Robson Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict (ENG)
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Parker, 15.9.1796, ADM 2/922, pp.133-4.
60 Extract of Turnbull to Nepean, 13.1.1797 enclosed in Nepean to Canning,
16.1.1797, FO 63/24; Admiralty to Jervis, 26.1.1797, ADM 2/922, p.151.
61 Admiralty to Gardner 12.1.1800; Admiralty to Gardner, 20.2.1800;
Admiralty to Bridport, 17.3.1800, Morris, Channel Fleet, pp.426-7, 432, 435-8.
See also Corbett, Campaign of Trafalgar, pp.29, 96, 100.
62 Corbett, Spencer Papers, Vol. 2, No. 48, p.367.
63 Citation in James, Naval History, Vol. 3, pp.111-112.
64 Jervis to Spencer, 3.9.1796, Corbett, Spencer Papers, Vol. 2, No. 48, p.51.
65 Corbett, ‘Napoleon and the British Navy after Trafalgar’, p.248.
66 St. Vincent to Spencer, 21.11.1797, St. Vincent to Spencer, 10.1.1798,
Corbett, Spencer Papers, Vol. 2, No. 48, pp.418-419, 431.
67 13873, Napoleon to Decrès, 12.5.1808, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée
ordre de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), Vol. 17, pp.123-125.
68 14023, Napoleon to Junot, 29.5.1808, ibid., pp.271-2.
Chapter 3: The Portuguese Crisis of 1806
1 Brougham, H., The Life and Times of Henry Lord Brougham: Written by Himself, 3
Vols., (London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1871), Vol. 1, p.325.
2 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, p.248.
3 Frere to Canning, 18.2.1807, HAR GC, 64.
4 Fitzgerald to Mulgrave, No. 7, 11.2.1806, FO 63/49.
5 Fitzgerald to Canning, 21.8.1807, HAR GC, 143.
6 Thiers, L. A., History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Under Napoleon, 12
vols, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1894, Campbell, D. F., and Stebbing, J.,
trans), Vol. 5, p.135.
7 Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1899-1930), Vol. 6, p.89; Macaulay, N., Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil
and Portugal, 1798-1834, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986), chpt 1.
8 Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808, (London: Tamesis Books, 1985), pp.213-4.
9 Cavaliero, R., The Independence of Brazil, (London: I.B. Tauris, 1993), p.3.
10 Fitzgerald to Canning, 21.8.1807, HAR GC, 143.
11 See Chrisawn, M., ‘A Military Bull in a diplomatic China shop: General Jean
Lannes’ mission to Lisbon, 1802-1804’, Napoleonic Scholarship, Vol 1, No. 2,
(1998) for Lannes’ period in Lisbon.
12 Manchester, A. K., British Preëminence in Brazil Its Rise and Decline: A Study in
European Expansion, (New York: Octagon Books, 1972), pp.57-58; see also
Cavaliero, Independence of Brazil, p.4.
13 Fitzgerald to Mulgrave, No. 1, 9.1.1806, FO 63/49 (received 24.1.1806).
14 Manchester, British Preëminence, pp.57-58.
15 Fitzgerald to Mulgrave, No. 11, 1.3.1806, Fitzgerald to Fox, No. 13,
24.3.1806, FO 63/49.
16 Warre to Strangford, 30.3.1806, enclosed in Fitzgerald to Fox, No. 15,
5.4.1806, FO 63/49. This is the elder William Warre not the younger
William who served in the British Army.
17 Fitzgerald to Fox, No. 15, 5.4.1806, FO 63/49.
18 10092, Napoleon to Lacépède, 14.4.1806, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée ordre
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
274
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275
de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter CN), Vol. 12, p.339.
19 Fitzgerald to Fox, No. 19, 22.4.1806, FO 63/49.
20 Araujo to Fitzgerald, 16.4.1806, Fitzgerald to Fox, No. 19, 22.4.1806, FO
63/49.
