Реймерс Н.Ф. Экология - теории, законы, правила принципы и гипотезы
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CONTENT
Author's Note 5 3.6. Population Laws ... 78 •
Chapter 1. Modern Ecolo- 3.7. BiogeographicaL Regu-
gy: A Science or an Out- larities 90
look? 8 3.7.1. Geographic Areas and
Chapter 2. The Structure Population of Species
of the Biosphere .... 22 Therein 90
2.1. Subshperes and Super- 3.7.2. The Evolution of Spe-
spheres 23 cies (Population) Wi-
2.2. The Horizontal Structure thin the Boundaries of
of the Biosphere and Hie- the Species Area ... 96
rarchy of Ecosystems. 3.7.3. The Regularities of
The System of Systems . 31 Propagation of Com-
Chapter 3. Ecological munities ..... 98
Theorems 41 3.8. The Laws of Functioning
3.1. Preliminary Remarks . 41 of Biocenoses adn Com-
3.2. Systems Generalisation 43 munities 101
3.2.1. Composition of Sys- 3.8.1. The Energy Producing
terns 45 Capacity. Flows of
3.2.2. The Internal Develop- Substances. Producti-
ment of Systems ... 49 vity and Reliability of
3.2.3. Thermodynamics of Communities and Bio-
Systems 53 cenoses 103
3.2.4. The Hierarchy of Sys- 3.8.2. The Structure and the
terns 57 Species Composition of
3.2.5. System-Habitat Corre- Biocenoses and Com-
lation 59 munities 107
3.3. Physical and Chemical 3.8.3. Biocenotic Links and
and Molecular-Biologi- Regulation .... 110
cal Fundamentals of the 3.9. Laws of Ecosystems . . 116
Existence of Live Orga- 3.9.1. The Structure and Fun-
nisms 62 ctioning of Ecosystems 117
3.4. The Ecological Regula- 3.9.2. The Dynamics of Eco-
rities of the Development systems 123
of Organisms .... 65 3.10. The General- Regulati-
3.4.1. The Development of ons of the Organisation
Biosystems .... 65 of the Ecosphere and
3.4.2. The Regularities of Biosphere of the Earth 127
Adaptation of Biosys- 3.11. The Regularities of the
terns 71 Evolution of the Bio-
3.5. The Regularities of the sphere 131
System Organism-Habi- 3.12. The Laws of the Man-
tat 72 Nature System ... 140
3.5.1. The General Laws of 3.13. The Laws of Social Eco-
the Functioning of the logy . . . . . . . 146
Systems Organism- 3.14. The Laws of Nature
Habitat 72 Use 151
3.5.2. The Particular Regula- 3.15. The Principles of the
rities in the System Protection of the Natu-
Organism-Media . . 74
364
ral and Human Envi- 6.2.9. Ecologisation of Demo-
ronment and Habitat . 162 graphic Policies . . 244
3.16. Ecological Theorems as 6.2.10. General Ecologisation
a Basis of Environmen- of Nature Use . . . 246
tal Management ... 171 6.3. The Social and Ecolo-
Chapter 4. Studies on gical Impact of Ecologi-
Resources 173 sation 248
4.1. Nature and the Economy 173 6.4. Business and the Market
4.2. Natural Resources and and Ecology 250
Restrictions on Their 6.5. Environmental Degrada-
Use 185 tion Valuation Crite-
Chapter 5. The Ecologi- rious 257'
cal Balance and Specially 6.6. Ways to Overcome the
Protected Natural Zones . 201 Ecological Crisis . . . 268
Chapter 6. The Ecologi- 6.7. Optimistic Pessimism . 281
cal Problems and Public Chapter 7. The System of
Response 214 Human Needs (An Ecologi-
6.1. The Manifestations of the cal Approach) 282
Current Ecological Cri- 7.1. The Special Features of
sis and Environmental the Ecological Approach
Awareness 214 to Man 282
6.2. The Problems of Ecolo- 7.2. Human Habitat. ... 285
gisation in Different 7.3. Humanity and Man as
Spheres 219 A Major System ... 292
6.2.1. General Trends ... 219 7.4. The Classification of
6.2.2. Ecologisation of Scien- Human Needs .... 297
ce and Other Fields of 7.5. Some Practical Conclu-
Knowledge .... 224 sions 316
6.2.3. Ecologisation of In- Final Remarks: Models of the
dustry 226 Future 323
6.2.4. Ecologisation of Far- The Concluding Note . . . 330
ming 229 Supplements
6.2.5. Ecologisation of Fore- The General Principles of
stry and Local Trades 231 Ecological Policies .... 331
6.2.6. The Ecol ogical Prob- The Methods of Scientific
lems of Transport . . 233 (Ecological, Social and Eco-
6.2.7. Ecologisation of the nomic) Assessment of Pro-
Municipal Complex . 236 jects and Economic Initia-
6.2.8. Socio-Ecological Prog- tives 338
rammes 240 The Ecological Manifesto . . 359
Nikolai Reimers. Hopes for the Survival of Humanity.
Conceptual Ecology.
This publication is an attempt to comprehend the achievements in
ecology as a sphere of knowledge on the survival of humanity. It' conti-
nues the bright series of well-known books about the future of our
planet. Unlike Barbara Word's and Rene Dubos' «Only one Earth»
and «Our Common Future» by Brundtland's commission, the author
focuses on theoretical efforts to build a more or less harmonised system
of knowledge on the basis of several dozens of disciplines.
Nikolai Reimers is one of the most prominent figures in the sphere
of environmental sciences and ecology in the Russia: chief research
fellow at the Institute of Market Problems under the Russian Academy
of Sciences; department Head theoretical ecology at the Russian Open
University, president Russian Ecological Union and member Supreme
Ecoiogicaf Council Russian Federation Parlament. Author of several
hundred publications dealing with biological, geograthical, social,
ecologcal and economic issues. His nain scientific works: «Bird and
Mammals of the southern taiga in the Middle Siberia», Moscow-Lenin-
grad, Nauka Publishers, 1966, 420 p.; «Specially Protected Natural
Zones», Moscow, Mysl Publishers, 1978, 295 p. (co-author F. Shtilmark);
«The ABC of Nature. The Microencyclopaedia of the Biosphere», Mos-
cow, Znaniye Publishers, 1980, 208 p.; «A Glossary of Nature Use»,
Moscou, Mysl Publishers, 1990, 639 p.; «Popular Biological Dictionary»,
Moscow, Nauka Publishers, 1991, 544 p.
Научное издание
Рейтере Николай Федорович
экология
(ТЕОРИИ, ЗАКОНЫ, ПРАВИЛА, ПРИНЦИПЫ И ГИПОТЕЗЫ)
Редактор О. Е. Политова
Технический редактор О. N. Крайнева
Корректор В. И. Серегина
Лицензия ЛР № 040173 от 28.11.91
ИБ 2825
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