Robson Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict (ENG)
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
pp.10-13.
75 Strangford to Howick, No. 49, 20.12.1806, (received 2.1.1807), FO 63/50.
76 Admiralty to Murray, 2.1.1807, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.153;
see also Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, p.379.
77 Grenville to Buckingham, 14.1.1807, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
p.155.
78 T. Grenville to the King, 17.1.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, p.505.
79 T. Grenville to the King, 18.1.1806, ibid., p.506; T. Grenville to Buckingham,
20.1.1807, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.155.
80 T. Grenville to the King, 25.1.1806, Windham to the King, 25.1.1806,
Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, pp.507-8; T. Grenville to
Collingwood, 27.1.1807, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.155-6.
81 For example see ‘Memorandum on Sailing Times’, Grainger, Royal Navy in
the River Plate, pp.156-157.
82 Wellesley to Grenville, 25.1.1807, Dropmore, Vol. 9, pp.22-5.
83 ‘Confidential Memorandum’, 29.1.1807, ibid., pp.479-481.
84 Wellesley to Grenville, 17.2.1807, ibid., pp.40-44; WSD, Vol. 6, pp.35-82. See
also Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.115.
85 T. Grenville to Buckingham, 17.2.1807, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River
Plate, pp.161-2.
86 Hall, British Strategy, p.148.
87 Minute in Lord Grenville’s hand, Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate,
p.157, n.83, dates this to February 1807. With support from the sea such
garrisons could also be easily evacuated.
88 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, p.194; see also Hall, British Strategy, p.147.
89 Windham to the King, 8.3.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, p.523.
90 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 5, pp.414-432; Hall, British Strategy, pp.147-8;
Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.253-258. See also Fletcher, I., The
Waters of Oblivion: The British Invasion of the Rio De La Plata, 1806-1807,
(Stroud: Spellmount, 2006), chtps, 7 and 8.
91 Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, pp.5-6.
92 Ibid., p.xi.
93 Buckingham to Grenville, 16.11.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.435.
94 Grainger, Royal Navy in the River Plate, p.xi.
95 Hall, British Strategy, pp.143-4.
96 Ibid., p.139, and p.147.
97 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, pp.268-269.
98 See Hall, British Strategy, p.57-8.
Chapter 6: The Strategy of the Portland Ministry
1 ‘Portland was so ill all yesterday as to be little capable of taking on business’,
Chatham to the King, 23.3.1807, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later Correspondence
of George III, 5 vols, (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 4, p.533;
see also Hinde, W., George Canning, (London: Collins, 1973), p.155; Gray, D.,
Spencer Perceval, The Evangelical Prime Minister, (Manchester: University Press,
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
284
N
OTES
285
1963), pp.91-2.
2 Muir, R., and Esdaile, C. J., ‘Strategic planning in a time of Small
Government: The Wars Against Revolutionary France, 1793-1815’, in
Woolgar, C. M., (ed), Wellington Studies 1, (Southampton: University Press,
1996), p.17; Sparrow, E., Secret Service: British Agents in France, 1792-1815,
(Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999), pp.334-5.
3 Chatham has been described as ‘notoriously lazy and dilatory; yet he was not
without ability and – at least in the Portland government – his views had
some influence’, Muir and Esdaile, ‘Strategic Planning’, p.19.
4 See Gash, N., Lord Liverpool, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1984).
5 Dixon, P., Canning: Politician and Statesman, (London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, 1976), pp.30-31; Hinde, Canning, pp.43-51; Watson, S. J., The Reign
of George III, 1760-1815, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), pp.444-445.
6 See Bartlett, C. J., Castlereagh, (London: Macmillan, 1966); Derry, J. W.,
Castlereagh, (London: Allen Lane, 1976); Hinde, W., Castlereagh, (London:
Collins, 1981).
7 Muir and Esdaile, ‘Strategic Planning’, p.11; Muir, R., Britain and The Defeat of
Napoleon, 1807-1815, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996),
p.22; Glover, R., Peninsular Preparation: The Reform of the British Army 1795-1809,
(Cambridge: University Press, 1963), pp.7, 32; Watson, George III, p.444.