21 Collingwood to Fitzgerald, 26.04.1806, Collingwood, G. L. N., (ed), A Selection
from the Public and Private Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood,
(London: James Ridgway, 1829), (hereafter Collingwood Correspondence), pp.216-
218. British warships had an agreement to procure victuals and water from
Lagos Bay yet the Portuguese had recently been obstructing British ships in
order to placate the Spaniards, see Nelson to Strangford, 3.10.1805, Nicolas,
N. H., (ed), The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, 7
Vols., (London: Chatham, 1997, originally published London: Henry Colburn,
1844), Vol. 7, pp.67-69. Lagos Bay was an important source of victuals and
water for British ships transiting in and out of the Mediterranean and those
blockading the main Spanish fleet base at Cadiz.
22 Fitzgerald to Fox, No. 20, 2.5.1806, FO 63/49.
23 Fitzgerald to Fox, No. 21, 17.5.1806, FO 63/49.
24 Ibid.
25 Fitzgerald to Fox, 21.5.1806, FO 63/49.
26 Strangford to Fox, No. 1, 27.5.1806, FO 63/50.
27 Citation in Macaulay, R., They Went to Portugal, (London: Jonathan Cape,
1946), pp.360-1 and Francis, Portugal, p.249.
28 Brougham, Life and Times, Vol. 1, pp.355-62, 368-9.
29 Maurice, J. F., (ed), The Diary of Sir John Moore, 2 Vols., (London: Edward
Arnold, 1904), Vol. 2, p.198.
30 Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France,
from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, 6 Vols., (London: Thomas and William
Boone, 1828-45), Vol. 1, p.167.
31 See Macaulay, Dom Pedro, p.11.
32 Henning to Strangford, 5.6.1806, FO 63/50.
33 Strangford to Fox, No. 5, 17.6.1806, (received 6.7.1806), FO 63/50.
34 Sousa to Howick, 27.6.1806, FO 63/50.
35 Draft to Strangford, 1.7.1806, FO 63/50.
36 Marsden to Collingwood, copy to Strangford, 28.6.1806, FO 63/50.
37 Strangford to Fox, No. 5, 17.6.1806, (received 6.7.1806), FO 63/50.
38 Strangford to Fox, No. 6, 21.6.1806, (received 6.7.1806), FO 63/50.
39 Strangford to Fox, No. 7, 1.7.1806, (received 17.7.1806), FO 63/50.
40 Ibid.
41 Strangford to Fox, No. 8, 19.7.1806, (received 1.8.1806), FO 63/50.
42 Ibid., which encloses copies of the testimonials.
43 Strangford to Fox, No. 10, 19.7.1806, (received 1.8.1806), FO 63/50.
44 Strangford to Fox, No. 12, 29.7.1806, (received 14.8.1806), FO 63/50;
Neptune (86), Héros and Algesiras, (80s) Pluton and Argonaute (74s), with the
Cornélie frigate (44).
45 Strangford to Fox, No. 13, 10.8.1806, (received 25.8.1806), FO 63/50.
46 Strangford to Fox, No. 14, 15.8.1806, (received 25.8.1806), FO 63/50.
47 Thiers, History, p.199.
48 Citation from Butterfield, H., Charles James Fox and Napoleon: The Peace
Negotiations of 1806, (London: The Athlone Press, 1962), p.22.
49 Grenville to Lauderdale, 4.9.1806, Historic Manuscripts Commission, The
Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. preserved at Dropmore, 10 Vols., (London:
HMSO, 1892-1927), (hereafter Dropmore), Vol. 8, pp.304-5; see also
Butterfield, passim.
50 Francis, Portugal, p.266.
51 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, p.326.
52 Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later Correspondence of George III, 5 Vols.,
(Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 4, p.436, n.1.
53 Grenville to the King, 28.7.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.248. See also
Butterfield, Fox and Napoleon: The Peace Negotiations of 1806, p.9
54 10752, ‘Plan de campagne de maritime pour cette annee’, 8.9.1806, CN, Vol.
