Robson Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict (ENG)
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Londonderry, Correspondence, Dispatches, and other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh,
Second Marquis of Londonderry, 12 Vols., (London: William Shoberl, 1851),
(hereafter Castlereagh Papers), Vol. 8, pp.89-91.
30 Hawkesbury to Canning, 7.11.1807, HAR GC, 69.
31 Hawkesbury to Admiralty, No. 36, 7.11.1807, ADM 1/4206; Hawkesbury to
Moore, 7.11.1807, WO 1/305, pp.395-402; Orders to Moore, 7.11.1807,
enclosed in Canning to Strangford, No. 13, 9.11.1807, FO 179/6; Maurice, J.
F., (ed), The Diary of Sir John Moore, 2 Vols., (London: Edward Arnold, 1904),
Vol. 2, pp.193-4.
32 Hawkesbury to Canning, 7.11.1807, HAR GC, 69.
33 Canning to Strangford, No. 13, 9.11.1807, FO 179/6.
34 See Hawkesbury to Canning, 7.11.1807, HAR GC, 69.
35 Canning to Strangford, No. 13, 9.11.1807, FO 179/6.
36 Auckland to Grenville, 14.11.1807, Dropmore, Vol. 9, p.143.
37 Brougham to Howick, 7.11.1807, Brougham to Rosslyn, 8.11.1807,
Brougham, H., The Life and Times of Henry Lord Brougham: Written by Himself, 3
Vols., (London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1871), Vol. 1, pp.387-90.
38 Strangford to Canning, 20.10.1807, (received 10.11.1807), FO 63/55,
pp.299-301.
39 Gambier to Canning, 20.10.1807, (received 10.11.1807), FO 63/62, pp.79-83.
40 Gambier to Canning, 29.10.1807, enclosed in Bagot to Cooke, 12.11.1807,
WO 1/751, pp.293-305.
41 Foy, M., Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, 1807-1808, (Felling: Worley Publications,
2000), pp.37-40.
42 Tracy, N., (ed), The Naval Chronicle: The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at
War, (London: Chatham, 1999, consolidated edition), (hereafter Naval
Chronicle), Vol. 4, p.104.
43 Araujo to Strangford, 17.10.1807, Strangford to Canning, 20.10.1807,
(received 10.11.1807), FO 63/56, pp.82-92.
44 Strangford to Canning, 27.10.1807, (received 11.11.1807), FO 63/56,
pp.101-3, 112-4.
45 Strangford to Canning, 28.10.1807, FO 63/56, pp.115-126. For the
revolutionary conspiracies see Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804,
PRO 30/8/345, pp.200-1, and -.7.1804, FO 63/44; see also Oliveira,
Marques, A. D., History of Portugal, 2 Vols., (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1972), Vol. 1, p.453.
46 Gambier to Canning, No. 9, 20.10.1807, No. 10, 28.10.1807, (received
11.11.1807), FO 63/62, pp.84, 94; Chamberlain to Stanhope, 20.10.1807,
FO 63/58, p.72; Francis, D., Portugal, 1715-1808, (London: Tamesis Books,
1985), p.275; see also Hall, C. D., Wellington’s Navy: Sea Power and the
Peninsular War, 1807-1814, (London, Chatham Publishing, 2004), p.14.
47 Hayther, A., (ed), The Backbone: Diaries of a Military Family in the Napoleonic
Wars, (Bishop Auckland: The Pentland Press, 1993), pp.120-121.
48 Draft, Canning to Admiralty, 11.11.1807, FO 63/58, pp.78-9; Canning to
Admiralty, No. 33, 11.11.1807, ADM 1/4206.
49 Ibid.
50 Admiralty to Smith, 12.11.1807, CNP, 588/041/A/1.
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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51 Castlereagh to Cooke, Brighton, 11.11.1807, Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 6,
pp.359-61.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Canning to Strangford, No. 14, 12.11.1807, FO 63/56, p.76 and FO 179/6.