8 Watson, George III, p.444; see Gray, Spencer Perceval, passim.
9 Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France,
from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, 6 Vols., (London: Thomas and William
Boone, 1828-45), Vol. 1, pp.142, 167.
10 Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1899-1930), Vol. 6, pp.193, 323.
11 Oman, C., A History of The Peninsular War, 7 Vols., (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1902-30), Vol. 1, pp.220-3.
12 Watson, George III, p.446.
13 Pope, S., Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars, (London: Cassell, 1999), p.244.
14 Muir and Esdaile, ‘Strategic Planning’, p.17. Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the
Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester: University Press 1992), pp.153-179,
and Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, pp.9-13, 21-59 have both
provided detailed assessments on the achievements of the Portland ministry.
15 Glover, R., Britain at Bay: Defence Against Bonaparte, 1803-14, (London: George
Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1973), p.23.
16 See Derry, Castlereagh, pp.106-8; Hall, British Strategy, p.153; Muir, Britain and
the Defeat of Napoleon, pp.21-23.
17 See Hall, British Strategy, p.154; Hinde, Canning, pp.162-3; Muir, Britain and the
Defeat of Napoleon, p.21-22; Sherwig, J. M., Guineas and Gunpowder, British
Foreign Aid in the Wars with France 1793-1815, (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, 1969), pp.186-8.
18 ‘Memorandum for the Cabinet’ -.3.1807, Vane, C. W., (ed), Marquis of
Londonderry, Correspondence, Dispatches, and other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh,
Second Marquis of Londonderry, 12 Vols., (London: William Shoberl, 1851),
(hereafter Castlereagh Papers), Vol. 8, pp.46-52; Castlereagh to the King,
3.4.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, p.552; see also
Hall, British Strategy, pp.153-4.
19 Cabinet Memorandum by Castlereagh, 26.5.1807, WO 1/903, p.449;
‘Measure proposed for Improving the State of the Military Force’, 12.5.1807,
Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 8, pp.53-66; see also Hall, British Strategy, pp.153-4.
20 ‘Memorandum of the Language which may be held to the allies on the
subject of Military and Naval succours’, undated, probably May or June
1807, Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 8, pp.66-68.
21 Canning to the King, 17.5.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, p.579.
22 Castlereagh to the King, 1.6.1807, ibid., p.587; see also Hall, British Strategy,
pp.154-5.
23 Castlereagh to the King, 22.5.1807, 12.6.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of
George III, Vol. 4, p.583, 590; ‘Memorandum of the Language which may be
held to the allies on the subject of Military and Naval succours’, undated,
probably May or June 1807, Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 8, pp.66-68; see also
Maurice, J. F., (ed), The Diary of Sir John Moore, 2 vols, (London: Edward
Arnold, 1904), Vol. 2, pp.180-1; Hall, British Strategy, pp.155-7; Mackesy, P.,
The War in the Mediterranean, 1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard
University Press, 1957), p.205; Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.27.
24 Castlereagh to Collingwood, 21.5.1807, Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 5, pp.153-157;
Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, p.216. Alexandria was evacuated on 14
September 1807. Collingwood did not receive this letter until 15 October, by
which date the cabinet had already committed themselves to other
operations. His reply confirmed that nothing could be attempted in the
region during the winter months, Collingwood to Castlereagh, 16.10.1807,
Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 5, pp.157-160.
25 Castlereagh to The King, 14.8.1807, 15.8.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence
of George III, Vol. 4, p.617; see also Maurice, Diary of Sir John Moore, Vol. 2,
p.177; Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.88; Hall, British Strategy, pp.166-7; for
the idea to evacuate Sicily see Mackesy, War in the Mediterraean, p.215.
26 Canning to Castlereagh, 5.5.1807, HAR GC, 32.
27 Canning to Mulgrave, 5.5.1807, Mulgrave to Canning, 6.5.1807, HAR GC, 31.
28 See Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808, (London: Tamesis Books, 1985),
pp.277-8; James, W., The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of
War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV, 6 Vols., (London:
Macmillan, 1837), Vol. 4, pp.298-315; Tracy, N., (ed), The Naval Chronicle: The
Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at War, (London: Chatham, 1999,
consolidated edition), (hereafter Naval Chronicle), Vol. 4, pp.62-5.
