Robson Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict (ENG)
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of a Military Family in the Napoleonic Wars, (Bishop Auckland: The Pentland
Press, 1993), p.151.
86 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma120, 23.4.1808, ADM 1/339; Krajeski, In the Shadow
of Nelson, p.68; Clowes, Royal Navy, Vol. 5, p.415; James, Naval History, Vol.
5, pp.38-40; Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p.77 says the vessel was attacked
on 22 April and was the corvette La Gavotte.
87 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma126, 27.4.1808, No. Ma127, 28.4.1808, ADM 1/339;
Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.55; Krajeski, In
the Shadow of Nelson, pp.69-70.
Chapter 11: The Portland Ministry and South America in 1808
1 For example see Muir, R., Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815, (New
Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996), p.31; Glover, M., Britannia
Sickens: Sir Arthur Wellesley and the Convention of Cintra, (London: Leo Cooper,
1970), p.21.
2 Convention of Fontainebleau, 27.10.1807, articles 12 and 13, http://
www.Napoleonseries.org/reference/diplomatic/spain.cfm accessed on
31.7.2003; Esdaile, C., The Peninsular War: A New History, (London: Allen
Lane, 2002), p.7, 31-34 and Esdaile, C, Napoleon’s Wars: An International
History, (London: Penguin, 2007), p.325-326, 342.
3 13779, Napoleon to Decrés, 25.4.1808, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée ordre
de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter CN), Vol. 17, p.47.
4 13854, Napoleon to Decrés, 11.5.1808, ibid., pp.106-8.
5 13873, Napoleon to Decrés, 12.5.1808, ibid., pp.123-125.
6 14023, Napoleon to Junot, 29.5.1808, ibid., pp.271-2.
7 See 13828, Napoleon to Decrés, 8.5.1808; 13854, Napoleon to Decrés,
11.5.1808; 13873, Napoleon to Decrés, 12.5.1808; 14023, Napoleon to
Junot, 29.5.1808, ibid., pp.86, 106-8, 123-125, 271-2; see also Schroeder, P.,
The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1994), p.343.
8 Duffy, M., ‘World-Wide War and British Expansion, 1793-1815’, in
Marshall, P. J., (ed), The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume Two, The
Eighteenth Century, (Oxford: OUP, 2001 pbk ed), p.193.
9 Muir, Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, pp.30-1, 35.
10 ‘Ratification signed on 4 January 1808 between George Canning and The
Chevalier de Sousa Couthinho of the treaty of 22 October 1807’, FO
94/163; see also Sherwig, J. M., Guineas and Gunpowder, British Foreign Aid in
the Wars with France 1793-1815, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press, 1969), p.191.
11 Canning to the King, 5.1.1808, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later Correspondence
of George III, 5 Vols., (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970), Vol. 5, p.5;
Canning to Hill, 16.1.1808, pp.3, 9-10, FO 63/63.
12 Canning to Fitzgerald, 24.12.1807; Canning to Fitzgerald, 25.12.1807, HAR
GC, 39. Canning cut Fitzgerald down to size with a typical flourish: ‘your
Lordship may possibly have considered your not returning to Portugal as a
matter of self-congratulation. As things have now turned out you may very
naturally regret the having missed an opportunity of distinction’. Fitzgerald
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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was retired from the diplomatic service in May.
13 Portland to the King, 26.2.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, pp. 24-5.
14 Pole to Smith, 25.1.1808, Graham, G. S., and Humphreys, R. A., (eds), The Navy
and South America, 1807-1823, Navy Records Society, Vol. 104, (1962), p.5.
15 Oliveira, Marques, A. D., History of Portugal, 2 Vols., (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1972), Vol. 1, p.455.
16 Muir, Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, p.31.
17 ‘Memorandum for Cabinet Measures suggested respecting South America’,
21.12.1807, Portland to Castlereagh, 21.12.1807, Camden to Castlereagh,
22.12.1807, Vane, C. W., (ed), Marquis of Londonderry, Correspondence,
Dispatches, and other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquis of Londonderry,
12 Vols., (London: William Shoberl, 1851), (hereafter Castlereagh Papers), Vol.
8, pp.96-101.