13, pp.193-195.
55 Howick to Grenville, 24.7.1806, Grenville to Howick, 25.7.1806, Dropmore,
Vol. 8, pp.243-4.
56 Phillipart, J., (ed.), The Royal Calendar, or Army service And Commission book, 5
Vols., (London: J. Valpy, 1820), Vol. 2, pp.19-20.
57 Howick to Grenville, 30.7.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.250.
58 Windham to Grenville, 30.7.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.251; Francis, Portugal,
quotations from pp.249, see also pp.258-9.
59 Tucker to St. Vincent, 9.8.1806, FO 63/52. See also James, W., Old Oak: The
Life of John Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, (London: Longmans, 1950), p.204.
60 Nepean to St. Vincent, 4.8.1806, FO 63/51. Extracts from this dispatch
were published in Admiralty to St. Vincent, 4.8.1806, Naval Papers respecting
Copenhagen, Portugal, and the Dardanelles, presented to Parliament in 1808, (London:
A Straman, 1809), pp.87-9; see also ‘Extract from the instructions to Lords
Rosslyn and St. Vincent and General Simcoe’, undated, Earl Grey Papers,
Papers on Portugal, B49/4, No. 4, p.2.
61 Nepean to St. Vincent, 4.8.1806, FO 63/51.
62 Ibid.
63 Howick to Grenville, 7.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.259-261; Hall, C. D.,
British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester: University Press
1992), p.133.
64 Foreign Office to Rosslyn, St. Vincent, Simcoe, 9.8.1806, FO 63/51. It is
probable, from examining Strangford’s reply to a dispatch from the Foreign
Office of the same day, that the author of this was Windham as Fox was
increasingly ill, though extracts of this extensive dispatch were published as
Fox to Rosslyn, St. Vincent and Simcoe, 9.8.1806, Cobbett’s Parliamentary
Debates, (London: T. C. Hansard, 1808), (hereafter Hansard), Vol. 10, pp.538-
43; extracts also exist in ‘Extracts from the Instructions to Lords Rosslyn and
St. Vincent and General Simcoe’, Earl Grey Papers, Papers on Portugal,
B49/4, No. 4. Foreign Office to Brougham, 12.8.1806, FO 63/52. See also
Brougham, Life and Times, Vol. 1, p.335; Schroeder, P., The Transformation of
European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p.338.
65 Foreign Office to Rosslyn, St. Vincent, Simcoe, 9.8.1806, FO 63/51.
66 Ibid.
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277
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid. Also Hansard, Vol. 10, p.543. See Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, p.366
for the breakdown of Simcoe’s force.
72 Tucker to St. Vincent, 9.8.1806, FO 63/52.
73 Windham to Grenville, 12.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.272.
74 Windham to Rosslyn, Simcoe, 12.8.1806, FO 63/51.
75 Ibid.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid. Manuel de Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Prince of the Peace, First Minister
of Spain 1792-1797 and 1801-1808.
Chapter 4: The Rosslyn Mission to Lisbon
1 St. Vincent to Strangford, 14.8.1806, enclosed in Strangford to Fox, No. 17,
24.8.1806, FO 63/50.
2 ‘Intelligence’, undated, FO 63/52.
3 Usher to St. Vincent, 6.8.1806, FO 63/52.
4 Strangford to Fox, No. 14, 15.8.1806, (received 25.8.1806), FO 63/50; see
also Brougham, H., The Life and Times of Henry Lord Brougham: Written by
Himself, 3 Vols., (London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1871), Vol. 1, p.332.
