Robson Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict (ENG)
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Preface
1 Stanhope, P. H., Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, 4 Vols., (London:
John Murray, 1867), Vol. 4, p.382; also cited in Ehrman, J., The Younger
Pitt, Volume Three: The Consuming Struggle, (London: Constable, 1996), p.829.
2 See Ehrman, The Consuming Struggle, p.796.
3 Schroeder, P., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1994), p.276. See Ehrman, The Consuming Struggle, chtps xx
and xxi for Pitt’s efforts.
4 Canning to Pitt, 31.12.1805, Stanhope, Pitt, Vol. 4, pp.364-5; Ehrman, The
Consuming Struggle, p.817.
5 Stanhope, Pitt, Vol. 4, p.369; see also Rose, J. H., William Pitt and the Great
War, (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1911), pp.548-549 and Ehrman, The
Consuming Struggle, p.822.
Introduction
1 There is no full account of British policy towards Portugal and South
America 1806-1808. Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808, (London: Tamesis
Books, 1985) provides a satisfactory narrative of events in 1806-8 but does
not cover all British ministerial planning and discussions. Macaulay, N., Dom
Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834, (Durham: Duke
University Press, 1986), Oman, C., A History of The Peninsular War, 7 Vols.,
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902-30), Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the
Peninsula and in the South of France, from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, 6 Vols.,
(London: Thomas and William Boone, 1828-45), Fortescue, J. W., A History
of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London: Macmillan, 1899-1930), Light, K., The
Migration of the Royal Family of Portugal to Brazil in 1807-08, (Rio de Janeiro:
Kenneth Light, 1995), Mahan, A. T., The Influence of Seapower upon the French
Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812, 2 Vols., (London: Sampson Low and Co.,
1892),
James, W., The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War
by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV, 6 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1837), all concentrate on events in 1807.
2 Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), p.126; see also Simms, B., ‘Britain and Napoleon’, in
Dwyer, P. G., Napoleon and Europe, (London: Longman, 2001), p.195.
3 Broers, M., Europe under Napoleon, 1799-1815, (London: Arnold, 1996), p.144;
see also Esdaile, C., Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, (London:
Penguin, 2007), pp.276-277.
4 Schroeder, P., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1994), pp.311-331.
5 Mackesy, P., War Without Victory: The Downfall of Pitt, 1799-1802, (Oxford:
Clarenden Press, 1984), p.122; see also Glover, R., Britain at Bay: Defence Against
Bonaparte, 1803-14, (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1973), p.21.
6 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.314.
7 Baugh, D. A., ‘Great Britain’s ‘Blue-Water’ Policy, 1689-1815’, International
History Review, Vol. 10, (1988), pp.33-34, 52-3.
8 Corbett, J. S., Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, (London: Brassey’s Defence
Publishers, 1988, original published by Longman Green and Co., 1911), p.9.
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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265
9 Ibid., p.15.
10 Till, G., Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century, (London: Routledge,
2009), p.20. Till prefers the term ‘seapower’.
11 Corbett, Some Principles, p.16.
12 Mahan, A. T., The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, (New York:
Dover Publications, 1987, original published by Boston: Little Brown, 1890),
pp.28-29 for the basic list and pp.29-89 for a more detailed assessment of
the elements of maritime power.
13 Till, Seapower, pp.84-85.
14 Ibid., p.83.
15 Black, J., Britain as a Military Power, 1688-1815, (London: Routledge, 1999),
p.221.
16 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 4, part 1, p.86; Schroeder, Transformation of
European Politics, pp.128-9; Esdaile, C., The Peninsular War: A New History,
(London: Allen Lane, 2002), p.89-90.
17 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.113; Fortescue, British Army,
Vol. 4, part 1, pp.73-74; Simms, ‘Britain and Napoleon’, p.198.
18 Hall, British Strategy, pp.83-85; Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.77.
19 Glover, R., Britain at Bay: Defence Against Bonaparte, 1803-14, (London: George
Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1973), p.18.
20 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 4, part 1, part 1, p.74.
21 Howard, M., The Causes of Wars and other essays, (London: Temple Smith,
1983), p.179.
22 Citation in Hall, British Strategy, p.86. British war aims were achieved in 1815
when the Congress of Vienna created the independent United Kingdom of
the Netherlands.