29 Collingwood to Lady Collingwood, 20.8.1807, Collingwood to J E Blackett,
24.10.1807, Collingwood, G. L. N., (ed), A Selection from the Public and Private
Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood, (London: James Ridgway,
1829), pp.302-3, 318-9.
30 See Saul, N. E., Russia and the Mediterranean, 1797-1807, (Chicago, University
of Chicago Press, 1970), pp.219-220; Clowes, W. L., The Royal Navy: A
History from the Earliest Times to the Present, 7 Vols., (London: Sampson, Low
Marston and Company, Ltd, 1897-1903), Vol. 5, pp.230-31; Hinde, Canning,
pp.164-5; Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, pp.206-11; Muir, Britain and the
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
286
N
OTES
287
Defeat of Napoleon, pp.27-8.
31 Hall, British Strategy, pp.97-8
32 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.120.
33 13024, Napoleon to Decrès, 12.8.1807, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée
ordre de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter CN), Vol. 15,
pp.617-8.
34 13105, Napoleon to Champagny, 4.9.1807, CN, Vol. 16, p.8.
35 13340, Napoleon to Junot, 8.11.1807, ibid., pp.174-5.
36 13331, Napoleon to Decrès, 6.11.1807, ibid., pp.166-7.
37 Memorandum for the Cabinet, relative to South America, 1.5.1807,
Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 7, pp.314-319. Interestingly, in 1806 he had been the
recipient of a letter from Popham outlining his actions, see Popham to
Castlereagh, 14.7.1806, Grainger, J. D., (ed), The Royal Navy in the River Plate,
1806-1807, Navy Records Society, Vol. 135, (1966), p.47.
38 Memorandum for the Cabinet, relative to South America, 1.5.1807,
Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 7, pp.320-321.
39 Ibid., pp.321-323.
40 Canning to Castlereagh, 19.5.1807, HAR GC, 32; see also Gray, Spencer
Perceval, p.161.
41 Canning to the King, 20.6.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, p.593.
42 Canning to Mulgrave, 7.7.1807, HAR GC, 31; Canning to the King,
10.7.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, p.601; Munch-
Petersen, T., ‘Lord Cathcart, Sir Arthur Wellesley and the British attack on
Copenhagen in 1807’, in Woolgar, C. M., (ed), Wellington Studies 2,
(Southampton: University Press, 1999), p.105. With regard to the transfer of
intelligence from Tilsit see Munch-Petersen, T., ‘The Secret Intelligence
from Tilsit: New Lights on the events surrounding the British Bombardment
of Copenhagen in 1807’, in Historisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 102, part 1, (2002); Gray,
Spencer Perceval, pp.162-7; Sparrow, Secret Service, pp.340-344.
43 See Schroeder, P., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1994), pp.320-2; Esdaile, C, Napoleon’s Wars: An
International History, (London: Penguin, 2007), p.297; Hinde, Canning, pp.165-
6; Mowat, R. B., The Diplomacy of Napoleon, (London: Edward Arnold, 1924),
p.182; Sparrow, Secret Service, p.344; Thiers, L. A., History of the Consulate and
the Empire of France Under Napoleon, 12 Vols., (London: Chatto & Windus,
1894, Campbell, D. F., and Stebbing, J., trans), Vol. 4, pp.576-577.
44 Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, p.186; see also Schroeder, Transformation of
European Politics, pp.327-8; Hinde, Canning, p.167.
45 Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, p.212; see also Glover, Britain at Bay,
pp.28-9.
46 Colleyer, C., ‘Canning and the Napoleonic Wars’, History Today, Vol. 11, No.
4, (1961), pp.230-1; Dixon, Canning, pp.31-33, 36-38.
47 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.300.
48 Canning to Granville, 25.8.1807, PRO 30/29 8/4, ff.179. See also Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics, p.330, original emphasis; Colleyer, ‘Canning
and the Napoleonic Wars’, pp.231-3.
