management for 202
integrating renewables into 199–201
key features of 191–192
modeling 201–202
size of existing 204
traditional grids and 187
world installations of 195–198
Milligan, Michael 218–219
Mis-programmed devices 268–269
Modeling
framework for 165–168
microgrid 201–202
results of 172–179
955
scenario definition for 169–171
for smart grid analysis in U.S. 164
Moore's Law 6
More Work for Mother (Cowan) 35
Movie houses 37
N
National Electricity market (NEM), Australia 51–52
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 18
National security 21
Natural ventilation 36
Net metering 283–284
Network investment
in Germany 322, 327–336
international 324–327
potential for 330–336
rationale for 327
renewable energy and 327–330
Networks
congestion in 318
smart grids savings by 319
traditional generation 161, 162, 186–187, 238
New England ISO 313
New York Independent System Operator
(NYISO) 247–248
New York state 63
New Zealand
dynamic demand control use in 471–475, 473–474
frequency fluctuations 469–470
power system 455–456
wind and EVs integration costs 461, 462–464,
465–467
wind generation integration 457–458, 458–459, 460
956
Nodal pricing 322, 456
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 18
Nuclear generation 482–483
O
Open Cycle Gas Turbines 42
Operational efficiency 11–12
Organizations, trust in 49, 50
Outages 219, 266–267, 475
P
Pareto solutions 74, 214–215
Peak demand 14, 251, 254, 494, 495
Peak time rebates 77
Peaky Users 71, 72
Pearl Street report on energy storage 18
PG&E's Monitoring-Based Commissioning (MBCx)
program 363–364
Phasors see Synchrophasors
Phones see Smart phones
Pilot programs 361–366, 403
PJM energy markets
demand response in 215, 440, 447, 449
activity 440–441
administration of 448–449, 449
in ancillary markets 444–448, 447
current issues in 449–452
emergency participation 442–443
participation in 425–426, 433–448
reliability of 431–433
revenues 424, 443
RPM capacity credit market 427, 428–430,
430–431
957
settlements in 438–439
demand response options 437
load weighted average LMP 441
statistics on 424
Policy and governance frameworks 55–56
Power sector vendors 22
PowerCentsDC program 362–363, 385–386
Prices
day-ahead 486, 490
to devices model 407
incentives to respond to 435, 435
intra-day 333
reduction from wind power 485
spot market 79–80, 157
supply side simulation 488–489, 489
Pricing
carbon 170, 171–172
congestion 73
critical peak 254
for demand response program 251, 253–254
duration curves 245–246
nodal 322
real time use (RTP) 63, 64, 80, 154
of rooftop PV installations 109
use-of-system (UoS) charges 320–321, 324,
332–333 see also Dynamic pricing
Primary frequency control 238
Prins, G. 40
Privacy issues 381
Production capacity growth 14
PV (photovoltaic) energy 103–110 see also Solar
energy
958
R
Ramping 141, 218
Rate of return (ROR) 79
Real-time energy market 154, 436, 437
Real time pricing (RTP) 63, 64, 80, 154 see
also Dynamic pricing
Record implementation, system of 272–273
Recovery Act see American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act
Refrigerators 34, 475
Regional wind capacities 211, 212
Regulation
demand response 326
on equity issues 98
international 25
United States 23 see also Government
Regulation mechanisms, and load following 136, 137,
217, 239, 240, 247
Reliability 19–22
Renewable energy
capacity firming 113–114
cost-benefit analysis 119–122
generation by energy source 236
generation mix 107
in Germany 327–336, 328–329
growth forecast in 16, 17, 104
integration
demand response for 221–231
operational challenges of 132–143, 241–?246
variable energy resources (VERs)
and 211–213
for wind power 219–221
959
microgrids integration and 199–202
outlook 107–110
resource intermittency 110–111, 164, 176–178
savings from 179, 180, 181
solar 16–18, 104–105, 107–110
storage 113–118
U.S and world mix of 107
U.S. projected capacity 17
variability of 132, 137, 243
voltage regulation problems and 112–113 see
also Hydropower; Intermittent energy; Solar energy;
Wind power
Reserve margin requirements 15
Residential energy consumption 43
Resource intermittency see Intermittent energy
Responsive reserve deployment 249
Retail markets, current 51–53
Risk premiums 79–81
Rooftop PV installations pricing 109
S
Savings
from AMI 357
feedback program 357
from renewable technologies 179, 180, 181
from smart grids 319, 357, 358–360, 361–366
Scenarios 169–171, 226–227
Schwarzenegger, Arnold 132
Schweppe, Fred 70
Secondary frequency control 239
Security issues 382
Set it and forget it model 407
Singapore 20
960