23 Ibid., p.89.
24 Blanning, T., The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648-1815, (London: Penguin
Books, 2007), p.105.
25 Emsley, C., The Longman Companion to Napoleonic Europe, (London: Longman,
1993), p.132.
26 Mackesy, P., The War in the Mediterranean, 1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass:
Harvard University Press, 1957), p.9.
27 Emsley, Napoleonic Europe, p.132.
28 Esdaile, C., The Wars of Napoleon, (London, Longman, 1995), pp.144-5;
Duffy, M., ‘‘Science and Labour’: The Naval Contribution to Operations
ashore in the Great Wars with France, 1793-1815’, in Hore, P., (ed.) Seapower
Ashore, 200 years of Royal Navy Operations on Land, (London: Chatham, 2001),
p.39. For a detailed discussion of manpower problems see Hall, British
Strategy, pp.1-9.
29 Windham to Grenville, 22.9.1806, Grenville to Windham, 23.9.1806,
Historic Manuscripts Commission, The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq.
preserved at Dropmore, 10 Vols., (London: HMSO, 1892-1927), (hereafter
Dropmore), Vol. 8, p.353
30 ‘Memorandum for the Cabinet’ -.3.1807, Vane, C. W., (ed), Marquis of
Londonderry, Correspondence, Dispatches, and other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh,
Second Marquis of Londonderry, 12 Vols., (London: William Shoberl, 1851),
(hereafter Castlereagh Papers), Vol. 8, pp.46-52; Castlereagh to the King,
3.4.1807, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later Correspondence of George III, 5 Vols.,
(Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 4, p.552; Hall, British Strategy,
pp.153-4.
31 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.117-118; Fortescue, British
Army, Vol. 4, part 1, pp.84-132, 141-150.
32 Hall, British Strategy, p.9.
33 Windham to Grenville, 22.9.1806, Grenville to Windham, 23.9.1806,
Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.353. As a cost cutting measure in 1806 Windham tried to
downsize the Waggon Train, an essential part of any British expedition to
Europe. Windham also estimated transports for 10,000 cavalry for three
months would be £2.4 million and argued the government should pause for a
minute before sending troops to the continent. Grenville agreed, replying the
expense was ‘so very far beyond any idea I could have formed’. Though as
Hall notes, this might have been an attempt by Windham to prevent forces
destined for South America going to Europe and shows Grenville’s lack of
knowledge in the cost of shipping troops abroad. Hall, British Strategy, p.136.
34 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.129.
35 Ibid., pp.130-131; Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 4, part 1, p.87.
36 Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, p. ix.
37 Sherwig, J. M., Guineas and Gunpowder, British Foreign Aid in the Wars with
France, 1793-1815, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
1969), pp.179-181. Certainly under Grenville it seems that Britain ‘doled out
subsidies by the spoonful’.
38 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.313, quotation from p.317; see
also pp.270-1 for Russia’s treatment of Austria in 1805: ‘an ironic
commentary on Russia’s constant claim that, invulnerable itself, it was acting
solely to help others’; and p.275-6 ‘At Constantinople the Russians made no
pretence of acting disinterestedly for the common cause, but set out openly
to destroy French influence and make their own dominant’ in September
1805. See Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, pp.156-158 for more on the problems of
subsidies, allies and British strategy; and Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder,
passim, for an unsurpassed in-depth study of the issues.
39 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.264.
40 Duffy, M., ‘World-Wide War and British Expansion, 1793-1815’, in
Marshall, P. J., (ed), The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume Two, The
Eighteenth Century, (Oxford: OUP, 2001 pbk ed), pp.190-1.
41 Muir, R., Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815, (New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 1996), p.191.
42 It was not just French writers who were critical; Fortescue, British Army, Vol.
4, part 1, pp.206-8, was immensely disparaging of Dundas’ West Indian
strategy drawing resources and focus away from Europe. See also Esdaile,
The Wars of Napoleon, p.155.
43 Geyl, P., Napoleon: For and Against, (London: Penguin Books, 1965), pp.51.
44 Ibid., pp.217, 229, 253 respectively.
45 Cronin, V., Napoleon, (London: Readers Union, 1971), p.236.
46 Lefebvre, G., Napoleon: from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, (Stockhold, H. F., trans),
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p.179.