55 Ibid., pp.76-78 and FO 179/6.
56 Oliveira, History, Vol. 1, p.381.
57 Campbell to Harrowby, 14.8.1804, PRO 30/8/345, p.252.
58 Canning to Leveson-Gower, No. 183, 5.11.1807, PRO 30/29 8/4.
59 Canning to Hawkesbury, 6.11.1807, 7.11.1807, HAR GC, 32.
60 Canning to Sousa, 8.11.1807, HAR GC, 47.
61 Canning to Hawkesbury, 8.11.1807, HAR GC, 32.
62 Hawkesbury to Canning, 10.11.1807, HAR GC, 69.
63 Castlereagh to Cooke, Brighton, 11.11.1807, Castlereagh Papers, Vol. 6,
pp.359-61; Hawkesbury to the King, 13.11.1807, Aspinall, Later
Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, p.646; Castlereagh to Beresford,
14.11.1807, WO 6/68; Hawkesbury to Moore, 16.11.1807, WO 1/305,
pp.407-410.
Chapter 9: The Embarkation of the Portuguese Royal Family
1 Moniteur, 6.11.1807.
2 13320, Napoleon to Decrés, 2.11.1807, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée ordre
de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter CN), Vol. 16, p.159.
3 13340, Napoleon to Junot, 8.11.1807, ibid., pp.174-5
4 13351, Napoleon to Junot, 12.11.1807, ibid., pp.184-7; see also Thompson, J.
M., (ed), Letters of Napoleon, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1934), p.205.
5 13738, Napoleon to Decrés, 12.4.1808, CN, 16, pp.580-1
6 Strangford to Canning, 20.10.1807, FO 63/56, p.82.
7 Strangford to Canning, 27.10.1807, 29.10.1807, FO 63/56, pp.101, 134.
8 Strangford to Canning, 2.11.1807, 5.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.136-39, 143-45,
151-3, original emphasis.
9 Strangford to Canning, 2.11.1807, HAR GC, 48; see also Francis, D.,
Portugal, 1715-1808, (London: Tamesis Books, 1985), pp.275-7.
10 Strangford to Canning, Nos. 87-89, 6.11.1807, (received 26.11.1807), FO 63/56,
pp.158-173; see also Foy, M., Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, 1807-1808, (Felling:
Worley Publications, 2000), p.41; Light, K., The Migration of the Royal family of
Portugal to Brazil in 1807/08, (Rio de Janeiro: Kenneth Light, 1995), p.40.
11 Strangford to Canning, 9.11.1807, 10.11.1807, (received 25.11.1807), FO
63/56, pp.178-9, 190-3.
12 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p.41; Francis, Portugal, pp.276-7; Macaulay, N.,
Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834, (Durham:
Duke University Press, 1986), pp.15-16.
13 Strangford to Canning, 10.11.1807, 17.11.1807, 21.11.1807, FO 63/56,
pp.200, 212, 246.
14 Return of Smith’s squadron, 1.12.1807, ADM 8/94; Smith to Pole, No. 2a4,
18.11.1807, ADM 1/19; see also Francis, Portugal, pp.277-8; James, W., The
Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the
Accession of George IV, 6 Vols., (London: Macmillan, 1837), Vol. 4, p.316;
Tracy, N., (ed), The Naval Chronicle: The Contemporary Record of the Royal Navy at
War, (London: Chatham, 1999, consolidated edition), (hereafter Naval
Chronicle), Vol. 4, pp.62-5.
15 Strangford to Canning, No. 96, 17.11.1807, No. 99, 20.11.1807, FO 63/56,
p.211, pp.234-6; Smith to Pole, No. 2a4, 18.11.1807, ADM 1/19; ‘Table of
Events’, Drake Papers, Vol. 16, British Library Add Ms. 46837, (hereafter
BL Add Mss.), p.147; Francis, Portugal, p.278. Writing to Canning on 14
November Gambier ascertained Strangford had quit Lisbon on the 13th. He
must have remained ashore as Smith had not yet arrived. Gambier to
Canning, No. 15, 14.11.1807, FO 63/62, p.120.
16 Francis, Portugal, pp.188-9.
17 Collingwood to Purvis, 22.9.1807, Hughes, E., (ed), The Private Correspondence
of Admiral Lord Collingwood, Navy Records Society, No. 98, (1956-7), p.223;
Collingwood to Mulgrave, 16.10.1807, Collingwood, G. L. N., (ed), A
Selection from the Public and Private Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord
Collingwood, (London: James Ridgway, 1829), pp.314-5; Mackesy, P., The War
in the Mediterranean, 1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,
1957), p.227.
