Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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Page669

Linacre,Thomas482

linearBScript419

linguafranca85,111,182,246,266,317–18,329,338–40,419,435,488–

9,496

lipsynchronized16–8

Lisle,Lecontede408

Lispector,Clarice125

Littleton,Adam483

Littré,PaulEmile408

livesubtitling(seesubtitles,subtitling)15

LiviusAndronicus477

loantranslation429

Lobato,BentoMonteiro234,342

localization7,11,32,39–40,48–9,126,143,157–61,186,246,295,297

LocalizationIndustryStandardsAssociation(LISA)49

logocentric139,233

logographs250

Lomonosov,Mikhail519–20

London,Jack342,382

Longfellow,H.W.253

Longley,Michael36

Lönnrot,Elias211,400

Lorca,FedericoGarcia125

loyalty102–3,111,121,153–4,157,249,254,331,391,521

Luca,CostaBen534

Lugones,Leopoldo490

Luhmann,Niklas279,281–2

Lusignan,Pierrede502

Luther,Martin22,24,85,174,379,386,389,394,399–400,413–14,436,

479,545

Lutheran23,398–400,445–6,484,504,510–11,545

Lyttelton,George485

MaJianzhong374

Macault,Antoine405

MachineTranslation(MT)24,42,51,61,98–9,111,143,159,162–9,223,

249,365,367,388–9,397,404,425,476,501

MachineAssistedHumanTranslation(MAHT)162

Macchiavelli,Niccolò29

Macpherson,James213,351,505

Madrid,FernándezDe537,539,541–2

Madrigal,AlfonsoDe536–7

Maerlant,JacobVan392

Magyars435–6,512

Maimonides333,428,430

Maior,P.512

Malermi,Niccolò459

Malinche,La111,486–7

Malot,Hector532

Manasius,Constantin357

Mandarin369,373,375–6

manga38–40

Manheim,Ralph326

manipulation,manipulative6,14,33,109,138–9,151,157,167,200,268,

284

Mann,Thomas30,184,218,235,388

Maori46,245

Márai,Sándor94

Maricourt,PaulLeMoynede363

Mar’n,LuisAstrana540

Marlowe,Christopher350,388

MarquisofSantillana536

Marti,José491

Marvell,Andrew484

Marx,Carlos541

Mathesius,Vilém381–2

Matveev,Andrei519

Maugham,W.S.515

Mavilis,Lorenzos424

MaximetheGreek518

Mayakovskiy,Vladimir383

McFarlane,James92

MechtildofHackeborn544

MEMRI(MiddleEastMediaResearchInstitute)189

metalinguistic4,184,223

metaphor,metaphorical58,67–9,90–1,111,125,140,156,166,173,177–

8,180,195,204,237,265,301,308,344,381,423

metaphrase35,77,351

Metastasio,Pietro512

Methodius(seeCyrilandMethodius)355–7,501,517

metonymic202,282

Méziriac,GaspardBachetde407

Mickiewicz,Adam380,506,525

microstructural273

Micu,Samuil512

Milescu,Spatharus511

Mill,JohnStuart345

Milne,A.A.31,485

Milton,John174,350,407,437,484

minoritization,minoritized152,170–2

minority15,18,44,46,64,140,169–72,178,186,202,220–1,258,274,

324,390,398,435,438,467,533,542,550

Mirandola,GiovanniPicodella460

mismatches4,165–7,224

Mitre,Bartolomé490,492

mobility69,90,172–8,268,276,295,299

modality131,275,278

Modernist325–6,344,381,402,417,494,508

modulation265,270,273,320

Molcuţ,Z.516

Moldavian510–11

Molière380,386,401–3,422,462,498,506–7,513,525,532,539

Møller,KaiFriis387–8

Moltke,L.387

Moncrieff,W.Scott353

Montaigne,Michelde350,394,406

Montes,Enrique488

Montesquieu210,512

Monti,Vincenzo464–5

Morgan,Edwin37,254

Morsztyn,JanAndrzej504

Moyne,CharlesLe363

Mukařovský,Jan381

multilingual,multilingualism14,37,41–2,48,60–1,84,86,88,109–11,115,

127–8,144,157,167–8,175–6,178,182–5,216,248,266,276,282,287–

9,293,299,313,319,327,339,341,363,365,377,392–3,395,430,493,

497,501,508

multimedia,multimedial8,13,19,39,62,261,295

multimodal,multimodality6–8,13,42,261

Page670

Münster,Sebastian483

Muslim,Muslims85,225–9,329–32,334,428,453–7,480–1,494–7,530,

550–3,556

Müteferrika,Ibrahim555

NAATI(NationalAccreditationAuthorityforTranslatorsandInterpreters)45–

6,277

Nabokov,Vladimir112,257

Naevius,Gnaeus477

Nafisi,Sa‘Id500

Nahda36,336

Nairobirecommendation320

Narragansett321–2

narrative,narration10–11,13–14,16,32–4,38,40,65,67,73,103,109–

12,128,133,135,148,177,180,209,260,273,307–9,314,316–17,324,

326–7,358,421,444,459,494,498,529,533,553

narratological,narratology62,100,103,109,260,273

NassauSaarbrücken,ElisabethVon413