47 Ibid., pp.194-5, 212.
48 Citation from Sherwig, Guineas and Gunpowder, p.182.
49 Citation from Hall, British Strategy, p.139.
50 Simms, ‘Britain and Napoleon’, p.194.
51 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, pp.160-161.
52 11064, 15th Bulletin of the Grand Armee, 23.10.1806, Correspondance de
Napoléon I publiée ordre de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter
CN), Vol. 13, pp.489-491.
53 11377, Napoleon to the King of Holland, 3.12.1806, CN, Vol. 14, pp.33-34.
54 12517, Napoleon to Fouché, 3.5.1807, CN, Vol. 15, pp.224-5.
55 Simms, ‘Britain and Napoleon’, pp.194-5.
56 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, pp.190-2.
57 Esdaile, Peninsular War, pp.3-4; see also Esdaile, Wars of Napoleon, pp.2-3.
58 Hall, British Strategy, p.79.
59 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, p.186.
60 Ibid., (see also Duffy, M., Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1987), passim, for a masterful examination of the role of the West
Indies in British strategy); Mackesy, P., War Without Victory: The Downfall of
Pitt, 1799-1802, (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1984), especially pp.8-15;
Matheson, C., The Life of Henry Dundas, First Viscount Melville, (London:
Constable and Co. Ltd., 1933), pp.176-90; Schroeder, Transformation of
European Politics, pp.118, 127; Memorandum by Henry Dundas, 31.3.1800,
Hattendorf, J. B., Knight, R. J. B., Pearsall, A. W. H., Rodger, N. A. M., Till,
G., (eds), British Naval Documents 1204-1960, Navy Records Society, No. 131,
(1993), pp.344-5.
61 Ehrman, The Consuming Struggle, p.421.
62 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, p.184.
63 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.298.
64 Recent research has shown that by 1815 the emphasis of the Empire had
shifted from the Atlantic to a very different kind of empire centred in the East
Indies and India in particular, see Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, pp.184-207.
65 Deane, P., and Cole, W. A., British Economic Growth, 1688-1959: Trends and
Structure, (Cambridge: CUP, 1962), p.34
66 Platt, D. C. M., Latin America and British Trade, 1806-1914, (London: Adam
and Charles Black, 1972), p.28.
67 Hall, British Strategy, p.95-6.
68 Emsley, Napoleonic Europe, pp.132-33. British export trade suffered an overall
decline from £41,412,000 to £36,527,000 in the same period.
69 Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, quotation from p.5, see also p.10.
70 Kennedy, P., The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, (London: Fontana
Press, 1991, 3rd ed), p.152.
71 Emsley, Napoleonic Europe, pp.132-3.
72 Horsfall, L. F., ‘The West Indian Trade’ in Northcote Parkinson, C., (ed),
The Trade Winds: A Study of British Overseas Trade during the French Wars, 1793-
1815, (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1948), p.163.
73 Ehrman, J., The Younger Pitt, Volume One: The Years of Acclaim, (London:
Constable, 1984 pbk ed, originally published 1969), p.332.
74 Quotation from Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 4, part 1, p.79; see Auckland to
Grenville, 6.6.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.181; Horsfall, ‘The West Indian
Trade’, pp.158-161.
75 Collingwood to Carlyle, 2.7.1805, remarks ‘I believe their object in the West
Indies to be less conquest, than to draw our force from home’, Hughes, E.,
(ed), The Private Correspondence of Admiral Lord Collingwood, Navy Records
Society, No. 98, (1956-7), p.159.
76 Nelson to Simon Taylor, 10.6.1805, Nicolas, N. H., (ed), The Dispatches and
Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, 7 Vols., (London: Chatham, 1997,
originally published London: Henry Colburn, 1844), Vol. 6, pp.450-451. See
also Nelson to Davison, 7.5.2805, ibid., p.427.
77 Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, p.19.
78 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, p.186; see also Ehrman, J., The Younger Pitt,
Volume Two: The Reluctant Transition, (London: Constable, 1983), pp.262-4;
Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.118, 127; Black, Britain as a
Military Power, p.241-243.
79 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, p.187.
80 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 4, part 1, pp.384-5, 565.
81 Esdaile, The Peninsular War, pp.3-4.
82 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.127.