18 Hawkesbury to Canning, 4.11.1807, HAR GC, 69; Canning to Hawkesbury,
5.11.1807, HAR GC, 32. Although seemingly far-fetched, Hawkesbury’s
concerns perhaps stemmed from Russian operations against the Ottoman
Empire and the Persian Empire in the Caucuses. With Napoleon possessing a
track record of dabbling in Eastern affairs perhaps Hawkesbury had valid
reasons for his views. See also Horward, D. D., ‘Portugal and the Anglo-
Russian Naval Crisis (1808)’, Naval War College Review, No. 34, (1981), p.49;
Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, pp.225-227; Saul, N. E., Russia and the
Mediterranean, 1797-1807, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p.222.
19 Canning to the King, 13.11.1807, HAR GC, 35.
20 Canning to Chatham, 14.11.1807, HAR GC, 31.
21 Canning to Admiralty, No. 34, 13.11.1807, ADM 1/4206; see also Horward,
‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.49; Mackesy, War in the
Mediterranean, pp.225-227; Saul, Russia and the Mediterranean, p.222.
22 Admiralty to Smith, 14.11.1807, Cambridge County Record Office, Cotton
Naval Papers, (hereafter CNP), 588/041/A/1.
23 Canning to Chatham, 14.11.1807, HAR GC, 31.
24 Chatham to Canning, 15.11.1807, HAR GC, 31.
25 Portland to Canning, 13.11.1807, 2 letters, HAR GC, 33.
26 See Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.49; James,
Naval History, Vol. 4, p.315; Francis, Portugal, p.279; Mackesy, War in the
Mediterranean, pp.225-227; Saul, Russia and the Mediterranean, p.222.
27 Smith to Pole, No. 2a4, 18.11.1807, and No. 2a9, 1.12.1807, ADM 1/19.
28 Canning to the King, 26.11.1807, HAR GC, 35; Canning to Admiralty, No.
41, 26.11.1807, ADM 1/4206.
29 Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.51; see also
Sparrow, E., Secret Service: British Agents in France, 1792-1815, (Woodbridge:
The Boydell Press, 1999), p.346.
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297
30 Canning to Camden, 2.12.1807, Chatham to Canning, 1.12.1807, Canning to
Chatham, 2.12.1807, HAR GC, 31.
31 Portland to Canning, 2.12.1807, Portland to Canning, 4.12.1807, HAR GC, 33.
32 Mulgrave to the King, 3.12.1807, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later
Correspondence of George III, 5 Vols., (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970),
Vol. 4, p.654.
33 Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.51; Krajeski, P.
C., In the Shadow of Nelson: The Naval Leadership of Admiral Sir Charles Cotton,
1753-1812, (London: Greenwood Press, 2000), pp.52-6, the latter arguing
Cotton was an ‘experienced and highly competent sea commander’.
34 Collingwood to Cotton, 20.11.1807, CNP 588/074.
35 Mulgrave to Cotton, 11.7.1807, 16.7.1807, CNP 588/073.
36 Mulgrave to the King, 3.12.1807, King’s reply, 4.12.1807, Aspinall, The Later
Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, p.654.
37 Admiralty to Cotton, 4.12.1807, CNP 588/039.
38 Castlereagh to Spencer, 4.12.1807, WO 1/226, pp.5-9.
39 Maurice, J. F., (ed), The Diary of Sir John Moore, 2 Vols., (London: Edward
Arnold, 1904), Vol. 2, p.195.
40 Castlereagh to Moore, 4.12.1807, WO 1/226, pp.1-3.
41 McKinley to Pole, London, 7.12.1807, CNP 588/041A/5.
42 Ibid.
43 Admiralty to Cotton, 9.12.1807 CNP 588/041A/1.
44 Ibid.
45 Journal of Sir W S Smith, No. 5, 20.11.1807, ADM 50/50; Strangford to
Canning, Strangford to Smith, 20.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.234-41.
46 Confiance Log, 21.11.1807 and 22.11.1807, ADM 51/1966.
47 Smith to Pole, No. 2a5, 22.11.1807, original emphasis, enclosing Smith to
Araujo, 22.11.1807, ADM 1/19.
48 Strangford to Canning, 17.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.213-14.
49 Fortescue, J. W., A History of The British Army, 13 Vols., (London: Macmillan,
1899-1930), Vol. 6, p.100.