18 Muir, Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, p.31.
19 Rose, Memorandum on the Brazils, 25.12.1807, Rose to Canning,
31.12.1807, Notes relative to the Brazils, 26.1.1808, HAR GC, 48.
20 Memorandum of 8.2.1808, Wellington, 2nd Duke, (ed), Supplementary
Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of
Wellington, K.G., 15 Vols., (London: John Murray, 1858-72), (hereafter WSD),
Vol. 6, pp.61-65.
21 Memorandum by Canning, 2.4.1808, HAR GC, 46a.
22 Ibid. For Russian interpretations of British policy see Lieven, D., Russia
against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814, (London, Allen Lane,
2009), p.70.
23 Castlereagh to the King, 10.4.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, pp.60-62.
24 Canning to Strangford, No. 1, 17.4.1808, FO 63/59, pp.4-5.
25 Canning to Strangford, No. 2, 17.4.1808, FO 63/59, p.7.
26 Ibid., pp.7-9.
27 Ibid., p.10.
28 Canning to Strangford, No. 3, 17.4.1808, FO 63/59, pp.12-14. The
Portuguese had purposefully stifled Brazilian economic development to
maintain their control over the country and to preserve Portuguese
manufacturers.
29 Canning to Strangford, No. 4, 17.4.1808, FO 63/59, pp.16-21.
30 Ibid., pp.22-26; Canning to Bathurst, 24.4.1808, Historic Manuscripts
Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of Earl Bathurst preserved at Cirencester
Park, (London: HMSO, 1923), (hereafter Cirencester Park), pp.71-2.
31 Canning to Strangford, No. 5, 17.4.1808, FO 63/59, pp.32-33.
32 Canning to Sousa, 13.4.1808, 15.4.1808, HAR GC, 47.
33 Canning to Bathurst, 19.4.1808, HAR GC, 34a; Cirencester Park, pp.70-1;
Bathurst to Canning, 22.4.1808, HAR GC, 34.
34 Canning to Bathurst, 23.4.1808, HAR GC, 34a.
35 Portland to the King, 21.4.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, pp.67-8.
36 The Kings reply, 22.4.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 5,
pp.68-9.
37 Hill to Canning, 14.3.1808, (received 18.5.1808), FO 63/63, pp.20-25, 27-28; Hill
to Canning, 6.4.1808, (received 11.8.1808), FO 63/63, pp.37-38, 74-75. See also
Cavaliero, R., The Independence of Brazil, (London: I.B. Tauris, 1993), p.33. See
Manchester, A. K., British Preëminence in Brazil Its Rise and Decline: A Study in
European Expansion, (New York: Octagon Books, 1972), pp.114-116, n.29, p.116,
for the allegation that Hill did not fully inform Canning of the plans.
38 Smith to Pole, 2a32, 26.3.1808, ADM 1/19; Smith to Pole, 20.6.1808,
Graham and Humphreys, The Navy and South America, p.6.
39 Strangford to Canning, No. 1, 24.7.1808, FO 63/59, pp.122-125.
40 Manchester, British Preëminence, pp.110-113; Oliveira, History, Vol. 1, pp.449-
450.
41 Strangford to Canning, No. 2, 25.7.1808, FO 63/59, pp.132-135;
Manchester, British Preëminence, pp.117-118.
42 Smith to Pole, 2a35, 13.4.1808, enclosing Smith to Pole, 2a36, 13.4.1808,
(received 11.8.1808), ADM 1/19; Smith to Keith, undated, citation in Russell,
Lord, Knight of the Sword: The Life and Letters of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith,
(London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1964), pp.172-3; Pocock, T., A Thirst for Glory:
The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, (London: Pimlico, 1998), p.209.
43 Smith to Pole, 2a46, 5.8.1808, ADM 1/19; Smith to Pole, 5.8.1808, Graham
and Humphreys, The Navy and South America, pp.8-10.