83 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 4, part 1, p.325.
84 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.156.
85 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, pp.188-9.
86 Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, pp.7, 12 and ‘World-Wide War’, p.187.
87 Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, p.23.
88 9767, Napoleon to Decrès, CN, Vol. 12, p.21.
89 10364, Napoleon to Decrès, 14.6.1806, CN, Vol. 12, p.570.
90 10703, Napoleon to Decrès, 29.8.1806, CN, Vol. 13, p.139.
91 Duffy, Soldiers, Sugar and Seapower, p.20.
92 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 4, part 1, pp.425-438.
93 Hall, British Strategy, pp.77-8.
94 Ehrman, The Consuming Struggle, pp.424-5.
95 For Goa see Cooper, R. G. S., ‘Amphibious Options in Colonial India:
Anglo-Portuguese Intrigue in Goa, 1799’ in Cogar, W. B., (ed), New
Interpretations in Naval History, Selected Papers from the Twelfth Naval History
Symposium, (Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, 1997), pp.96-8, 108; Oliviera,
Marques, A. D., History of Portugal, 2 Vols., (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1972), Vol. 1, p.477.
96 Simms, ‘Britain and Napoleon’, p.194.
97 Howard, The Causes of Wars, pp.173, 184-6, quotation from p.184.
98 Corbett, J. S., ‘Napoleon and the British Navy after Trafalgar’, Quarterly
Review, 1922, pp.243-243.
99 Liddell Hart, B. H., ‘Economic Pressures or Continental Victories’, Journal of
the Royal United Services Institute, No. 76, (1931), pp.495-500, quotation from
p.500; Liddell Hart, B. H., The British way in Warfare, (London: Faber and
Faber, 1932), p.7.
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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269
100 Duffy, ‘World-Wide War’, p.184.
101 Ibid., pp.190-2.
102 Baugh, D. A., ‘British Strategy During the First World War in the context of
Four Centuries: Blue-Water versus Continental Commitment’, in Masterson,
D. M., (ed), The Sixth Symposium of the U. S. Naval Academy, (Delaware:
Scholarly Resources Inc, 1987), p.87.
103 Baugh, ‘Great Britain’s ‘Blue-Water’ Policy’, p.56.
104 Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon, p.156.
105 Till, Seapower, p.34.
Chapter 1: The Strategy of the Talents Ministry
1 For Grenville see Jupp, P., Lord Grenville, 1759-1834, (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1984) and Jupp, P., ‘The Aims and Achievements of Lord
Grenville’, in Bossy, J., and Jupp, P., (eds) Essays Presented to Michael Roberts,
(Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1976), for Fox, Derry, J. W., Charles James Fox,
(London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1972) and Mitchell, L. G., Charles James Fox,
(Oxford: University Press, 1992).
2 Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), p.131.
3 Auckland to Grenville, 10.6.1806, Historic Manuscripts Commission, The
Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. preserved at Dropmore, 10 Vols., (London:
HMSO, 1892-1927), (hereafter Dropmore), Vol. 8, p.182.
4 Fox to Talleyrand, 20.2.1806, Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, (London: T. C.
Hansard, 1808), (hereafter Hansard), 22.12.1806, Vol. 8, p.92.
5 Grenville admitted they may have been a ruse to keep Britain occupied while
Napoleon made military plans for conquest in the East. Grenville to
Lauderdale, 4.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.304-5; see also Esdaile, C.,
Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, (London: Penguin, 2007), p.244; for
an in depth account see Butterfield, H., Charles James Fox and Napoleon: The
Peace Negotiations of 1806, (London: The Athlone Press, 1962).
6 Fox to the King, 19.4.1806, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later Correspondence of
George III, 5 Vols., (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 4, p.435.
7 Schroeder, P., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1994), pp.294-7; Hall, British Strategy, p.132.
8 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.294-7.
9 News of the Prussian declaration of war on France reached London on 19
October. Howick to Grenville, 19.10.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.392.
10 Hall, British Strategy, p.132.
11 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.243; Esdaile, C., The Peninsular
War: A New History, (London: Allen Lane, 2002), pp.89-90.
12 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.297.
13 Ibid.
14 Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.5.
15 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, pp.244, 246.