5 Strangford to Fox, No. 15, 17.8.1806, (received 1.9.1806), FO 63/50.
6 Strangford to Fox, No. 16, 18.8.1806, (received 1.9.1806), FO 63/50.
7 Ibid.
8 Strangford to Fox, No. 17, 24.8.1806, (received 6.9.1806), FO 63/50.
9 Ibid.
10 Cotton to St. Vincent, 18.8.1806, FO 63/52.
11 Brougham, Life and Times, Vol. 1, p.332.
12 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 1, 30.8.1806, FO 63/52. This dispatch contains an
addendum, dated 2.9.1806, and so was not sent until that date. It must have
arrived in London with Rosslyn’s later dispatches on 12.9.1806. See also
Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, (London: T. C. Hansard, 1808), (hereafter
Hansard), Vol. 10, pp.547-9.
13 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 1, 30.8.1806, FO 63/52. St. Vincent’s name would
undoubtedly upset the Spaniards: he had won his peerage by defeating the
Spaniards at Cape St. Vincent, 14.2.1797, and was a patron of Nelson who
had defeated the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar on 21.10.1805.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid. Enclosing copy of Rosslyn’s diplomatic note. Diogo José António de
Noronha Camões de Albuquerque Sousa Moniz (1747–1806), 8th Count of
Vila Verde.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid. The Portuguese had wanted concessions at Amiens in recompense for
Spanish demands incurred in the Peace of Badajoz, 6.6.1801, in particular
the Spanish retention of Olivença. Feeling betrayed by Britain, the
Portuguese adopted a more conciliatory attitude towards France in an effort
to prevent further attacks. See also Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808,
(London: Tamesis Books, 1985, pp.246-7.
25 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 1, 30.8.1806, FO 63/52.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., enclosing Araujo to Rosslyn, 31.8.1806.
28 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 1, 30.8.1806, FO 63/52.
29 Ibid.
30 Strangford to Fox, No. 18, 24.8.1806, (received 6.9.1806), FO 63/50.
31 Roslyn to Fox, No. 2, 1.9.1806, (received 12.9.1806), FO 63/52.
32 Ibid., enclosing ‘Translation of extract from Ega to Araujo’.
33 Ibid.
34 Strangford to Fox, No. 19, 2.9.1806, and enclosing extract, 26.8.1806,
(received 12.9.1806), FO 63/50.
35 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 3, 2.9.1806, (received 12.9.1806), FO 63/52; see also
Hansard, Vol. 10, pp.549-50. See Francis, Portugal, pp.260-261 for more on Vila
Verde and Araujo. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal.
As Minister of the Kingdom 1750-1777 Pombal had effectively governed
Portugal pushing through a series of wide-ranging economic reforms.
36 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 3, 2.9.1806, (received 12.9.1806), FO 63/52.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Strangford to Fox, No. 21, 8.9.1806, (received 30.9.1806), FO 63/50.
41 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 4, 8.9.1806, (received 30.9.1806), FO 63/52.
42 Memorandum by Grenville, 14.8.1806, Historic Manuscripts Commission,
The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. preserved at Dropmore, 10 Vols., (London:
HMSO, 1892-1927), (hereafter Dropmore), Vol. 8, p.273.
43 Lauderdale to Grenville, 7.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.273-275.
44 Lauderdale to Grenville, 8.8.1806, 11.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.275-277;
Yarmouth had a lively private life and was rumoured to be friends with
Talleyrand see Lloyd, E. M., ‘The Anglo-French Peace Negotiations of
1806’, The English Historical Review, Vol. 27, No. 108, (1912), passim.
45 Butterfield, H., Charles James Fox and Napoleon: The Peace Negotiations of 1806,
(London: The Athlone Press, 1962), p.21, was convinced that at least one of
Yarmouth’s dispatches was composed while he was drunk.
46 Lauderdale to Grenville, 12.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.271.
47 A Friend of his country to Lauderdale, 12.8.1806, original emphasis,
Grenville to Lauderdale, 14.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.271-272, 278.
48 Howick to Grenville, 17.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.285; see also Hall, C. D.,
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
278
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279
British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester: University Press
1992), p.134.
49 Howick to Grenville, 25.8.1806, Fitzwilliam to Grenville, 25.8.1806,
Grenville to Fiztwilliam, 27.8.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.294, 296.