50 Smith to Pole, No. 2a5, 22.11.1807, No. 2a6, 22.11.1807, ADM 1/19; Light,
Migration of the Royal family, p.43; Fortescue, British Army, Vol. 6, p.100.
51 Smith to Pole, No. 2a5, 22.11.1807, No. 2a6, 22.11.1807, ADM 1/19. See
Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, pp.166-181 for Smith at the Dardanelles.
52 Strangford to Smith, 24.11.1807, Strangford to Canning, 24.11.1807, FO
63/56, p.258. For a full discussion of the Smith/Moore controversy see
Appendix VIII.
53 Strangford to Canning, 24.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.249-256; Strangford to
Smith, 24.11.1807, in Smith to Pole, No. 2a5, 22.11.1807, ADM 1/19.
54 Report by Gambier enclosed in Smith to Pole, No. 2a5, 22.11.1807, ADM 1/19.
55 Strangford to Canning, 24.11.1807, FO 63/56, pp.251-3.
56 Smith to Pole, No. 2a9, 1.12.1807, enclosing Strangford to Smith, 1.12.1807,
ADM 1/19; see also Barrow, J., The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir
William Sidney Smith, 2 Vols., (London: Richard Bentley, 1848), Vol. 2,
pp.270-1; Confiance Log, 27.11.1807 and 28.11.1807, ADM 51/1966. See also
Francis, Portugal, pp.280-1; Light, Migration of the Royal family, pp.45-6.
57 Strangford to Smith, at night, 28.11.1807, FO 63/56, p.287. For a full
account of the Strangford/Smith controversy see Appendix VII.
58 ‘Extract of a letter from Lieutenant S. to his father dated Hibernia at sea 7
December 1807’, Drake Papers, Vol. 16, BL Add Ms. 46837.
59 Smith to Strangford, 28.11.1807, Drake Papers, Vol. 16, BL Add Ms. 46837.
60 Confiance Log, 29.11.1807, ADM 51/1966; Logs of Bedford, Elizabeth,
Foudroyant, Hibernia, London, Marlborough, Monarch and Plantagenet, in Light,
Migration of the Royal family, no pp.
61 Smith to Pole, No. 2a9, 1.12.1807, ADM 1/19, further details are in FO
63/56 p.289; James, Naval History, Vol. 4, pp.317-8; Foy, Junot’s Invasion of
Portugal, pp.67-68 who found 20 Portuguese warships of various sizes in the
Tagus. See also Francis Portugal, p.282; Cavaliero, R., The Independence of Brazil,
(London: I.B. Tauris, 1993), p.8.
62 Smith to Pole, No. 2a9, 1.12.1807, ADM 1/19.
63 Francis, Portugal, p.280.
64 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.33-34.
65 Napoleon to Junot, 31.10.1807, Napoleon I, Correspondance Militaire de
Napoléon Ier, (Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie, 1893), (hereafter CMN), Vol. 15,
pp.100-101.
66 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.52-54, see also Macaulay, Dom Pedro, p.19;
Thiers, L. A., History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Under Napoleon, 12
Vols., (London: Chatto & Windus, 1894, Campbell, D. F., and Stebbing, J.,
trans), Vol. 5, pp.190-193.
67 Oman, C., A History of The Peninsular War, 7 Vols., (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1902-30), Vol. 1, pp.26-9.
68 Lady Bessborough to Leveson-Gower, 21.11.1807, Granville, Countess, (ed),
Lord Granville Leveson Gower Private Correspondence, 1781-1821, 2 Vols.,
(London: John Murray, 1916), Vol. 2, p.308.
69 Northumberland to Col. McMahon, 18.12.1807, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The
Correspondence of George, Prince of Wales 1770-1812, 8 Vols., (London: Cassell,
1969), Vol. 6, p.235.
70 Auckland to Grenville, 28.11.1807, Historic Manuscripts Commission, The
Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. preserved at Dropmore, 10 Vols., (London:
HMSO, 1892-1927), Vol. 9, p.152.
71 The Times, Saturday 19.12.1807.
72 The Times, Monday 21.12.1807.
73 Canning to Leigh, 19.12.1807, HAR GC, 17; also cited in Aspinall, The Later
Correspondence of George III, Vol. 4, p.661 n.1, original emphasis.