16 Fox to the King, 19.4.1806, enclosing Cabinet minute and the Kings reply,
20.4.1806, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, pp.435-6; Minute
of Cabinet, 15.7.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, pp.235-6. This continued during
Fox’s illness see Cabinet minute, 7.9.1806, Dropmore, Vol. 8, p.312.
Quotation from Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.297.
17 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.298.
18 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.245.
19 Quotation from Esdaile, Peninsular War, pp.89-90, see also Esdaile, Napoleon’s
Wars, pp.77-82 for earlier examples of the French ‘riding roughshod over
treaties and frontiers as she thought fit’. See Schroeder, Transformation of
European Politics, pp.232-9 for Napoleon’s actions after Amiens in
Switzerland, Germany and Italy.
20 Esdaile, Peninsular War, pp.89-90; and Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, pp.77-82.
21 Rose, J. H., The Life of Napoleon I, 2 Vols, (London: George Bell and Sons,
1904), Vol. 2, p.104.
22 Esdaile, Peninsular War, pp.89-90.
23 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.314.
24 Hall, British Strategy, p.130.
25 Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.3.
26 See Fox to the King, 2.3.1806, and enclosed ‘Cabinet Minute’, Aspinall, Later
Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, pp.404.
27 Windham to the King, 20.4.1806, ibid., p.436. Sicily remained in British
hands throughout the war. See Gregory, D., Sicily, The Insecure Base: A History
of the British Occupation of Sicily, 1806-1815, (Cranbury, NJ: Associated
University Presses, 1988), passim, for the full story.
28 Mackesy, P., The War in the Mediterranean, 1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass:
Harvard University Press, 1957), pp.154-182; Tracy, N., (ed), The Naval
Chronicle: The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at War, (London: Chatham,
1999, consolidated edition), (hereafter Naval Chronicle), Vol. 4, pp.12-36;
Hall, British Strategy, pp.141-3.
29 Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, pp.154-182; Hall, British Strategy, pp.141-3;
Hinde, W., George Canning, (London: Collins, 1973), pp.163-4; Pocock, T., A
Thirst for Glory: The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, (London: Pimlico, 1998),
pp.199-206; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.311-7; Naval
Chronicle, Vol. 4, pp.12-36.
30 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.287.
31 Ibid., pp.268-9. See also Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.199.
32 Muir, R., and Esdaile, C., ‘Strategic planning in a time of Small Government:
The Wars Against Revolutionary France, 1793-1815’, in Woolgar, C. M.,
(ed), Wellington Studies 1, (Southampton: University Press, 1996), p.11 and
quotation from p.17.
33 Rose, Life of Napoleon, Vol. 2, pp.115-116.
34 Hall, British Strategy, pp,148-9.
35 Muir, R., Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815, (New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 1996), p.7.
36 Simms, B., ‘Britain and Napoleon’, in Dwyer, P. G., Napoleon and Europe,
(London: Longman, 2001), p.196.
37 Esdaile, Peninsular War, p.4 and see Esdaile, C., The Wars of Napoleon,
(London, Longman, 1995), p.155.
38 Glover, R., Britain at Bay: Defence Against Bonaparte, 1803-14, (London: George
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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OTES
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Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1973), p.23.
39 Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1899-1930), Vol. 6, p.38.
40 Derry, J., Politics in the Age of Fox, Pitt and Liverpool: Continuity and
Transformation, (Macmillan: London, 1990), p.134.
41 Quotation from Muir and Esdaile, ‘Strategic planning’, p.17; see also Glover,
Britain at Bay, p.23.
42 Gray, D., Spencer Perceval, The Evangelical Prime Minister, (Manchester:
University Press, 1963), p.160.
43 Dwyer, P. G., ‘Napoleon and the drive for Glory: Reflections on the making
of French Foreign Policy’, in Dwyer, P. G., Napoleon and Europe, (London:
Longman, 2001), pp.122-3; Simms, ‘Britain and Napoleon’, p.193; Esdaile,
Peninsular War, p.5.
Chapter 2: The Importance of Portugal
1 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, p.200; -.7.1804,
FO 63/44.
2 Corbett, J. S., England in the Seven Years War: A Study in Combined Strategy, 2
Vols., (London: Longmans Green and Co., 1907), Vol. 2, pp.189, 252, 297;
see also Baugh, D. A., ‘Withdrawing from Europe: Anglo-French Maritime
Geopolitics, 1750-1800’, The International History Review, Vol. 20, (1998), p.19.