50 Windham to Rosslyn, St. Vincent, Simcoe, No. 3, 28.8.1806, FO 63/51; see
also Hall, British Strategy, p.134.
51 Howick to Grenville, 6.9.1806, 10.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.309, 315.
52 Windham to the King, 4.9.1806, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later Correspondence
of George III, 5 Vols., (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 4, p.467.
53 Spencer to Grenville, 8.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.312-3.
54 Lauderdale to Grenville, 8.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.311.
55 Windham to Rosslyn, No. 4, 13.9.1806, FO 63/51.
56 Ibid.; see also Hansard, Vol. 10, pp.546-7, 551-3; Francis, Portugal, pp.267-8.
57 Rosslyn to Fox, No. 5, 12.9.1806, (received 2.10.1806), FO 63/52.
58 Strangford to Fox, No. 22, 14.9.1806, (received 2.10.1806), FO 63/50.
59 Rosslyn to Foreign Office, No. 7, 25.9.1806, (received 13.10.1806), FO 63/52.
60 Brougham to Rosslyn, Oporto, 21.9.1806, 24.9.1806, Brougham to Rosslyn,
Viana, 29.9.1806, Brougham, Life and Times, Vol. 1, pp.350-5. See also
Extracts of Warre to Rosslyn, 25.9.1806, 30.9.1806, enclosed in Rosslyn to
Spencer, No. 10, 7.10.1806, (received 17.10.1806), FO 63/52. William Warre
was the nephew of the great Oporto Consul, John Whitehead, see Macaulay,
R., They Went to Portugal, (London: Jonathan Cape, 1946), pp.339-406,
Francis, Portugal, pp.257-8.
61 Brougham to Rosslyn, Oporto, 3.10.1806, Lisbon 11.10.1806, Brougham,
Life and Times, Vol. 1, pp.355-62.
62 Rosslyn to Earl Spencer, No. 9, 27.9.1806, (received 23.10.1806), FO 63/52.
63 Rosslyn to Araujo, 30.9.1806, enclosed in Rosslyn to Spencer, No. 10,
7.10.1806, (received 17.10.1806), FO 63/52.
64 Enclosure in Strangford to Spencer, No. 30, 14.10.1806, (received
24.10.1806), FO 63/50.
65 Rosslyn to Spencer, No. 10, 7.10.1806, (received 17.10.1806), FO 63/52.
66 Draft [Howick] to Strangford, No. 1, 7.10.1806, FO 63/50.
67 Howick to Strangford, No. 2, 7.10.1806, FO 63/50.
68 Howick to Strangford, No. 3, 22.10.1806, FO 63/50.
69 Strangford to Spencer, No. 30, 14.10.1806, (received 24.10.1806), FO 63/50.
70 Strangford to Howick, No. 32, 26.10.1806, (received 5.11.1806), FO 63/50.
71 Lefebvre, G., Napoleon: From Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807-15, (Anderson J. E.,
trans), (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), p.13.
72 Schroeder, P., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1994), p.338; Esdaile, C, Napoleon’s Wars: An International
History, (London: Penguin, 2007), pp.308-309.