49 Mulgrave to Canning, 20.9.1807, HAR GC, 31.
50 Canning to Joan, 29.8.1807, HAR GC, 22; see also Colleyer, ‘Canning and
the Napoleonic Wars’, p.233; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics,
pp.328-331.
51 See Canning’s ‘Minute for the Cabinet’, 10.7.1807, HAR GC, 41a.
52 For the Copenhagen operation see James, Naval History, Vol. 4, pp.284-295;
Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, pp.60-77; Muir, Britain and the Defeat of
Napoleon, pp.23-25; Ryan, A. N., ‘The Navy at Copenhagen in 1807’, Mariners
Mirror, No. 39, (1953); Ryan, A. N., ‘Documents Relating to the Copenhagen
Operation, 1807’, in Rodger, N. A. M., (ed), The Naval Miscellany, Volume 5,
Navy Records Society, No. 125, (1984); Tracy, Naval Chronicle, Vol. 4, p.87;
Munch-Petersen, ‘British attack on Copenhagen’, pp.104-121; Hall, British
Strategy, pp.157-63; Hinde, Canning, pp.173-177.
53 Glete, J., Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and
America, 1500-1860, 2 Vols., (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International,
1993), Vol. 2, p.376.
Chapter 7: The Portuguese Crisis of 1807
1 See Tone, J. L., ‘The Peninsular War’, in Dwyer, P. G., Napoleon and Europe,
(London: Longman, 2001), p.227; Esdaile, C., The Peninsular War: A New
History, (London: Allen Lane, 2002), pp.1, 10; Esdaile, C, Napoleon’s Wars: An
International History, (London: Penguin, 2007), pp.303-310; Schroeder, P., The
Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1994), p.338.
2 12928, Napoleon to Talleyrand, 19.7.1807, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée
ordre de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter CN), Vol. 15,
pp.541-2; 12947, Napoleon to Dejean, 29.7.1807, CN, Vol. 15, p.560; Thiers,
L. A., History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Under Napoleon, 12 Vols.,
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1894, Campbell, D. F., and Stebbing, J., trans),
Vol. 4, pp.580, 588, and Vol. 5, pp.12-13; Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.5;
Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.324.
3 Lefebvre, G., Napoleon: from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, (Stockhold, H. F., trans),
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), pp.254-7; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics, pp.338-9; Oman, C., A History of The
Peninsular War, 7 Vols., (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902-30), Vol. 1, pp.3-7;
Foy, M., Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, 1807-1808, (Felling: Worley Publications,
2000), p.5.
4 13105, Napoleon to Champagny, 4.9.1807, CN, Vol. 16, p.8.
5 Strangford to Canning, 25.7.1807, (received 5.8.1807), FO 63/55, pp.58-60.
6 Strangford to Canning, 13.8.1807, (received 25.8.1807), FO 63/55, pp.80-84;
Extract, Strangford to Canning, 13.8.1807, HAR GC, 48; see also Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics, p.338; Light, K., The Migration of the Royal
family of Portugal to Brazil in 1807/08, (Rio de Janeiro: Kenneth Light, 1995),
p.38; Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London:
Macmillan, 1899-1930), Vol. 6, pp.87-8; Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808,
(London: Tamesis Books, 1985), pp.270-1; Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.5-7.
7 Canning to Joan, 26.8.1807, HAR GC, 22; also cited in Hinde, W., George
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
288
N
OTES
289
Canning, (London: Collins, 1973), p.180.
8 Mulgrave to Canning, 31.3.1807, HAR GC, 31; see also Francis, Portugal,
pp.248, 258-9.
9 Gambier to Hammond, 26.8.1807, FO 63/62, pp.31-34.
10 Canning to Joan, 29.8.1807, HAR GC, 22.
11 Eldon to Canning, 26.8.1807, HAR GC, 34a.
12 Castlereagh to The King, 27.8.1807, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later
Correspondence of George III, 5 vols, (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970),
Vol. 4, pp.620-1; Fitzgerald to Canning, 21.8.1807, HAR GC, 143.
