Robson Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict (ENG)

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Aboukir Bay, Battle of (1798) 243–4

Abrantes, Marquis of 181

Acland, General 224

Acre, siege of (1799) 137

Addington, Henry, 1st Viscount Sidmouth

21, 83, 93

Admiralty

and the Mediterranean Fleet 36

use of Lisbon as fleet rendezvous 38

and St Vincent 51

Africaine 172

Agamemnon 180

Alceste 172

Alexander I, Tsar

asks for subsidies from Britain 9

infuriated by the Talents strategy 24

signs Treaties of Tilsit 109

Alfonso d’Albuquerque 168, 248

Alfred 180, 191, 219, 224

Algésiras 178

Allemand, Admiral 175, 176

Almeida, Chevalier Dom João de 131–2

Alopeus, Mr (Russian minister) 183

Amazona 249

American War of Independence (1775-83)

2, 19, 30, 158

Amiens, Peace of (1802) xiii, 2, 22–3, 66,

84, 85, 228, 235, 238, 245

Anjou, Philip, Duke d’ 120

Ansthruther, General 224

Antas e Meneres, Pedro Fagundes Bacellar

d’ 172

Antelope 180, 218

António, D. Manuel José 114

Araujo e Azevedo, Antonio 48, 60–61,

243, 254–5, 256–7

Portuguese Foreign Minister 43

embargo on the Richmond 45

relations with the French 46

and secret supply system 47

Windham’s faith in 57

on the Portuguese Army 61

and Portuguese neutrality 61–2

meetings with Rosslyn 62–5, 69

confers with Strangford 81, 117, 123,

134, 146

Argonaute 178

Army of Portugal 114

Artishiff, Captain 247

Assaye, Battle of (1803) 94

Asturias, Prince of 46

Auchmuty, Sir Samuel 93, 96, 97

Auckland, William Eden, 1st Baron 21, 88,

93, 139, 145, 170, 241

Austerlitz, Battle of (1805) xiv, 10, 21, 90

Backhouse, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas

96, 97

Badajoz, Peace of (1801) 244, 245

Bahia region, Brazil 85, 86, 173

Bailie, Captain 247

Baltic 7, 85, 103–4, 109, 138, 161, 177, 229

Bank of France 87

Baratnisky, Commodore 247

Barbé-Marbois, François, marquis de 87

Barham, Lord 31

Batavian Republic, foundation of (1795) 6,

Bathurst, Henry, 3rd Earl 101, 205, 206,

207, 242

Bayonne

French troops assemble 122, 123, 127, 128

INDEX

Figures in bold indicate Tables.