73 Howick to Strangford, No. 4, 5.11.1806, FO 63/50.
74 Howick to Strangford, No. 5, 5.11.1806, FO 63/50.
75 Strangford to Howick, No. 33, 9.11.1806, (received 18.11.1806), FO 63/50.
76 Strangford to Howick, No. 34, 9.11.1806, (received 18.11.1806), FO 63/50.
77 Strangford to Howick, No. 48, 20.12.1806, (received 2.1.1807), FO 63/50.
78 Strangford to Howick, No. 51, 28.12.1806, (received 10.1.1807). FO 63/50.
79 Ibid.
80 Howick to Strangford, No. 7, 23.12.1806, FO 63/50.
81 Strangford to Howick, 25.1.1807, original emphasis, 13.3.1807, FO 63/54, ff.17.
Chapter 5: The Talents and South America
1 Just a few examples will suffice, all from Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée
ordre de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter CN). England
wants to ‘excite Prussia against France’, Prussia would be ruined and the
continent placed in a state of blockade against Britain. ‘Is this the blood with
which the English hope for to feed their trade and to revive their industry?’,
11064, 15th Bulletin of the Grand Armee, 23.10.1806, CN, Vol. 13, pp.489-
491. British disasters and impotence on the continent had led them instead
to attacking the colonies of France and Spain, 11377, Napoleon to the King
of Holland, 3.12.1806, CN, Vol. 14, pp.33-34. ‘The English make fun of the
Russians’. While the Russians fought ‘the English made expeditions
important for their particular account. They have just taken Montevideo’,
12517, Napoleon to Fouché, 3.5.1807, CN, Vol. 15, pp.224-5. See also
Esdaile, C., The Wars of Napoleon, (London, Longman, 1995), p.155.
2 Geyl, P., Napoleon: For and Against, (London: Penguin Books, 1965), pp.51,
217, 229, 253. Cronin, V., Napoleon, (London: Readers Union, 1971), p.236.
Of course they tend to view Napoleon’s lust for a Napoleonic Empire in a
more favourable light.
3 Lefebvre, G., Napoleon: from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, (Stockhold, H. F., trans),
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), pp.194-5, 212.
4 Dundas to the King, 23.1.1797, King to Dundas, 24.1.1797, Aspinall, A. A.,
(ed), The Later Correspondence of George III, 5 vols, (Cambridge: University
Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 2, pp.537-538, 537, n.1; Duffy, M., ‘World-Wide War
and British Expansion, 1793-1815’, in Marshall, P. J., (ed), The Oxford History
of the British Empire: Volume Two, The Eighteenth Century, (Oxford: OUP, 2001
pbk ed), p.193, provides an overview of the various projects.
5 Unsigned memorandum, 26.11.1803, PRO 30/8/345, pp.83-4, the author is
probably Popham. See also Sparrow, E., Secret Service: British Agents in France,
1792-1815, (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999), p.315; see also Popham,
H., A Damned Cunning Fellow, The eventful life of Rear-Admiral Sir Home Popham
1762-1820, (Tywardreath: The Old Ferry Press, 1991), pp.133-4.
6 ‘Plans for Occupying Spanish America’, William Jacob, 26.10.1804, PRO
30/8/345, pp.101-104. See also Kaufmann, W. W., British Policy and the
Independence of Latin America, 1804-1828, (Hamden: Archon Books, 1967), pp.5-8.
7 The £50 million figure is from Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic
War, 1803-15, (Manchester: University Press 1992), pp.97, see also 112-113;
Kaufmann, British Policy, pp.10-13; Popham, A Damned Cunning Fellow,
pp.133-134; Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols.,
(London: Macmillan, 1899-1930), Vol. 5, p.312.
8 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, p.194; Ehrman, J., The Younger Pitt, Volume Three:
The Consuming Struggle, (London: Constable, 1996), p.796.
9 Graham, G. S., and Humphreys, R. A., (eds), The Navy and South America,
1807-1823, Navy Records Society, Vol. 104, (1962), pp.xxv-xxvi.
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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281
10 Hall, British Strategy, pp.97-8.
11 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.204, 208-14,
219 and 228; an unsigned copy dated July 1804 exists in FO 63/44; see also
Oliveira, Marques, A. D., History of Portugal, 2 Vols., (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1972), Vol. 1, p.453.
12 Platt, D. C. M., Latin America and British Trade, 1806-1914, (London: Adam
and Charles Black, 1972), pp.4-7; see also Hall, British Strategy, p.97.
13 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.204, 208-14,
219 and 228; an unsigned copy dated July 1804 exists in FO 63/44; see also
Oliveira, History, Vol. 1, p.453.
14 Ellis, G., ‘The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism’, in Dwyer, P. G., Napoleon
and Europe, (London: Longman, 2001), p.99.