74 The King to Canning, 20.12.1807, HAR GC, 48.
75 Richmond to Canning, 26.12.1807, HAR GC, 31; Harrowby to Canning,
20.12.1807, HAR GC, 34a; Rose to Canning, 20.12.1807, HAR GC, 76.
76 Richmond, H. W., Statesmen and Sea Power, (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1946), p.221.
77 Smith to Pole, No. 2a10, 1.12.1807, ADM 1/19; Barrow, Correspondence of
Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, Vol. 2, p.274; see also Light, Migration of the
Royal family, p.48.
78 Pocock, T., A Thirst for Glory: The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, (London:
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
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299
Pimlico, 1998), p.208.
79 Richmond, Statesmen and Sea Power, p.234.
80 Beresford to Castlereagh, 29.12.1807, WO 1/354, pp.29-31, 37-40; see also
Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), p.168; James, Naval History, Vol. 4, p.350.
81 Smith to Moore, 5.12.1807, Graham, G. S., and Humphreys, R. A., (eds), The
Navy and South America, 1807-1823, Navy Records Society, Vol. 104, (1962),
pp.3-4; see also Light, Migration of the Royal family, p.48; James, Naval History,
Vol. 4, p.318.
82 Light, Migration of the Royal family, pp.54-5; Macaulay, Dom Pedro, pp.21-3.
Chapter 10: The Blockade of Lisbon
1 For Hall, C. D., British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803-15, (Manchester:
University Press 1992), ‘the strategic situation at the start of 1808 was a poor
one’, p.168; and for Muir, R., and Esdaile, C. J., the ‘strategic situation facing
Britain in early 1808 was gloomy’, ‘Strategic planning in a time of Small
Government: The Wars Against Revolutionary France, 1793-1815’, in
Woolgar, C. M., (ed), Wellington Studies 1, (Southampton: University Press,
1996), p.43.
2 Muir and Esdaile, ‘Strategic Planning’, p.43.
3 Richmond, H. W., Statesmen and Sea Power, (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1946), p.235.
4 13873, Napoleon to Decrés, 12.5.1808, Correspondance de Napoléon I publiée
ordre de l’Emperuer Naopléon III, (Paris, 1858-1869), (hereafter CN), Vol. 17,
pp.123-125 and 14023, Napoleon to Junot, 29.5.1808, CN, pp.271-2. See
also Mackesy, P., The War in the Mediterranean, 1803-1810, (Cambridge, Mass:
Harvard University Press, 1957), pp.231-234, Appendix 8, pp.406-7; Thiers,
L. A., History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Under Napoleon, 12 Vols.,
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1894, Campbell, D. F., and Stebbing, J., trans),
Vol. 5, pp.31-33; James, W., The Naval History of Great Britain from the
Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV, 6 Vols.,
(London: Macmillan, 1837), Vol. 5, p.2; Schroeder, P., The Transformation of
European Politics, 1763-1848, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p.343.
5 James, Naval History, Vol. 5, pp.3-5; Collingwood to his wife, 15.5.1808,
Collingwood, G. L. N., (ed), A Selection from the Public and Private Correspondence
of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood, (London: James Ridgway, 1829), p.355. See
also Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, chpt 9.
6 Esdaile, C, Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, (London: Penguin, 2007),
p.315.
7 Note, 1.2.1808, Vane, C. W., (ed), Marquis of Londonderry, Correspondence,
Dispatches, and other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquis of Londonderry,
12 Vols., (London: William Shoberl, 1851), (hereafter Castlereagh Papers), Vol.
8, pp.160-166.
8 Collingwood to Mulgrave, 11.1.1808, Collingwood, Collingwood Correspondence,
pp.334-5; Smith to Pole, No. 2a28, 28.2.1808, ADM 1/19; Mackesy, War in
the Mediterranean, Appendix 1, p.398, Appendix 5, p.403.
9 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.316.
10 Castlereagh to Canning, undated probably early 1808, HAR GC, 34; Muir
and Esdaile, ‘Strategic Planning’, pp.43-44.
11 Mulgrave to Saumarez, 20.2.1808, Ryan, A. N., (ed), The Saumarez Papers:
Selections from the Baltic Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Sir James Saumarez, Navy
Records Society, No. 110, (1968), (1968), p.7. The squadron comprised
Victory (100), Centaur, Superb, Implacable, Brunswick, Mars, Orion, Goliath,
Vanguard (74s) Dictator and Africa (64s) and five frigates. See also Voelcker,
T., Admiral Saumarez versus Napoleon: The Baltic, 1807-1812, (Woodbridge: The
Boydell Press, 2008), pp.34-38.