13 Castlereagh to Cathcart, 27.8.1807, Ryan, A. N., ‘Documents Relating to the
Copenhagen Operation, 1807’, in Rodger, N. A. M., (ed), The Naval
Miscellany, Volume 5, Navy Records Society, No. 125, (1984), pp.318-9.
14 Castlereagh to the King, 27.8.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, pp.620-1; Castlereagh to Moore, 8.10.1807, WO 1/305, pp.349-351.
15 Castlereagh to the King, 29.8.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, p.621.
16 Strangford to Canning, 20.8.1807, (received 30.8.1807), FO 63/55, pp.87-89.
17 Strangford to Canning, 21.8.1807, (received 30.8.1807), FO 63/55, pp.95-98.
18 Copy of a note from Rayneval, 12.8.1807, Sousa to Canning, 27.8.1807,
28.8.1807, FO 63/57; Canning to the King, 1.9.1807, HAR GC 35; see also
Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, p.622.
19 Canning to Sousa, -.9.1807, FO 63/57; Canning to Sousa, 7.9.1807, HAR
GC, 47.
20 Canning to Sousa, 7.9.1807, HAR GC, 47, original emphasis.
21 Hayther, A., (ed), The Backbone: Diaries of a Military Family in the Napoleonic
Wars, (Bishop Auckland: The Pentland Press, 1993), pp.113-114.
22 Brougham to Howick, 13.9.1807, Brougham, H., The Life and Times of Henry
Lord Brougham: Written by Himself, 3 Vols., (London: William Blackwood and
Sons, 1871), Vol. 1., pp.382-5.
23 Canning to Leigh, 11.9.1807, HAR GC, 17; see also Hinde, Canning, pp.172-5.
24 Castlereagh to the King, 11.9.1807, Vane, C. W., (ed), Marquis of
Londonderry, Correspondence, Dispatches, and other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh,
Second Marquis of Londonderry, 12 Vols., (London: William Shoberl, 1851),
(hereafter Castlereagh Papers), Vol. 8, p.83; Tracy, N., (ed), The Naval Chronicle:
The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at War, (London: Chatham, 1999,
consolidated edition), (hereafter Naval Chronicle), Vol. 4, pp.67-74; Hall, C.
D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester: University
Press 1992), pp.147-8; Muir, R., Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815,
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996), pp.7, 30; Miller, R.,
Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, (London:
Longman, 1993), p.35; James, W., The Naval History of Great Britain from the
Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV, 6 Vols.,
(London: Macmillan, 1837), Vol. 4, pp.354-6.
25 Hall, British Strategy, p.97.
26 Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France,
from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, 6 Vols., (London: Thomas and William
Boone, 1828-45), Vol. 1, p.178.
27 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.295.
28 Muir, Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, pp.30-31, 35.
29 Castlereagh to the King, 11.9.1807, Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 8, p.83; see also
Tracy, Naval Chronicle, Vol. 4, pp.67-74; Hall, British Strategy, pp.147-8; Muir,
Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, pp.7, 30; Miller, Britain and Latin America,
p.35; James, Naval History, Vol. 4, pp.354-6.
30 ‘On the Transfer of the Portuguese Government to the Brazils’, Castlereagh
Papers, Vol. 6, pp.357-8. See also Oliveira, Marques, A. D., History of Portugal,
2 Vols., (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), Vol. 1, p.455.
Castlereagh was clearly worried about the possible closure of the Baltic to
British shipping and the consequent loss of Baltic wood and hemp, in the
event the attack on Copenhagen removed the Danish fleet from possible
French control and the Baltic remained open with the presence of a Royal
Navy fleet.
31 ‘Extract from a letter by Canning’, 28.9.1807, HAR GC, 46a.
32 Sparrow, E., Secret Service: British Agents in France, 1792-1815, (Woodbridge:
The Boydell Press, 1999), pp.335, 349-350.