NDEX

329

Portuguese troops sent to 185

Bedford 139, 143, 172, 173

Beira, Prince of 125, 134, 147

Bell, John 157

Bengal Sepoys 94, 95

Beresford, Major General William Carr

88–9, 97, 153, 171–2, 206

Berlin Decree (1806) 1, 24, 80, 90

Bessborough, Lady 124, 139–40, 170

Birt, Surgeon 191

Bligh, Captain 219

Blossom 194, 217

Bombay Castle 36, 260

Bouitchensky, Captain 247

Bourbon monarchy, and a South American

throne 120–21

Bourtchensky, Captain 247

Brazil

an important Portugese possession 27

gold in 28, 29

major contributor to Portuguese econ-

omy 29

revolutionary conspiracies 29

Portuguese ambition to extend borders

remains in contact with Portugal 84

seat of Portuguese government from

early 1808 84, 197, 229

population 85

Napoleon’s plans 113, 197, 228

British object in 199

cotton licences 205

import duties 235

independence (1822) 254

Brest blockade 30–31

British army, size of 8, 203

British Atlantic Empire 13

British Empire, creation of 38

Brougham, Henry 41, 45, 53, 62, 74, 76–7,

119

Buckingham, Marquis of 93, 99

Buenos Aires

expedition to (1797) 83

wealth in 85

Popham seizes (1806) 89–94, 107, 207

confusion over area captured 91, 98–9

loss of (1806) 96, 107, 174

Wellesley’s plan for its recapture 96–7

British plans 199–200

Bulwark 261

Burke, James 178

Burling Islands 188–9, 193

Burrard, Lieutenant General Sir Harry 223,

224, 252

Byron, George Gordon, Lord 44–5

Cadiz 215, 222, 223

Purvis blockades 134, 178, 195

Camden, Earl 242

Camel 36

Camões, Luís de 44

Campbell, Admiral 41, 85, 86, 151

Camperdown, Battle of (1797) 30

Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797) xiii

Campo-Alegre 126

Canning, George 242

views on war policy 110

and Strangford 45, 132–3

and Mexico 88

Foreign Office 101

and direction of the war effort 102

and subsidies 103

attitude to Russia 111

Anglo-Portuguese Convention 130, 131

and Almeida 131–2

and vacillations of Portuguese court 136

annoyed with Sousa 142

Regent’s evacuation 144–5

and the Madeira expedition 152–3

and the Russian fleet 158–9

delighted that Portuguese Royal Family

saved 170–71

and Brazil mission 198

memorandum on South America 201–2,

233

commits British help to those opposing

France 221

Canning, Joan 115

Canopus 56

Captain 56, 172

Carlota Joaquina, Spanish Infanta (Princess

of Brazil; later Queen Consort of Portu-

gal) 41–2, 60, 212

Carpenter, John 185

Castlereagh, Lady 140

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount 7,

104–5, 242

Secretary of State for War 101

and direction of the war effort 102

examines strategic situation 103, 176

South American question 120, 202

serious illness 139–40, 149

Madeira expedition 153

withdraws troops 229–30

Cathcart, Lieutenant General William 104,

109, 111, 116

Catholic Emancipation xiii

Centaur 172

Champagny, Comte de 75, 114

Chandler, Commander Thomas 191

Channel Fleet 30, 139, 244

Charles II, King of Spain 120

Charles IV, King of Spain 41, 126, 196,

197, 207, 214

Chatham, General John Pitt, 2nd Earl of

101, 159, 160, 242

Chatham Papers 86

Cheery 194

Chesapeake, USS 200

Churchill, Sir Winston xiii

Clarke, Henri 75

Clausewitzian doctrine 18, 235

Coffin, Captain Isaac 37

Coimbra, Portugal 218–19

Collingwood, Admiral Cuthbert 32, 43, 46,