44 Ibid.
45 Smith to Pole, 7.8.1808, enclosed in Smith to Pole, 5.8.1808, Graham and
Humphreys, The Navy and South America, pp.10-12.
46 Ibid.
47 Smith to Pole, 2a58, 24.8.1808, ADM 1/19; Strangford to Canning, No. 12,
24.8.1808, FO 63/59; Manchester, British Preëminence, pp.118-119.
48 Smith to Pole, 5.8.1808, Graham and Humphreys, The Navy and South
America, pp.8-10. Cavaliero, The Independence of Brazil, pp.32-35. For Smith’s
recall see Russell, Knight of the Sword, pp.177-185
49 Muir, Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, p.31.
50 Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), pp.98-9.
51 Canning to Strangford, No. 18, 2.9.1808, FO 63/59, pp.83-4. It seems as if
Smith refused to abandon the plans and colluded with Carlota until he was
recalled in 1809, see Manchester, British Preëminence, pp.119-125.
Chapter 12: The Spanish Insurrection and British Policy
1 See Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), p.169; Schroeder, P., The Transformation of European
Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp.341-2; Esdaile, C.,
The Peninsular War: A New History, (London: Allen Lane, 2002), pp.30-40;
Esdaile, C, Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, (London: Penguin, 2007),
pp.342-343.
2 Hall, British Strategy, p.169; Muir, R., Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-
1815, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996), pp.34-7. See
also Glover, M., Britannia Sickens: Sir Arthur Wellesley and the Convention of
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
306
N
OTES
307
Cintra, (London: Leo Cooper, 1970), pp.21-3.
3 Castlereagh to the King, 16.5.1808, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later
Correspondence of George III, 5 Vols., (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970),
Vol. 5, p.76; Glover, Britannia Sickens, p.25; Hall, British Strategy, p.169.
4 Castlereagh to the King, 1.6.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, p.82; Memorandum by Wellesley, 1.6.1808, Wellington, 2nd Duke,
(ed), Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal
Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K.G., 15 Vols., (London: John Murray, 1858-72),
(hereafter WSD), Vol. 6, pp.68-72.
5 Captain Smith to Cotton, 1.5.1808, 3.5.1808, enclosed in Cotton to Pole,
No. Ma133, 13.5.1808, Cotton to Pole, No. Ma136, 16.5.1808, ADM 1/339.
6 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma137, 18.5.1808, ADM 1/339; see also Horward, D.
D., ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis (1808)’, Naval War College
Review, No. 34, (1981), p.56; Krajeski, P. C., In the Shadow of Nelson: The Naval
Leadership of Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, 1753-1812, (London: Greenwood
Press, 2000), p.69.
7 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma137, 18.5.1808, ADM 1/339; see also Horward,
‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, pp.56-7; Muir, Britain and the
Defeat of Napoleon, pp.33-4.
8 Admiralty to Cotton, 28.4.1808, CNP 588/043.
9 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma.138, 25.5.1808, ADM 1/339; see also Clowes, W. L.,
The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present, 7 Vols., (London:
Sampson, Low Marston and Company, Ltd, 1897-1903), Vol. 5, p.552.
10 Wilson to Pigott, 31.5.1808, enclosed in Cotton to Pole, No. Ma146a
3.6.1808, ADM 1/339.
11 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma155, 9.6.1808, No. Ma156, 11.6.1808, ADM 1/339;
Creyke to Cotton, 7.6.1808, (received 9.6.1808), CNP 588/041A/28; see also
Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.58; Krajeski, In
the Shadow of Nelson, pp.79-80.
12 Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.80-1.
13 Cotton to Pole, Nos. Ma157, Ma158, 12.6.1808, ADM 1/339.
14 Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.80-1.
15 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma163, 18.6.1808, No. Ma164, 20.6.1808, ADM 1/340.
16 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma183, 4.7.1808, No. Ma195, 14.7.1808, ADM 1/340;
quotation from Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’,
p.59; Foy, M., Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, 1807-1808, (Felling: Worley
Publications, 2000), p.98.