33 Canning to Strangford, No. 5, 13.9.1807, FO 63/55, p.11. Strangford
received these dispatches between 21.9.1807 and 26.9.1807; Canning to
Strangford, 12.9.1807, HAR GC, 48. I am grateful to Dr Tom Munch-
Petersen for providing me with information on Piuma, see D’Antraigues to
Canning, 6[?].8.1807, HAR GC, 59; D’Antraigues to Canning, 12.8.1807,
15.8.1807, 1.9.1807, 6.9.1807, HAR GC, 59b.
34 Strangford to Canning, 29.8.1807, (received 14.9.1807), FO 63/55, pp.110-
13; Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.90; Francis, Portugal, p.271.
35 Strangford to Canning, 29.8.1807, FO 63/55, pp.116-124, 129; Francis,
Portugal, p.274.
36 Lima, Paris, 7.8.1807, enclosed in Strangford to Canning, 29.8.1807, HAR
GC, 48, pp.2-3.
37 Strangford to Canning, 8.9.1807, (received 24.9.1807), FO 63/55, pp.144-9,
153; Francis, Portugal, p.274.
38 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.89.
39 Strangford to Canning, 8.9.1807, FO 63/55, pp.145, 151.
40 Fitzgerald to Canning, 11.10.1807, HAR GC, 143.
41 Tracy, Naval Chronicle, Vol. 4, p.104.
42 Lady Bessborough to Leveson-Gower, 17.10.1807, Granville, Countess, (ed),
Lord Granville Leveson Gower Private Correspondence, 1781-1821, 2 Vols.,
(London: John Murray, 1916), Vol. 2, p.294.
43 Strangford to Canning, 26.9.1807, (received 12.10.1807), FO 63/55, pp.207-8.
44 Strangford to Canning, 26.9.1807, 27.9.1807, (received 12.10.1807), FO
63/55, pp.225-6, 235; Strangford to Canning, 3.10.1807, HAR GC, 48; see
also Macaulay, N., Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal,
1798-1834, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986), pp.12-13; Francis,
Portugal, p.273.
45 Strangford to Canning, 27.9.1807, 3.10.1807, (received 12.10.1807,
15.10.1807), FO 63/55, pp.232-9, 258-61.
46 Canning to Gambier, 28.8.1807, FO 63/62, pp.7-8; Gambier to Canning,
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
290
N
OTES
291
No. 1, 23.9.1807, No. 2, 28.9.1807, No. 3, 4.10.1807, FO 63/62, pp.35-40.
47 Tracy, Naval Chronicle, Vol. 4, p.50.
48 Strangford to Canning, 25.9.1807, FO 63/55, p.203.
49 Napoleon citation from Lefebvre, G., Napoleon: From Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807-15,
(Anderson J. E., trans), (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), p.8; see also
Chandler, D., The Campaigns of Napoleon, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson,
1967), p.597; Francis, Portugal, pp.273-4; Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.322.
50 Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.7.
51 Napoleon to Charles IV, No. 151, 12.10.1807, Thompson, J. M., (ed), Letters
of Napoleon, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1934), pp.204-5; Esdaile, Peninsular
War, p.7-8.
52 13237, Napoleon to Clarke, 12.10.1807, CN, Vol. 16, p.94; Lefebvre, Tilsit to
Waterloo, p.13; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.290, 308;
Thiers, History, Vol. 5, pp.132-133; Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.7; Esdaile,
Napoleon’s Wars, pp.326-327.
53 13257, Napoleon to Clarke, 16.10.1807, CN, Vol. 16, p.106-7.
54 13267, Napoleon to Junot, 17.10.1807, ibid., pp.115-117 and Napoleon I,
Correspondance Militaire de Napoléon Ier, (Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie, 1893),
(hereafter CMN), Vol. 15, pp.87-8; Thiers, History, Vol. 5, pp.133-4.
55 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.6-10, 17; Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.8.
56 Champagny to Alvarez, 22.10.1807, citation in Light, Migration of the Royal
family, p.39; see also Oman, History of The Peninsular War, Vol. 1, pp.7-8;
Thiers, History, Vol. 5, p.134.
57 13314, Napoleon to Junot, 31.10.1806, CN, Vol. 16, pp.151-154 and CMN,
Vol. 15, pp.100-103; see also Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, pp.92-5; Foy,
Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p.19; Thiers, History, Vol. 5, pp.133, 136-7.