3 See Ward, A. W., and Gooch, G. P., (eds), The Cambridge History of British
Foreign Policy 1783-1919, (Cambridge: University Press, 1922), Vol. 1, p.15;
Manchester, A. K., British Preëminence in Brazil Its Rise and Decline: A Study in
European Expansion, (New York: Octagon Books, 1972), pp.7, 12-13, 15-18.
4 Ibid., p.1.
5 Ibid., pp.18-19; Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808, (London: Tamesis Books,
1985), pp.1-2; Sideri, S., Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese
Relations, (Rotterdam: University Press, 1970), pp.19, 105; Shillington, V. M.,
and Wallis Chapman, A. B., The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal,
(London: Routledge, 1970), pp.205-226.
6 Oliveira, Marques, A. D., History of Portugal, 2 Vols., (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1972), Vol. 1, p.385.
7 Miller, R., Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,
(London: Longman, 1993), p.32.
8 Boxer, C. R., The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825, (Manchester:
Carcarnet, 1991), p.173.
9 Manchester, British Preëminence, pp.30-31, 33.
10 Oliveira, History, Vol. 1, p.383.
11 Williams, J. B., British Commercial Policy and Trade Expansion 1750-1850, (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1972), p.148; Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p.196; Bethell,
L., (ed), Colonial Brazil, (Cambridge: University Press, 1987), p.277.
12 Bethell, Colonial Brazil, p.279.
13 Emsley, C., The Longman Companion to Napoleonic Europe, (London: Longman,
1993), p.132.
14 Bethell, Colonial Brazil, p.244.
15 Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p.157. See also Cavaliero, R., The
Independence of Brazil, (London: I.B. Tauris, 1993), p.2.
16 Oliveira, History, Vol. 1, p.431.
17 Ibid., p.380; Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p.150.
18 Cavaliero, Independence of Brazil, p.2.
19 Citation in Francis, Portugal, p.204.
20 Barman, R. J., Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852, (Stanford University
Press, 1998), pp.10-11, 34, 42.
21 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.200-1; -
.7.1804, FO 63/44; Oliveira, History, Vol. 1, p.453.
22 Campbell to Lord Harrowby, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.204-228, an
unsigned copy of Campbell’s report dated July 1804 exists in FO 63/44. See
also Bethell, Colonial Brazil, p.244; Hall, British Strategy, pp.97-8, 144-9;
Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.295.
23 See Morris, R., (ed), The Channel Fleet and the Blockade of Brest, 1793-1801, The
Navy Records Society, No. 141, (2001), pp.1-6, quotation from p.6; Duffy,
M., ‘The establishment of the Western Squadron as the linchpin of British
naval Strategy’, in Duffy, M., (ed), Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650-1850,
(Exeter University Press: Exeter, 1992), pp.60-81.
24 Esdaile, C., The Peninsular War: A New History, (London: Allen Lane, 2002),
pp.3-4.
25 Goodwin, P., Nelson’s Ships: A comprehensive history of the vessels in Which he
Served, (London: Conway, 2002), p.188.
26 James, W., The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by
France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV, 6 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1837), Vol. 4, p.283.
27 Ibid., pp.184-191.
28 Citation from Woodman, R., The Victory of Seapower, Winning the Napoleonic
War, 1806-1814, (London: Chatham, 1998), p.24.
29 Strangford to Fox, no.4 [?], 18.6.1806, FO 63/50, (received 2.7.1806).
30 James, Naval History, Vol. 4, p.203.
31 Ibid., p.264-265.
32 Woodman, Victory of Seapower, p.18.
33 Collingwood to Purvis, 17.2.1807, Hughes, E., (ed), The Private Correspondence
of Admiral Lord Collingwood, The Navy Records Society, No. 98, (1956-7),
pp.201-202.
34 James, Naval History, Vol. 5, pp.3-9; Mackesy, P., The War in the Mediterranean,
1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1957), pp.244-258;
see also Mackesy, P., ‘Collingwood and Ganteaume’, Mariners Mirror, Vol. 41,
(1955). For Collingwood’s frustration at not locating the French fleet see
Collingwood to Lady Collingwood, 15.5.1808, Collingwood, G. L. N., (ed),
A Selection from the Public and Private Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord
Collingwood, (London: James Ridgway, 1829), pp.355-7.