17 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma193, 10.7.1808, ADM 1/340; Horward, ‘Portugal
and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.60.
18 See Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.78-9, 83; Napier, W. F. P., History of the
War in the Peninsula and in the South of France, from the Year 1807 to the Year
1814, 6 Vols., (London: Thomas and William Boone, 1828-45), Vol. 1,
pp.148-9, and Appendix 28, p.631; Oman, C., A History of The Peninsular War,
7 Vols., (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902-30), Vol. 1, pp.206-9.
19 News of the Oporto rebellion is in Creyke to Cotton, 7.6.1808, (received
9.6.1808), CNP 588/041A/28; see also Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.88,
112, 120-125, 138; Napier, History, Vol. 1, pp.152-5; Oman, History, Vol. 1,
pp.210, 242.
20 Vega to Canning, 9.6.1808, FO 72/66, pp.5-6; see also Muir, Britain and the
Defeat of Napoleon, p.39; Hall, British Strategy, p.170; Glover, Britannia Sickens,
pp.26-8; Oman, History, Vol. 1, pp.220-222.
21 Canning to the Envoys from the Asturias, 12.6.1808, FO 72/66, pp.7-9.
22 Speech by Canning, 15.6.1808, Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, (London: T C
Hansard, 1808), (hereafter Hansard), Vol. 11, p.890; see also Hall, British
Strategy, p.170; Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.39.
23 Castlereagh to Canning, 12.6.1808, HAR GC, 34; York to Wellesley,
14.6.1808, Gurwood, J., (ed), The Dispatches of Field Marshal The Duke of
Wellington, during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low
Countries, and France, 8 Vols., (London: Parker Furnival and Parker, 1844),
(hereafter WD), Vol. 4, p.1; Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.42.
24 Castlereagh to Canning, 12.6.1808, HAR GC, 34; Memorandum by
Wellesley, -6.1808, WSD, Vol. 6, pp.80-82.
25 Castlereagh to Wellesley, 21.6.1808, WO 1/228, pp.1-2; also WD, Vol. 4, p.4.
26 Castlereagh to Wellesley, No. 1, 30.6.1808, WO 1/228, p.5-10; also WD,
Vol. 4, pp.8-9; see also Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, pp.42-3;
Oman, History, Vol. 1, p.227.
27 Mulgrave to the King, 30.6.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, p.93; Castlereagh to Wellesley, 30.6.1808, WD, Vol. 4, p.11; Muir,
Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.43.
28 Spencer to Castlereagh, 24.6.1808, WO 1/226, pp.491-5; Cotton to Pole,
No. Ma172, 24.6.1808, ADM 1/340.
29 Mulgrave to the King, 11.7.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, pp.102-3.
30 Castlereagh to Wellesley, 15.7.1808, WO 1/228, pp.33-40; also WD, Vol. 4,
p.15; see also Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.46.
31 Castlereagh to the King, 14.7.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, pp.103-4.
32 Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.44.
33 Castlereagh to the King, 14.7.1808, the King to Castlereagh, 15.7.1808,
Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol. 5, pp.103-5.
34 Wellesley to Castlereagh, 21.7.1808, WD, Vol. 4, pp.23-28.
35 Wellesley to Castlereagh, 25.7.1808, 26.7.1808, WD, Vol. 4, pp.30-31; see
also Oman, History, Vol. 1, p.229.
36 Wellesley to Spencer, 26.7.1808, WD, Vol. 4, p.32.
37 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma204, 3.8.1808, ADM 1/340; Wellesley to
Castlereagh, 26.7.1808, WO 1/228, p.85.
38 Wellesley to Cotton, 30.7.1808, WD, Vol. 4, pp.38-9.
39 Cotton to Wellesley, 31.7.1808, CNP 588/041A/63; Wellesley to
Castlereagh, 1.8.1808, WD, Vol. 4, pp.39-41; Collingwood to Cotton,
2.7.1808, 22.7.1808, CNP 588/074; Collingwood to Cotton, 29.7.1808, CNP
588/042; see also Oman, History, Vol. 1, pp.229-231.