15 Sparrow, Secret Service, p.315.
16 Walpole to Grenville, No. 37, 25.8.1796, (received 15.9.1796), FO 63/23.
17 Bonner-Smith, D., (ed), Letters of Admiral of the Fleet the Earl St. Vincent, 1801-
1804, 2 Vols., Navy Records Society, No. 55, Vol. 1, pp.159-60, 165-8.
18 Unsigned memorandum, 26.11.1803, PRO 30/8/345, pp.83-4, the author is
probably Popham; Sparrow, Secret Service, p.315; see also Popham, A Damned
Cunning Fellow, pp.133-4.
19 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.214-6.
20 Ibid., pp.214-6, 241.
21 Enclosed in Strangford to Fox, No. 22, 14.9.1806, (received 2.10.1806), FO
63/50.
22 Lefebvre, Brumaire to Tilsit, pp.232-237, 243; Sparrow, Secret Service, p.315.
23 10752, Plan de campagne de maritime pour cette annèe, 8.9.1806, CN, Vol.
13, pp.193-195.
24 Convention of Fontainebleau, 27.10.1807, articles 12 and 13,
http://
www.Napoleonseries.org/reference/diplomatic/spain.cfm accessed on
31.7.2003.
25 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, pp.193-4.
26 Memorandum by Canning, 2.4.1808, HAR GC, 46a.
27 Lefebvre, Brumaire to Tilsit, pp.232-237, 243; quotation from Sparrow, Secret
Service, p.315.
28 Auckland to Grenville, 9.4.1806, Historic Manuscripts Commission, The
Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. preserved at Dropmore, 10 Vols., (London:
HMSO, 1892-1927), (hereafter Dropmore), Vol. 8, p.87.
29 Auckland to Grenville, 5.6.1806, Ibid., p.178. It seems as if the original plan
went ahead, though in October 1806 Grenville was against repeating the
venture, possibly due to Popham’s exploits in South America. See Auckland
to Grenville, 28.10.1806, Grenville to Auckland, 28.10.1806, Ibid., pp.405-6.
30 See Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, pp.306-310.
31 Ibid., pp.316-318; Popham, A Damned Cunning Fellow, pp.146-151; Grainger,
J. D., (ed), The Royal Navy in the River Plate, 1806-1807, Navy Records Society,
Vol. 135, (1966), pp.3-8.
32 Howick to Grenville, 24.6.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.117;
Howick to the King, 24.6.1806, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4,
pp.457-8. Popham’s intentions are in Popham to Marsden, 13.4.1806, Grainger,
Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.19. See also Popham, A Damned Cunning Fellow,
pp.144-151. Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, p.318 states late July.
33 Howick to the King, 24.6.1806, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, pp.457-8.
34 Windham to the King, 24.6.1806, ibid., p.458.
35 Cabinet Minute, 26.6.1806, ibid., p.458.
36 Navy Board to Popham, 28.7.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
p.118.
37 Windham to Grenville, 11.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.321.
38 The quotation comes from Popham to Marsden, 8.7.1806, and the figure of one
million from same to same, 12.7.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
pp.40, 46. Popham, A Damned Cunning Fellow, p.151-152, states 1.1 million
dollars cash. See also Windham to Buckingham, 12.9.1806, T. Grenville to
Buckingham, 13.9.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.122.
39 Windham to the King, 13.9.1806, King’s Reply, 14.9.1806, Aspinall, Later
Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, pp.469-470.
40 Cabinet Minute, 20.10.1806, ibid., p.482. See also Grainger, Royal Navy in the
River Plate, pp.x, 19 and Popham, A Damned Cunning Fellow, pp.144-151.
41 Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.111-112. Popham made it clear in
his dispatch of 12.7.1806 that ‘Great Britain is now in the possession of the
capital of one of the richest provinces of South America’, Popham to
Marsden, 12.7.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.45.
42 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, p.374; Hall, British Strategy, p.144.