58 13300, Convention of Fontainebleau, 27.10.1807, CN, Vol. 16, pp.140-144;
see also Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.93; Lefebvre, Tilsit to Waterloo, p.14;
Oman, History of The Peninsular War, Vol. 1, pp.8-10; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics, p.339; Thiers, History, Vol. 5, pp.134, 145-
146; Esdaile, Peninsular War, pp.7-8; Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.326.
59 Strangford to Canning, 21.9.1807, 27.9.1807, (received 11.10.1807,
12.10.1807), FO 63/55, pp.174-176, 232; see also Francis, Portugal, p.243.
60 Castlereagh to the King, 4.9.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, p.623.
61 Strangford to Canning, 3.10.1807, (received 15.10.1807), FO 63/55, pp.255-
6; see also Francis, Portugal, p.273.
62 Canning to Sousa, 20.10.1807, HAR GC, 47.
63 Declaration by João, 27.9.1807, FO 63/57.
64 Canning to the King, 17.10.1807, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 4, p.638; Canning to de Sousa, 19.10.1807, 20.10.1807, HAR GC, 47.
65 Canning to the King, 21.10.1807, HAR GC, 35; ‘Secret Convention signed at
London of 22 October 1807 between Great Britain and Portugal’, FO 93/77
[1B].
66 Convention of 22 October 1807, FO 93/77/ [1B].
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Canning to Strangford, 23.10.1807, HAG GC, 48.
72 Francis, Portugal, pp.249-252; Livermore, H., ‘Portugal on the Eve of the
Peninsular War’ in Griffith, P., (ed), A History of the Peninsular War, Volume
IX: Modern Studies of the War in Spain and Portugal, 1808-1814, (London:
Greenhill, 1999), p.396.
73 Canning to Almeida, 22.10.1807, HAR GC, 48.
74 Ibid.
75 Canning to Strangford, No. 7, 22.10.1807, FO 63/56, p.4-5 and FO 179/6.
76 Canning to Strangford, Nos. 9-10, 22.10.1807, FO 63/56, p.9-23 and FO
179/6.
77 Canning to Strangford, No. 8, 22.10.1807, FO 63/56, p.7 and FO 179/6;
Canning to Strangford, 23.10.1807, HAG GC, 48.
78 Canning to Sousa, 31.10.1807, HAR GC, 47.
79 Strangford to Canning, 14.10.1807, (received 4.11.1807), FO 63/55, pp.258-
61, pp.270-1; Strangford wanted to remain in Portugal for a few weeks, even
if the ports were shut, lamenting that due to the work in Portugal ‘My health
is in a very precarious state’, Strangford to Canning, 14.10.1807, HAR GC,
48; see also Francis, Portugal, p.276.
80 Strangford to Purvis, 10.10.1807, enclosed in Strangford to Canning, 14.10.1807
(received 4.11.1807), FO 63/55, pp.285-6; Hall, British Strategy, p.90.
81 Strangford to Canning, 14.10.1807, Strangford to Purvis, 10.10.1807, FO
63/55, p.278, 288. Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.326.
82 Strangford, Viscount, P., Observations on Some Passages in Lieut-Col. Napier’s
History of the Peninsular War, (London: John Murray, 1828), pp.14-15; Francis,
Portugal, p.269.
83 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.90; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p.597.
84 Macaulay, Dom Pedro, p.12; see also Francis, Portugal, p.272.
85 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.218-221.
86 Ryan, ‘Documents Relating to the Copenhagen Operation’, p.xvi.
87 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.98.
88 Canning to Strangford, No. 11, 7.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.28-29, 40-41 and
for the draft p.29.
Chapter 8: The Smith Expedition to Lisbon
1 Light, K., ‘Britain and the Portuguese Navy, 1760-1810’, The British Historical
Society of Portugal, Twenty Second Annual Report and Review, (1995), p.42.