40 Wellesley to Castlereagh, 8.8.1808, WD, Vol. 4, pp. 52-3. For Cintra see
Glover, Britannia Sickens, passim; Schneer, R. M., ‘Arthur Wellesley and the
Cintra Convention: A New Look at an Old Puzzle’, The Journal of British
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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N
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309
Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, (1980), pp.93-103. Moore’s 11,000 men reinforced
the British army on 24 August.
41 Convention between Cotton and Seniavin, 3.9.1808, CNP 588/041A/74; see
also Hall, British Strategy, pp.171-172; Mackesy, P., The War in the
Mediterranean, 1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,
1957), p.227; von Pivka, O., Navies of the Napoleonic Era, (London: David and
Charles, 1980), p.106.
Conclusion
1 Esdaile, C., Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, (London: Penguin,
2007), pp.563-565.
2 Muir, R., Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815, (New Haven and
London: Yale University Press, 1996), p.8. He is not alone, for Holland Rose
the Talents ‘did little or nothing except send fruitless expeditions to
Alexandria and the Dardanelles’; a policy which ‘was fast rendering Britain
contemptible alike to friends and foes’. Rose, J. H., The Life of Napoleon I, 2
Vols., (London: George Bell and Sons, 1904), Vol. 2, pp.115-116.
3 Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), does concede that the administration ‘were not
lacking in determination and energy in their strategy respecting Sicily and
Portugal’, p.134.
4 Oliveira, Marques, A. D., History of Portugal, 2 Vols., (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1972), Vol. 1, pp.425-7.
5 Napier even gave the Talents a back handed compliment by arguing their
concentration on South American operations had a surprise effect. By
assembling a force at Cork for colonial operations, when the crisis in Portugal
appeared critical, they actually had a suitable force ready and offered its
assistance to the Portuguese. Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula
and in the South of France, from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, 6 Vols., (London:
Thomas and William Boone, 1828-45), 3rd edition, Vol. 1, pp.167.
6 Corbett, J. S., Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, (London: Brassey’s Defence
Publishers, 1988, Original published by Longman Green and Co., 1911), p.16.
7 Glete, J., Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and
America, 1500-1860, 2 Vols., (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International,
1993), Vol. 2, pp.384-5.
8 Temperley, H. W. V., Life of Canning, (London: James Finch and Co. Ltd.,
1905), p.81.
9 Miles, C. P., (ed), The Correspondence of William Augustus Miles on the French
Revolution 1789-1817, (London: Longmans, 1890), Vol. 2, p.358.
10 Canning to Granville, 25.8.1807, PRO 30/29 8/4 ff.179; Schroeder, P., The
Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1994), p.330, original emphasis; Colleyer, C., ‘Canning and the Napoleonic
Wars’, History Today, Vol. 11, No. 4, (1961), pp.231-3.
11 Canning to Joan, 29.8.1807, HAR GC, 22; Colleyer, ‘Canning’, p.233;
Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.328-331.
12 Hall, British Strategy, pp.143-4.
13 Ibid., p.139, and p.147.
14 Harvey, R., Liberators: Latin America’s Struggle for Independence, 1810-1830,
(London: John Murray, 2000), p.9.
15 Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1899-1930), Vol. 6, p.38.
16 Glover, R., Peninsular Preparation: The Reform of the British Army 1795-1809,
(Cambridge: University Press, 1963), pp.56-57.
17 Napier, History, Vol. 1, p.178.
18 Hall, British Strategy, pp.148-9.
19 Memorandum for the Cabinet, relative to South America, 1.5.1807, Vane, C.
W., (ed), Marquis of Londonderry, Correspondence, Dispatches, and other Papers of
Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquis of Londonderry, 12 Vols., (London: William
Shoberl, 1851), Vol. 7, pp.314-319.
20 Duffy, M., ‘World-Wide War and British Expansion, 1793-1815’, in
Marshall, P. J., (ed), The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume Two, The
Eighteenth Century, (Oxford: OUP, 2001 pbk ed), p.193.