12 Castlereagh to the King, 17.4.1808, Aspinall, A. A., (ed), The Later
Correspondence of George III, 5 Vols., (Cambridge: University Press, 1962-1970),
Vol. 5, pp.65-6; Admiralty to Saumarez, 16.4.1808, 22.4.1808, Ryan,
Saumarez Papers, pp.11-14; see also Hall, British Strategy, pp.163-4; Muir, R.,
Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1815, (New Haven and London: Yale
University Press, 1996), p.26; Voelcker, Saumarez, pp.34-38.
13 Hall, British Strategy, p.165; see also Napier, W. F. P., History of the War in the
Peninsula and in the South of France, from the Year 1807 to the Year 1814, 6 vols,
(London: Thomas and William Boone, 1828-45), Vol. 1, p.168; see also
Muir, Britain and The Defeat of Napoleon, p.26; Parkinson, R., Moore of Corunna,
(London: Hart Davis, 1976), pp.147-15; Voelcker, Saumarez, pp.38-42.
14 Castlereagh to Canning, 29.12.1807, Castlereagh to Canning, 31.12.1807,
HAR GC, 34.
15 Castlereagh to the King, 30.1.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, p.13.
16 Collingwood to Drummond, 6.2.1808, Collingwood, Collingwood
Correspondence, pp.340-342.
17 Canning to Castlereagh, 13.3.1808, HAR GC, 32; Collingwood to Mulgrave,
11.1.1808, Collingwood, Collingwood Correspondence, pp.334-5. The figure is
from Castlereagh to the King, 10?.4.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of
George III, Vol. 5, p.61.
18 Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p.335. Napoleon’s plans had been thwarted in 1806
at the battle of Maida and in early 1808 by Collingwood at sea. See Mackesy,
War in the Mediterranean, chpt 9.
19 Mackesy, War in the Mediterranean, p.256.
20 Sparrow, E., Secret Service: British Agents in France, 1792-1815, (Woodbridge:
The Boydell Press, 1999), pp.358-360.
21 Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics, pp.338-341. See Campbell’s
earlier thoughts, Campbell to Harrowby, London, 14.8.1804, PRO
30/8/345, pp.202-3.
22 James, Naval History, Vol. 5, p.10.
23 Five ships-of-the-line, six frigates and five smaller vessels were in Ferrol, two
ships-of-the-line and a frigate were in Cartagena. Hall, British Strategy, p.408.
See also Hall, C. D., Wellington’s Navy: Sea Power and the Peninsular War, 1807-
1814, (London, Chatham Publishing, 2004), pp.8-11.
24 Castlereagh to Canning, 29.12.1807, Castlereagh to Canning, 31.12.1807,
HAR GC, 34.
25 Castlereagh to Spencer, 16.1.1808, WO 1/226, pp.131-43.
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26 Castlereagh to the King, 30.1.1808, Aspinall, Later Correspondence of George III,
Vol. 5, p.13.
27 Hall, C. D., ‘The Royal Navy and the Peninsular War’, The Mariner’s Mirror,
Vol. 79, No. 4, November (1993), p.407 devotes a single sentence to the
blockade and that in relation to the terms of the Convention of Cintra, while
Napier believed the aim of starving the Russians into submission ‘never had
the least chance of success’ (History, Vol. 1, p.173). Recent studies such as
Krajeski, P. C., In the Shadow of Nelson: The Naval Leadership of Admiral Sir
Charles Cotton, 1753-1812, (London: Greenwood Press, 2000) and Horward,
D. D., ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis (1808)’, Naval War
College Review, No. 34, (1981), examine Cotton’s role to the detriment of
ministerial involvement.
28 Buckingham to Grenville, 3.1.1808, Historic Manuscripts Commission, The
Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. preserved at Dropmore, 10 Vols., (London:
HMSO, 1892-1927), Vol. 9, pp.9, 164-6; see James, Naval History, Vol. 2,
pp.4-10 for the 1796 expedition.