43 Grenville to Lauderdale, 12.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.321-324
44 Grenville to Lauderdale, 14.9.1806, ibid., pp.332-3.
45 Goddard to Grenville, 19.9.1806, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, p.343.
46 Grenville to Lauderdale, 22.9.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
pp.123-4 and p.xi; and also Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.352.
47 Grenville to Howick, 29.9.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.126
and also Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.366-8; Hall, British Strategy, p.133. Grenville had
already considered the South America-Naples exchange on 25 July, Dropmore,
Vol. 8, p.245.
48 Grenville to Lauderdale, 1.10.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
pp.126-7 and also Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.368-9.
49 Popham, A Damned Cunning Fellow, p.152; Hall, British Strategy, p.144. The
figures regarding trading potential are from Popham to Melville, 12.7.1806,
Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.45-46. See Popham to the ‘Mayor
and Corporation’ of Manchester, 19.7.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River
Plate, p.123, for an example of the open letters. When estimating the trading
potential Popham did not clarify if he was referring to the province or just
the city and if the value was dollars or sterling.
50 Lowther to Camden, 28.9.1806, Resolutions from Manchester, Grainger,
Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.124-5.
51 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, pp.372-4.
52 Auckland to Grenville, 19.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.339.
53 Auckland to Grenville, 25.11.1806, ibid., pp.441-2.
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
282
N
OTES
283
54 Hall, British Strategy, pp.145-6.
55 Esdaile, C., Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, (London: Penguin,
2007), p.264.
56 Grenville to Buckingham, 3.10.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
pp.128-9, see also p.112.
57 Buckingham to Grenville, 15.10.1806, ibid, p.130 and also Dropmore, Vol. 8,
pp.386-7.
58 A point succinctly made by Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.115.
59 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, pp.366, 372; Grainger, Royal Navy in the River
Plate, p.112.
60 Sidmouth to Grenville, 25.10.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.401.
61 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, p.375.
62 Windham to Craufurd, 30.10.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
pp.136-7. Though by December Windham was having reservations about
Grenville’s plan, see Windham to Tom Grenville, 30.12.1806, Grainger,
Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.150-1.
63 See ibid, pp.111-3, and 135; Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, p.377.
64 Grenville to Buckingham, 31.10.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
p.139 and also Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.415-6.
65 Windham to Grenville, 2.11.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
p.140 and Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.418-420.
66 Admiralty to Murray, 10.11.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.143.
67 Stanhope, P. H., Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington, 1831-1851,
(London, John Murray: 1888), p.182.
68 Muir, R., and Esdaile, C. J., ‘Strategic planning in a time of Small
Government: The Wars Against Revolutionary France, 1793-1815’, in
Woolgar, C. M., (ed), Wellington Studies 1, (Southampton: University Press,
1996), pp.27-28; see also Wellington, 2nd Duke, (ed), Supplementary
Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of
Wellington, K.G., 15 Vols., (London: John Murray, 1858-72), (hereafter WSD),
Vol. 6, pp.35-82.
69 Wellesley to Grenville, 2.11.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 9, pp.481-485.
70 Wellesley to Grenville, 20.11.1806, ibid., pp.485-487.
71 Ibid., pp.487-493.
72 Marquis Wellesley to Grenville, 25.11.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.442. In fact it
seems as if ministers had decided to give Arthur Wellesley the command, see
Windham to Tom Grenville, 30.12.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River
Plate, pp.150-151, even Popham had heard rumours to that effect, Popham
to Baird, 16.12.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.196-197.
73 Fitzwilliam to Grenville, 3.11.1806, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
p.140. Grainger, p.xi., remarks this ‘prescient remark…about the new world
being called in to balance the old which Canning appropriated fifteen years
later in somewhat similar international circumstances’. In fact, as we shall
soon see, Canning was a keen proponent of this policy during his time in the
Portland cabinet.
74 For details see Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, pp.368-372; Popham, A
Damned Cunning Fellow, pp.154-8; Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,