21 Ibid., pp.190-2.
22 Ibid., p.194.
23 Fitzwilliam to Grenville, 3.11.1806, Grainger, J. D., (ed), The Royal Navy in the
River Plate, 1806-1807, Navy Records Society, Vol. 135, (1966), p.140.
24 By 1801 British export trade accounted for 18% of national income,
Blanning, T., The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 1648-1815, (London: Penguin
Books, 2007), p.111.
25 Bradford Burns, E., A History of Brazil, (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1993, 3rd ed.), pp.112-3.
26 Ibid., p.113.
27 Walford, A. R., The British Factory in Lisbon and its closing stages ensuing upon the
Treaty of 1810, (Lisbon: Instituto Britânico em Portugal, 1915), pp.85-8.
28 Hall, British Strategy, p.94, the 1808 figure is from Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-
1808, (London: Tamesis Books, 1985), p.284.
29 Emsley, C., The Longman Companion to Napoleonic Europe, (London: Longman,
1993), p.132, Table 5.
30 The £50 million figure is from Hall, British Strategy, pp.97-98, see also 112-
113; Kaufmann, W. W., British Policy and the Independence of Latin America,
1804-1828, (Hamden: Archon Books, 1967), pp.10-13; Popham, H., A
Damned Cunning Fellow, The eventful life of Rear-Admiral Sir Home Popham 1762-
1820, (Tywardreath: The Old Ferry Press, 1991), pp.133-134; Platt, D. C. M.,
Latin America and British Trade, 1806-1914, (London: Adam and Charles
Black, 1972), pp.4-7.
31 Platt, Latin America and British Trade, p.28, Table 1.
32 Ibid., p.28.
33 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.214-6, 241.
34 Walpole to Grenville, No. 37, 25.8.1796, (received 15.9.1796), FO 63/23.
35 Sparrow, E., Secret Service: British Agents in France, 1792-1815, (Woodbridge:
The Boydell Press, 1999), p.315.
36 Lefebvre, G., Napoleon: from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, (Stockhold, H. F., trans),
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), pp.232-237, 243.
37 10752, Plan de campagne de maritime pour cette annèe, 8.9.1806, Napoleon
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
310
N
OTES
311
I, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée ordre de l’Emperuer Napoléon III (Paris,
1858-1869), (hereafter CN) Vol. 13, pp.193-195. In 1806 reports reached
Lisbon that nine English merchant ships had been taken by a French
privateer and had been sold along the coast of Brazil to various individuals
not as prizes but as Spanish ships, see Strangford to Fox, No. 22, 14.9.1806,
(received 2.10.1806), FO 63/50.
38 Convention of Fontainebleau, 27.10.1807, articles 12 and 13, http://
www.Napoleonseries.org/reference/diplomatic/spain.cfm, accessed on
31.7.2003. Esdaile, C., The Peninsular War: A New History, (London: Allen
Lane, 2002), p.7.
39 13024, Napoleon to Decrès 12.8.1807, CN, Vol. 15, pp.617-8.
40 13331, Napoleon to Decrès, 6.11.1807, ibid., pp.166-7.
41 See Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.343.
42 13779, Napoleon to Decrès, 25.4.1808, CN, Vol. 17, p.47
43 13854, Napoleon to Decrès, 11.5.1808, ibid., pp.106-8.
44 13873, Napoleon to Decrès, 12.5.1808, ibid., pp.123-125
45 14023, Napoleon to Junot, 29.5.1808, ibid., pp.271-2.
46 13873, Napoleon to Decrès, 12.5.1808, ibid., pp.123-125; 14023, Napoleon
to Junot, 29.5.1808, ibid., pp.271-2.
47 See 13828, Napoleon to Decrès, 8.5.1808; 13854, Napoleon to Decrès,
11.5.1808; 13873, Napoleon to Decrès, 12.5.1808; 14023, Napoleon to
Junot, 29.5.1808, ibid., pp.86, 106-8, 123-125, 271-2; see also Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics, p.343.