47, 56, 106, 158, 175, 176, 178, 188

Colpoys 60

Conde Henrique 168, 248

Confederation of the Rhine 90

Confiance 164, 167, 168, 198–9, 251, 257

Conqueror 143, 165, 180

Constantinople 174

Continental blockade 1–2, 14, 20, 83, 91,

103, 109, 113, 173, 175, 201, 226

Convention of Cintra (1808) 224

Convention of Fontainebleau (1807) 87,

127–8, 129–33, 137, 144, 145, 148, 154,

178, 196, 198, 203, 237

Copenhagen 115, 119, 126, 127, 139, 154,

157, 164, 171, 174, 175, 229, 231

Copenhagen, Battle of (1801) 30

Cornélie 178

Corredo, Brigadier General 209

Correra Felles, José 219

Corunna campaign (1808-1809) 253

Cotton, Vice Admiral Sir Charles 62, 161,

163, 164, 179–95, 208, 215–19, 222, 223,

224, 229, 262

Crauford, Brigadier Robert 94, 98

Creyke, Captain 217

Cronin, Vincent 10

Crowe, Captain 247

Cuerta fortress, Morocco 178

Curioza 248

Dalrymple, Sir Hew 190, 214, 215, 218,

223, 224, 252, 261

Danish expedition (1807) 115

Danish navy 33, 109, 111–12, 143, 170

de Lima, Laurenço 62

Decrés, Admiral Duke Denis 16, 106, 154,

197, 237

Defence 180, 184

Defiance 48

Diadem 89

Diomede 89

Domingos de Sousa, Marquis 45

Don João de Castro 168, 248

Donegal 48

Duckworth, Vice Admiral Sir John 25, 31,

138, 158, 165–6

Dupont, General 188

Eclipse 217

Ega, Condé da 64, 69, 76, 78

Egypt, removal of French from (1801) 84

Elbe River 7

Eldon, Lord 116, 242

Elene 247

Elizabeth 139, 143, 168, 191

Elphinstone, Captain Fleming 261

Elphinstone, Robert 191

Embargo Act (1807) 200

Encounter 89

Erskine, Captain 184

Erskine, Lord 241

Etruria, Queen of 64

Etssen, Captain 247

European Navies, 1805-1810 34

Evora rising 219–20

Fenix 249

Ferdinand VII, King of Spain 196, 197,

212, 213

Ferrol, Spain 42–3, 134

First Coalition xiii

Fitzgerald, Lord Robert Stephen 41, 42, 47,

49, 115, 116, 123, 198, 251

Fitzwilliam, Richard, Viscount 73, 234

Ford, William 185

Foudroyant 157, 168, 180, 181, 209, 261

Fox, Charles James 21, 22, 23, 60, 72, 77,

90, 115, 241

Fox, General 104

Foy, General 35

Franco-Russian alliance (1807) 18, 227

Franco-Spanish problems 68–72

Fraser, Major General Alexander

BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

330

NDEX

331

Mackenzie 25

French army 185, 187

French navy 26, 32–4

French Revolution xiii, 17, 18

French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)

France declares war 5

threat to British security of French ex-

pansion into Low Countries 5–6, 7

Mediterranean theatre 7–8

Britain’s small army 8

British alliance with Russia 8–9

Britain’s main war aim in Europe 9

Britain goes to war for maritime security

great expeditions to the West Indies 30–

Frere, John Hookham 41

Friedland, Battle of (1807) 10, 99, 102, 105,

109

Gambier, Admiral John 111, 115, 122,

125–6, 147, 157, 166

Ganges 56, 180

Ganteaume, Admiral 175, 176

Garrota 194, 230

George III, King xiii, 6, 117, 129, 170–71,

209, 222

Gibraltar 190, 214, 260, 261

Glorious First of June (1794) 30

Goddard (in Lauderdale’s mission) 91–2

Godoy, Manuel de, Prince of Peace 58, 64,

69, 72, 76, 78, 79, 87, 196, 197

Golfinho 168, 248

Gomes Freire, General 166

Gomes Freres, Dom 218

Gower, Lord Granville Leveson 109

Grande Armée 32, 99

Greek War of Independence (1821-1833)