29 Smith to Pole, No. 2a17, 26.12.1807, ADM 1/19.
30 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma2, 11.12.1807, No. Ma8, 19.12.1807, No. Ma9
20.12.1807, ADM 1/339; see also Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.52-6.
31 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma7, 31.12.1807, ADM 1/339.
32 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma10, 7.1.1807, ADM 1/339.
33 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma12, No. Ma13, 9.1.1808, ADM 1/339; Admiralty to
Cotton, 6.1.1808 (received 9.1.1808), CNP 588/041A/11; see also Horward,
‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.51; Foy, M., Junot’s Invasion
of Portugal, 1807-1808, (Felling: Worley Publications, 2000), p.77.
34 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma16, 16.1.1808, ADM 1/339.
35 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma18, 24.1.1808, ADM 1/339.
36 Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.59-60.
37 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma18, 24.1.1808, ADM 1/339.
38 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.67-68; see also Krajeski, In the Shadow of
Nelson, pp.59-60.
39 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma18, 24.1.1808, ADM 1/339.
40 Schneer, R. M., ‘Arthur Wellesley and the Cintra Convention: A New Look
at an Old Puzzle’, The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, (1980), pp.107-
8; see also Napier, History, Vol. 1, pp.172-3.
41 Speech by Petty, 21.2.1809, Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, (London: T C
Hansard, 1808), (hereafter Hansard) Vol. 12, p.914.
42 Schneer, ‘Arthur Wellesley and the Cintra Convention’, pp.107-8.
43 Canning to Castlereagh, 25.12.1807, WO 1/751, pp.349-51; see also Hall,
Wellington’s Navy, p.6.
44 Canning to Castlereagh, 25.12.1807, WO 1/751, pp.353-7.
45 Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, pp.51-2.
46 Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, p.61.
47 Canning to Castlereagh, 25.12.1807, WO 1/751, pp.353-7; see also Horward,
‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, pp.51-2; Krajeski, In the
Shadow of Nelson, p.61.
48 Canning to Castlereagh, 25.12.1807, WO 1/751, p.359.
49 Unsigned to ADM, -.12.1807, WO 1/716, pp.231-241, [the author is
Castlereagh].
50 Admiralty to Cotton, 28.12.1807, CNP 588/041A/7.
51 Admiralty to Cotton, 29.12.1807, (received 7.1.1808), CNP 588/041A/8;
Admiralty to Cotton, 29.12.1807, (received 7.1.1808), CNP 588/041A/9.
52 Memorandum by Strangford, 18.2.1808, HAR GC, 48.
53 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma20, 25.1.1808, No. Ma23, 31.1.1808, ADM 1/339;
see also Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.61-2.
54 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma26, 1.2.1808, Containing Edicts and Decrees issued by
Junot, undated and 14.12.1807, ADM 1/339; see also Horward, ‘Portugal and
the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.52; Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, p.62.
55 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.72-74; see also Horward, ‘Portugal and the
Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, pp.50-1, 54; Lefebvre, G., Napoleon: From Tilsit
to Waterloo, 1807-15, (Anderson J. E., trans), (London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul, 1969), Vol. 2, p.15; Oliveira, Marques, A. D., History of Portugal, 2 Vols.,
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), Vol. 1, pp.428; Oman, C., A
History of The Peninsular War, 7 Vols., (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902-30),
Vol. 1, pp.31-2.
56 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma26, 1.2.1808, ADM 1/339; see also Horward,
‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.52; Krajeski, In the Shadow of
Nelson, p.62.
57 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma30, 2.2.1808, Cotton to Pole, No. Ma36, 7.2.1808,
ADM 1/339.
58 Seniavin to Cotton, 25.1.1808/6.2.1808, CNP 588/041A/52.
59 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma39, 8.2.1808, ADM 1/339; see also Horward,
‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.52; Krajeski, In the Shadow of
Nelson, pp.62-3.
60 Ibid.
61 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma39, 8.2.1808, ADM 1/339; Foy, Junot’s Invasion of
Portugal, p.69.
62 Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.62-3.
63 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma39, 8.2.1808, ADM 1/339; see also Horward,
‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.52.
64 Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p.66; see also Napier, History, Vol. 1, pp.148-9,
and Appendix 28, p.631; Oman, History, Vol. 1, pp.206-9.
65 Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.53; Krajeski, In
the Shadow of Nelson, pp.63-5; Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp.78.