48 Colleyer, ‘Canning’, p.232.
49 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.326.
50 Mahan, A. T., The Influence of Seapower upon the French Revolution and Empire,
1793-1812, 2 Vols., (London: Sampson Low and Co., 1892), Vol. 2, p.381.
51 Gray, D., Spencer Perceval, The Evangelical Prime Minister, (Manchester:
University Press, 1963), p.170.
Appendices
1 Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808, (London: Tamesis Books, 1985), pp.216-218.
2 Ibid., pp.226-228; Schroeder, P., The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-
1848, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp.162-3.
3 Crimmin, P., ‘John Jervis, Earl of St Vincent’, in Le Fevre, P., and Harding,
R., (eds), Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century, (London:
Chatham Publishing, 2000), pp.333-336; Francis, Portugal, pp.216-8, 224-7;
Livermore, H., ‘Portugal on the Eve of the Peninsular War’ in Griffith, P.,
(ed), A History of the Peninsular War, Volume IX: Modern Studies of the War in
Spain and Portugal, 1808-1814, (London: Greenhill, 1999), p.387; Schroeder,
Transformation of European Politics, pp.162-3, 175.
4 Francis, Portugal, pp.216-8; Livermore, H., A New History of Portugal,
(Cambridge: University Press, 1966), p.246.
5 Francis, Portugal, p.238; Sherwig, J. M., Guineas and Gunpowder, British Foreign
Aid in the Wars with France 1793-1815, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press, 1969), p.191.
6 Hawkesbury to the King, 11.5.1801, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later
Correspondence of George III, 5 Vols., (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970),
Vol. 3, pp.534-5.
7 Ibid., pp.186-191, 195-8; see also Francis, Portugal, p.241; Livermore, A New
History of Portugal, pp.246-7; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, p.224.
8 Hobart to the King, 21.6.1801, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III, Vol.
3, p.560; see also Francis, Portugal, pp.243-4; Mackesy, P., War Without Victory:
The Downfall of Pitt, 1799-1802, (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1984), p.123.
9 Francis, Portugal, pp.246-7.
10 Unsigned to Stewart, -.7.1803, Secret, WO 1/223, pp.51-7; Francis, Portugal,
p.252 who mistakenly thought it was Richard Stewart who was sent;
Livermore, A New History of Portugal, pp.247-8.
11 Stewart to Hobart, Lisbon 8.8.1803, WO 1/223, pp.119-120, 125-7; Stewart
to Hobart, Lisbon 28.8.1803, WO 1/223, pp.168-170; Stewart to Hobart,
London 25.9.1803, WO 1/223, pp.281-5.
12 Stewart to Hobart, London, 25.9.1803, WO 1/223, pp.286-7; Francis,
Portugal, p.25; Livermore, ‘Portugal on the Eve of the Peninsular War’, p.391.
13 Francis, Portugal, p.252, notes that British interests in reforming the
Portuguese army had a long history and when implemented later in 1809
would be modelled on the lines suggested by Stewart in 1803.
14 Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), pp.104-6; Livermore, A New History of Portugal, pp.
247-8.
15 Campbell to Harrowby, London 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.202-3; -
.7.1804, FO 63/44; Francis, Portugal, pp.253-4; Chrisawn, M., ‘A Military Bull
in a diplomatic China shop: General Jean Lannes’ mission to Lisbon, 1802-
1804’, Napoleonic Scholarship, Vol. 1, No. 2, (1998), passim.
16 Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, pp.202-3; -
.7.1804, FO 63/44; Hall, British Strategy, pp.112-8; Livermore, ‘Portugal on
the Eve of the Peninsular War’, pp.392-3.
17 The Times, Friday, 25.12.1807.
18 Tracy, N., (ed), The Naval Chronicle: The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at
War, (London: Chatham, 1999, consolidated edition), Vol. 4, pp.116-7.