253

Grenville, Thomas 21, 74, 96, 97, 101, 241

Grenville, Lord William Wyndham 21, 36,

49, 72, 74, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 98, 102,

115, 138, 232, 233, 241

Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl see Howick, Vis-

count

Grieg, Rear Admiral Alexander 191, 247

Gustavus IV, King of Sweden 103, 135,

177

Hack, William 99

Harbinger 46

Harvey, Captain 109

Havana 197

Hawkesbury, Lord see Liverpool, Lord

Henning, Lieutenant 45

Héros 178

Hibernia 48, 60, 139, 157, 163, 164, 167,

168, 180, 190, 191, 217, 252, 254

Hill, Francis 198, 208, 209, 210

Hindustan 193

Holy Roman Empire 90

Hood, Rear Admiral Sir Samuel 32, 172

Howick, Viscount (1806-7; from 1807 2nd

Earl Grey) 11, 21, 241

Portuguese embargo of the Richmond 45

presses for decisive action over Portugal

and Rosslyn 56

Hunter, John 48

Huskinson, Lieutenant George 189

Illustrious 48

Intrepid 172

Ionian Islands 158, 159, 191

Jacob, William 84

Jamaica, British investments in 15

Jefferson, Thomas 200

Jena, Battle of (1806) 10

João, Dom, Prince of Brazil (later João VI

of Portugal) 41, 42, 65–8, 77, 80, 81,

117, 118, 121–5, 128, 129–30, 132–6,

140, 144–8, 169, 172–3, 185, 189, 198,

203, 204, 205, 211, 234, 235, 245, 251,

254–9

Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples 49

Junot, Jean-Andoche 126–7, 128, 154, 169,

170, 174, 179, 181, 182, 185–8, 190, 192,

194, 197, 216, 219, 220, 222, 224, 230,

235

Jverdoi 247

Kent 48

Kerguelen, Rear Admiral M 39

Kilduine 247

Kingfisher 36, 56

Krove, William 191

La Cannonier No.1 189

Lannes, General Jean 42, 246

Lauderdale, James Maitland, 8th Earl of

22, 72, 73, 91

Laughton, John Knox 260

Lavinia 48, 77

Le Conseiller de Court Poletica 186

League of Armed Neutrality (1800-1801)