66 Collingwood to Cotton, 1.2.1808, CNP 588/042.
67 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma40, 9.2.1808, ADM 1/339; see Esdaile, Napoleon’s
Wars, p.337-340 for what was afoot.
68 McKinley to Cotton, 15.2.1808, Cotton to Pole, No. Ma45, 16.2.1808, ADM
1/339; McKinley to Cotton, 15.2.1808, CNP 588/041A/19; see also Foy,
Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p.77; Hall, Wellington’s Navy, pp.21-22.
69 Yeo to Cotton, 14.2.1808, Cotton to Pole, No. Ma46, 17.2.1808, ADM
1/339; see also Clowes, W. L., The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times
to the Present, 7 Vols., (London: Sampson, Low Marston and Company, Ltd,
1897-1903), Vol. 5, p.407; Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
302
N
OTES
303
Crisis’, p.53; James, Naval History, Vol. 5, pp.20-21; Krajeski, In the Shadow of
Nelson, pp.63-5; Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p.77. Trist found 100 small
arms on board her.
70 Admiralty to Cotton, 8.2.1808, CNP 588/040; Cotton to Pole, No. Ma49,
18.2.1808, Edict by Junot, enclosed in Cotton to Pole, No. Ma54, 21.2.1808,
ADM 1/339.
71 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma64, 26.2.1808, 27.2.1808, No. Ma80, 16.3.1808,
ADM 1/339; Spencer to Castlereagh, 21.2.1808, 29.2.1808, WO 1/226,
pp.245-51; Admiralty to Cotton, 16.1.1808 (received 26.2.1808), CNP
588/041A/12; see also Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval
Crisis’, p.52; Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.35.
72 Purvis to Pole, No. Ma80, 16.3.1808, ADM 1/339; Spencer to Castlereagh,
18.3.1808, WO 1/226, p.263.
73 Smith to Purvis, 26.3.1808, enclosed in Cotton to Pole, No. Ma85,
26.3.1808, ADM 1/339.
74 Spencer to Castlereagh, 5.4.1808, 14.5.1808, WO 1/226, p.263, pp.305-6;
Muir, Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, p.35.
75 Spencer to Castlereagh, 29.2.1808, WO 1/226, pp.251-2; Cotton to Seniavin,
29.2.1808, Cotton to Pole, No. Ma67, 4.3.1808, ADM 1/339; see also
Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.56; Krajeski, In
the Shadow of Nelson, pp.65-7.
76 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma67, 4.3.1808, No. Ma72, 13.3.1808, No. Ma88,
28.3.1808, enclosing Seniavin to Cotton 24.2.1808/7.3.1808, ADM 1/339;
Seniavin to Cotton, Lisbon, 24.2.1808/7.3.1808, CNP 588/041A/53; see
also Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.56; Krajeski,
In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.65-7.
77 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma69, 5.3.1808, No. Ma72, 13.3.1808, ADM 1/339.
78 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma90, 29.3.1808, ADM 1/339; Horward, ‘Portugal and
the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.54; Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson,
pp.66-7.
79 Pole to Stewart, 9.4.1808, Enclosing Cotton to Pole, 29.3.1808, WO 1/717,
pp.237-244.
80 Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.68-9.
81 Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.55.
82 Castlereagh to Admiralty, 16.4.1808, WO 1/717, pp.257-272, quotation
from pp.257-258.
83 Ibid., pp.257-8; see also Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval
Crisis’, p.54.
84 For the refugee problem see Cotton to Pole, No. Ma102, 7.4.1808, ADM
1/339; for the loss of the Milbrook Cotton to Pole, No. Ma103, 8.4.1808,
ADM 1/339, Clowes, Royal Navy, Vol. 5, p.552 gives the date as 26.4.1808; for
the captain’s complaints, Cotton to Pole, No. Ma111, 18.4.1808, ADM 1/339;
see also Horward, ‘Portugal and the Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, p.54;
Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, pp.67-9; Hall, Wellington’s Navy, pp.24-25.
85 Cotton to Pole, No. Ma104, 11.4.1808, No. Ma134, 16.5.1808, ADM 1/339;
see also Krajeski, In the Shadow of Nelson, p.68; Horward, ‘Portugal and the
Anglo-Russian Naval Crisis’, pp.54-5; Hayther, A., (ed), The Backbone: Diaries