19 Pole to Smith, 28.12.1807, BL Add Ms. 46837, ff.144.
20 Fitzgerald to Canning, 21.12.1807, HAR GC, 143.
21 Canning to Fitzgerald, 24.12.1807, 25.12.1807, HAR GC, 39; Fitzgerald to
Canning, 2.1.1808, 30.5.1808, HAR GC, 143.
22 Macaulay, N., Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-
1834, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986), pp.17-19 and n.47, pp.309-310.
23 Confiance Log, 7.12.1807, 17.12.1807, ADM 51/1966.
24 Sousa to Canning 22.12.1807, FO 63/58, pp.140-41; Strangford, Viscount,
P., Observations on Some Passages in Lieut-Col. Napier’s History of the Peninsular
War, (London: John Murray, 1828), pp.4-6.
25 Canning to Portland, 23.12.1807, 30.12.1807, HAR GC, 32; Portland to
Canning, 22.12.1807, 30.12.1807, HAR GC, 33; see Hinde, W., George
Canning, (London: Collins, 1973), p.212 for the Moore / Moira issue.
26 Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France,
from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, 6 Vols., (London: Thomas and William
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
312
N
OTES
313
Boone, 1828-45), 3rd edition, Vol. 1, quotations from pp.142, 167, see also
pp.327, 512-515, 522-524. His reply to Strangford’s Observations is in the 4th
edition, 1, pp.7-18.
27 Napier, History, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, p.168, see pp.506-511 for his hero
worship of Moore.
28 Ibid., p.181.
29 Ibid., pp.522, 524.
30 Ibid., p.512-515.
31 Ibid., p.327.
32 Brewer, D., The Flame of Freedom: The Greek War of Independence, 1821-1833,
(London: John Murray, 2001), pp.140, 199.
33 See Macaulay, Dom Pedro, chpts 6, 7 and 8.
34 Strangford, Observations, pp.4-6.
35 Napier, History, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, p.142; Strangford, Observations, pp.8-9.
36 Strangford, Observations, pp.9-10.
37 Ibid., pp.22-23.
38 Ibid., pp.23-24.
39 Strangford, Viscount P., Further Observations on Some Passages in Lieut-Col.
Napier’s History of the Peninsular War, (London: John Murray, 1828), pp.6-7.
40 Napier, History, 4th edition, Vol. 1, pp.xiv-xv.
41 Strangford, Further Observations, pp.16-17.
42 Macaualy, Dom Pedro, p.19.
43 Francis, Portugal, p.282.
44 ‘Table of events’, Drake Papers, Vol. 16, BL Add Ms. 46837, p.147; Araujo to
Smith, 25.11.1807, ADM 1/19 and entry for 27.11.1807, No. 5, Journal of Sir
W.S. Smith ADM 50/50; Barrow, J., The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir
William Sidney Smith, 2 Vols., (London: Richard Bentley, 1848), Vol. 2, p.270.
45 Smith to Pole, No. 2a13, 6.12.1807, ADM 1/19.
46 Strangford to Canning, 29.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.266-77.
47 Strangford to Canning, 30.11.1807, 2.12.1807, FO 63/56, p.280.
48 Confiance Log, 29.11.1807, ADM 51/1966; Light, K., ‘Britain and the
Portuguese Navy, 1760-1810’, The British Historical Society of Portugal, Twenty
Second Annual Report and Review, (1995), p.45.
49 Macaulay, Dom Pedro, p.16; Light, ‘Britain and the Portuguese Navy’, p.44;
Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1899-1930), Vol. 6, p.101.
50 Moniteur, 15.11.1807; Chandler, D., The Campaigns of Napoleon, (London:
Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1967), p.598, gives the source as the Moniteur of
13 November while Oman, C., A History of The Peninsular War, 7 Vols.,
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902-30), Vol. 1, p.30, gives the source as the
Moniteur of 13 October.
51 Foy, M., Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, 1807-1808, (Felling: Worley Publications,
2000), pp.44-48.
52 Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.102; James, W., The Naval History of Great
Britain from the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV,
6 Vols., (London: Macmillan, 1837), Vol. 4, p.317; Miller, R., Britain and
Latin America in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, (London: Longman,