18, 158

Lebland-Plasson, Lieutenant 194

Lebre 248

Lee, Captain 212

Leissegues, Admiral 31

Lemnos, Battle of (1807) 106

Leochy 247

Leopard 200

Levant Company 7

L’Hermitte, Commodore 32

Libra, Commissioner 37

Lima, Chevalier de 67, 73, 75, 113, 114,

122, 126, 155

Lind, Surgeon 191

Lisbon

importance of 26, 27, 34, 35, 39, 40, 106,

126

harbour 35, 36, 151, 227

Mediterranean Fleet based in 36–7

British merchant ships in 37–8, 48

dangers of Lisbon under French control

38–40

a hotbed of rumour 43

Napoleon aims to seize 113

vulnerability to blockade 151

Smith expedition 137–52

plans to attack 161–4

blockade 164–7, 179–81, 182, 187–8,

189, 192, 194, 195, 197, 199, 208, 217,

218, 230

Lively 186, 188

Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Lord

(previously Lord Hawkesbury) 101, 102,

242

deputises for Castlereagh 140

and the Smith expedition 143

and the Madeira expedition 152, 153

and the Russian fleet 158

Loison, General 219–20

London 139, 143, 164, 168, 172, 173, 209

Louis, Dauphin of France 120

Louis, Rear Admiral Sir Thomas 56

Louis XIII, King of France 120

Louis XIV, King of France 120

Louis XV, King of France 120

Louis XVIII, King of France 121

Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland 11

Louisiana Purchase (1803) 87–8

Lunéville, Treaty of (1801) xiii

Mackenzie-Fraser, General Alexander 105

McKinley, Captain George 162–3, 184,

186, 188, 189, 230

Madeira 128–9, 133, 152–3, 171–2, 206,

244–5

Madrid, Treaty of (1750) 209–210

Maleef, Captain 247

Maligin, Captain 247

Malta 56

Manilla 95

Maria I, Queen of Portugal 41, 60

Maria the First 168, 181

Maria Prima 249

Marlborough 139, 143, 168, 172, 173

Martim de Freitar 168, 248

Mediterranean Fleet 36–7, 43, 51

Medusa 168, 248

Meeting of West India Planters and Mer-

chants 14

Melville, Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount 12–

13, 15, 83, 84, 86, 87, 102

Methuen Treaty (1703) 28, 34

Metternich, Prince Klemens von 75

Mexico: Napoleon’s plans 197

Mexico expedition 95, 96, 108

Miguel of Portugal 254

Milbrook 180, 193

Minerva 168, 248

‘Ministry of All Talents’ (1806-7) xv, 61,

102, 227

members of 21, 241

situation found on taking office 21–2

the search for peace 22–6

reaction to Portuguese crisis (1806) 49–

59, 82, 229, 239

attempts to open up a rift between

France and Spain 90

in South America 98–9, 106–7, 196, 199,

231, 232, 233

assessed 100

collapse of the administration 100, 101

Minotaur 180, 191

Miranda, Francisco 84, 91, 108

Moffet, Lieutenant Samuel 191

Moira, Lord 21, 93, 241, 252

Monarch 139, 143, 172, 173, 212

Moncey, Marshal 188

Montevideo 85, 197, 199, 211–12, 237

Montron, M. de 72, 73

Moore, Captain Graham 172

Moore, Sir John 45, 102, 104, 137, 143–4,

152, 161, 166, 172, 177, 222, 252, 253, 260

BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

332

NDEX

333

Mosco 247

Moshtchnoi 225

Mostuoi 247

Mulgrave, Henry Phipps, 1st Earl 101, 105,

109, 110–111, 115, 161, 222, 242, 252

Murat, Marshal Joachim 214

Murray, Rear Admiral George 94

Napier, Lieutenant General Sir Charles

James 253

Napoleon Bonaparte

expansionist policies 9, 23, 26

builds a barrier of satellite states 9

criticism of Britain’s actions 11–12

and the West Indies 15, 16–17

military dominance on the Continent 21

and neutrality 25

crowns himself king of Italy 25

reconstruction of naval forces 32, 33–4

realises the value of Lisbon 39

mocks Britain dabbling in South America

absurd concept of 86

plan for an invasion of Portugal (1806)

Berlin Decree 1, 24, 80, 90

interest in South America 106, 113, 197,

228

signs Treaties of Tilsit 109

objectives in Portugal 113

orders Junot to march on Portugal 126–7

plans for the conquest of Portugal 154–

5, 169

denounces the Spanish Royal Family 196

seizure of Charles IV 207

as Emperor of the French 253

Narcissus 89, 90

Nautilus 188, 216

Nelson, Admiral Lord Horatio 15, 47, 171

Neptune 178

Nile, Battle of the (1798) 30

Niza, Admiral, Marquis of 36, 243

Northern Powers agreement (1801) 135

Northumberland, Duke of 170

Nymphe 180, 194

Olivença 245

Oporto (Porto), Portugal 76, 77, 106, 147,

217, 218, 219, 223

Orders in Council 24, 33, 201

Ordnance Office 103

Orel 247

Orleans, Duke of 201

Ottoman Empire 178

Ouvrard, Gabriel Julien 87

Paget, Sir Arthur 105

Parma, Duke of 6

Paul, Czar 105

peace talks

1796 84

1800-1801 84

failure of (1806) 22–3, 24, 93, 227

Pedro I of Brazil (Pedro IV of Portugal)

254

Perceval, Spencer 101, 102, 205, 242

Pernambuco region, Brazil 85

Perola 249

Petty, Lord Henry 11, 181–2, 241

Philippines 197

Pigott, Captain 217

Pitt, William, the Elder xiii

Pitt, William, the Younger 102

becomes Prime Minister (1783) xiii

French Revolutionary Wars 6

and Third Coalition xiv, 1, 17, 84

after Austerlitz xiv

Continental subsidies 9

opening markets of Spanish America 84,

death (1806) xiii, xiv-xv, 21

Piuma, Mr (Genoese Franciscan monk)

121

Plantagenet 143, 165, 168, 180

Plate River 44, 86, 98, 178, 197, 199, 209,

210–211, 215, 237

Pluton 178

Pombal, Sebastiao José de Carvalho e

Melo, Marquis of 70

Popham, Sir Home, RN 83, 84, 88–93, 96,

97, 99–100, 107, 232, 233, 236, 238, 240

Portland Ministry xv, 101–112, 227, 239

members 101, 242

attacks on 102

re-assessed 102

in South America 106–8, 196–213, 229,

231

Portland, William Henry Cavendish-

Bentinck, 3rd Duke of 101, 102, 198,

207, 208, 242, 251–2

Portugal 243–6

major overseas possessions in South

America 8

Britain attacks colonies and trade 17