35 Corbett, J. S., ‘Napoleon and the British Navy after Trafalgar’, Quarterly
Review, (1922), pp.241-242; Harding, R., Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-
1830, (London: UCL Press, 1999), p.270.
36 Harding, Seapower, p.270, table 10.1.
37 Marthinsen, S., ‘French Sail-of-the-Line in the Napoleonic Wars, (1792-
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
272
N
OTES
273
1815)’, Roberts, J., (ed), Warship 1994, (London: Conway Marititime Press,
1994), pp.15-21, James, Naval History, Vol. 4, p.283.
38 Glete, J., Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and
America, 1500-1860, 2 Vols., (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International,
1993), Vol. 2, pp.386-387.
39 Ibid., p.389; James, Naval History, Vol. 4, p.283.
40 Glete, Navies and Nations, Vol. 2, pp.394-5.
41 James, Naval History, Vol. 4, pp.283-4.
42 Harding, Seapower, p.273.
43 Glete, Navies and Nations, Vol. 2, pp.396-400.
44 Brazâo, E., The Anglo Portuguese Alliance, (London: Sylvan Press, 1957), pp.42-
44; Kennedy, P., The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 3rd edition,
(London: Fontana Press, 1991), p.124; Mahan, A. T., The Influence of Sea Power
upon History, 1660-1783, (New York: Dover Publications, 1987, original
published by Boston: Little Brown, 1890), pp.315-6.
45 The 1805 figure comes from Glete, Navies and Nations, Vol. 2, p.376 and
Table 23:51, p.400, the quotation is from p.393, original emphasis. The
composition of the Portuguese navy in 1807 is enclosed in Strangford to
Canning, 8.9.1807, FO 63/54, ff.151.
46 Fisher, S., ‘Lisbon as a Port Town in the Eighteenth Century’, Fisher, S.,
(ed), Lisbon as a port town, the British Seaman and other Maritime Themes, (Exeter:
UEP, 1988), p.15.
47 Corbett, J. S., The Campaign of Trafalgar, (London: Longmans, 1910), p.100.
48 M Postlethwayt, citation in Fisher, ‘Lisbon as a Port Town’, p.16.
49 Foy, M., Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, 1807-1808, (Felling: Worley Publications,
2000), p.65; Fisher, ‘Lisbon as a Port Town’, p.16.
50 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p.65.
51 Hepper, D. J., British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859 (East Sussex,
Jean Boudriot Publications, 1994), pp.82, 89, 94; see also ADM 51/1219;
Clowes, W. L., The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present, 7
Vols., (London: Sampson, Low Marston and Company, Ltd, 1897-1903),
Vol. 4, p.305; James, Naval History, Vol. 2, p.392.
52 Manchester, British Preëminence, pp.12-13, 15-18.
53 Grenville to Walpole, No. 11, 24.8.1796, FO 63/23.
54 Spencer to Dundas, 31.10.1796, Corbett, J. S., (ed), The Private Papers of
George, second Earl Spencer, First Lord of the Admiralty, 1794-1801, 4 Vols., The
Navy Records Society, Nos. 46, 48, 58 & 59, (1913-1924), (hereafter Spencer
Papers), Vol. 1, No. 46, pp.323, 325, 327-8.
55 St. Vincent to Spencer, 10.1.1798, ibid., Vol. 2, No. 48, pp.429-430.
56 Jervis to Nepean, No. 210, 22.12.1796, ADM 1/395. Copy of Jervis to
Nepean, No.222, 31.12.1796, ADM 1/395.
57 Admiralty to Commissioner Libra, Lisbon, 9.3.1797, ADM 2/922, pp.169-170.
58 St. Vincent to Spencer, 6.4.1797, Corbett, Spencer Papers, Vol. 2, No. 48,
pp.384-5, 387.
59 See Walpole to Grenville, No. 37, 25.8.1796 (received 15.9.1796), Koster to
Grenville, Lisbon, Friday 26.8.1796 (received 15.9.1796), Koster to
Grenville, 3.9.1796 (received 16.9.1796), FO 63/23; Admiralty to Hyde