2 Canning to Granville, 5.11.1807, PRO 30/29 8/4, ff.183, original emphasis.
3 Canning to Strangford, No. 9, 22.10.1807, FO 63/56, p.20.
4 Admiralty Board Minutes, 27.10.1807, ADM 3/162; ‘Table of Events’,
Drake Papers, Vol. 16, British Library, Add Ms. 46837, (hereafter BL Add
Mss.), p.147; see also Howard, E. G. G., Memoirs of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, 2
vols, (London: Richard Bentley, 1839), Vol. 2, p.82.
5 Castlereagh to Admiralty, 29.10.1807, ADM 1/4206, ff.40.
6 Mackesy, P., The War in the Mediterranean, 1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass:
Harvard University Press, 1957), p.121; quotation from Russell, Lord, Knight
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
292
N
OTES
293
of the Sword: The Life and Letters of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, (London:
Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1964), p.87.
7 Laughton, J. K., ‘Smith, Admiral Sir William Sidney’ in Stephen, L., and Lee,
S., (eds), Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford: University Press, 1917),
Vol. 18, p.571.
8 Canning to Smith, 5.7.1807, HAR GC, 39.
9 Lord Grenville to Windham, Private, 9.9.1806, Benjamin, L. S., (ed), The
Windham Papers, (London: Herbert Jenkins Limited, 1813), pp.315-6.
10 Pocock, T., A Thirst for Glory: The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, (London:
Pimlico, 1998), pp.156-7.
11 Lord Auckland to Lord Grenville, 2.9.1807, Historic Manuscripts
Commission, The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. preserved at Dropmore, 10
Vols., (London: HMSO, 1892-1927), (hereafter Dropmore), Vol. 9, p.137.
12 Castlereagh to Admiralty, 29.10.1807, ADM 1/4206, ff.40; Admiralty to
Smith, 30.10.1807, Cambridge County Record Office, Cotton Naval Papers,
(hereafter CNP), 588/041A/1.
13 Pole to Smith, 30.10.1807, ADM 2/1365, pp.28-30; Admiralty to Smith,
30.10.1807, CNP, 588/041A/1.
14 Lady Bessborough to Leveson Gower, 19.9.1807, Granville, Countess, (ed),
Lord Granville Leveson Gower Private Correspondence, 1781-1821, 2 Vols.,
(London: John Murray, 1916), Vol. 2, p.284.
15 Hinde, W., Castlereagh, (London: Collins, 1981), p.140-1.
16 Hawkesbury to the King, 2.11.1807, Tierney to Howick, 6.11.1807,
12.11.1807, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later Correspondence of George III, 5 Vols.,
(Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 4, pp.644-5, and n.1.
17 Castlereagh to Hawkesbury, 15.12.1807, Wellington, 2nd Duke, (ed),
Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur,
Duke of Wellington, K.G., 15 Vols., (London: John Murray, 1858-72),
(hereafter WSD), Vol. 5, pp.278-9; see also Gash, N., Lord Liverpool,
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1984), p.70.
18 Canning to Hawkesbury, 6.11.1807, HAR GC, 32.
19 Canning to Smith, 6.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.53-8.
20 Canning to Hawkesbury, 7.11.1807, HAR GC, 32.
21 Canning to Strangford, No. 11, 7.11.1807, FO 63/56, p.32 and FO 179/6;
see also Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London:
Macmillan, 1899-1930), Vol. 6, p.98.
22 Canning to Strangford, No. 11, 7.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.32-49 and FO 179/6.
23 Canning to Sousa, 8.11.1807, HAR GC, 47.
24 Canning to Granville, 5.11.1807, PRO 30/29 8/4, ff.183; Canning to
Hawkesbury, 8.11.1807, HAR GC, 32.
25 Muir, R., Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815, (New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 1996), p.30.
26 Smith to Pole, No. 2a2, 9.11.1807, ADM 1/19; Journal of Sir W.S. Smith,
No. 5, ADM 50/50.
27 Pole to Young, 12.11.1807, ADM 2/1365, p.36.
28 Hammond to Canning, 10.11.1807, HAR GC, 76.
29 Castlereagh to Hawkesbury, 8.10.1807, Vane, C. W., (ed), Marquis of