naturalization,naturalizing4,18,67,409,413,416–17

Nazi,Nazis30,139,243,434,440,507

Negruzzi,C.513

neoclassical,neoclassicism93,264–8,525

neogrammarians465

neoliteralism475

neologism,neologisms32,75,125,265,268,355,357,380,405–6,409,

446,509

Nepos,Cornelius421

Neruda,Pablo402,491,533

Nestroy,Johann94

networktheory141,155,281

news15,23,151,186–9,218,246,274,449,514

agencies187–9

gathering,dissemination186–9

translation151,186–9

Nheengatu339–40

Niemcewicz,JanUrsyn506

Nieminen,Pertti402

Nieremberg,P.489

Nijhoff,Martinus397

Nodier,R.Charles408

Nogami,Toyoichirô475

nominalization283

nondimensionalmismatches224

nontranslation(al)30,40,60,99,108,138,156,176,208,236,262,266,

268

Nordic315,382,385,403–4,444,542

norms12,19,26,32,57,72,77–8,84,86,91,93,99–100,103,108,140–

1,151,155–6,179,181–2,189–93,197–9,210,224,233–4,236,239,

249,263–4,272–4,285,308–9,355–7,411,413–15,417,431–4,465,

479,481,483–4,539,552,557

North,Thomas349,452

Norwegian61,94,210,308,385–90,442,444–5,542,547

Norwid,CyprianKamil506

notetaking52

NuriDehlavi,Aziz497

Nyerere,Julius318

O’Casey,Seán93

Oehlenschläger,AdamGottlob388,447

Ôgai,Mori473,475

Ogilby,John351

Ojeda,Alonsode487

Olavinpoika,Martti399

Oldenbourg,Henry483

Oliva,FernánPérezDe537

omission4,39,46,63,104–5,151,191,213,242,278,283,375,449,489,

529,535,539

O’Neill,Eugene93,368,382,515

onomasiological290

operationalization,operationalizing61,222,225,307

Opitz,Martin413–4

oral(history,literature,narrative)10–11,16–18,26,34,51–2,91,103,114,

146–7,171,226,230,260,292,313–18,329–30,338,386,391–2,399,

411,444,450,453–4,474,478,486,523,527,529,535,543,552

Oresme,Nicolas405

orientalism,orientalist,orientalizing67,201–3,207,334,351,394,457,498

Orti,Girolamo464

Orzeszkowa,Eliza507

Osofisan,Femi36

Ottoman329,334–5,357,360,424,436,493,512,550–2,555–8

overttranslation16,224–5,284

Ovid77,266,349–51,388,393,395,412,512,536,538

Pahlavi330–2,452,493–4

Palamas,Costis424

Pallis,Alexandros420–1

Paré,Marcel365

Parent,Étienne364

participationframework82

Passos,JohnDos382

Pasternak,Boris326,522,533

Paz,Octavio251,492

Pázm ány,Péter436,439

Péczeli,József437,439

Pedersen,Christiern386

Peend,Thomas349

Peirce,C.S.260–3

Pennanen,Eila403

performance,performativity35,37,42,49,52–3,56–8,63,93,115,177,

190–1,205,207,213,215,223,244,254,265,269–70,277–8,287,290,

327,420,461,512–3,519,527–8

Perojo,JoséDel491

Perrot,Nicolas363,407

Perry,Matthew471

Perry,Menakhem258

Persian22,85,169,228,294,329–34,351,377,450–2,454–7,493,500,

527,530,550,552–7

Pesti,Gábor436

PeterofToledo481,534

Petöfi,Sándor380,402,437,514–5

Petrov,Valeri361

Petrycy,Sebastian503

Pétursson,Hallgr’mur448

Pevear,Richard327

phonologism249

Pickthall,Marmaduke227–9

Pietarinpoika,Jaakko399

Pilnyak,Boris383

Page670

Münster,Sebastian483

Muslim,Muslims85,225–9,329–32,334,428,453–7,480–1,494–7,530,

550–3,556

Müteferrika,Ibrahim555

NAATI(NationalAccreditationAuthorityforTranslatorsandInterpreters)45–

6,277

Nabokov,Vladimir112,257

Naevius,Gnaeus477

Nafisi,Sa‘Id500

Nahda36,336

Nairobirecommendation320

Narragansett321–2

narrative,narration10–11,13–14,16,32–4,38,40,65,67,73,103,109–

12,128,133,135,148,177,180,209,260,273,307–9,314,316–17,324,

326–7,358,421,444,459,494,498,529,533,553

narratological,narratology62,100,103,109,260,273

NassauSaarbrücken,ElisabethVon413

naturalization,naturalizing4,18,67,409,413,416–17

Nazi,Nazis30,139,243,434,440,507

Negruzzi,C.513

neoclassical,neoclassicism93,264–8,525

neogrammarians465

neoliteralism475

neologism,neologisms32,75,125,265,268,355,357,380,405–6,409,

446,509

Nepos,Cornelius421

Neruda,Pablo402,491,533

Nestroy,Johann94

networktheory141,155,281

news15,23,151,186–9,218,246,274,449,514

agencies187–9

gathering,dissemination186–9

translation151,186–9

Nheengatu339–40

Niemcewicz,JanUrsyn506

Nieminen,Pertti402

Nieremberg,P.489

Nijhoff,Martinus397

Nodier,R.Charles408

Nogami,Toyoichirô475

nominalization283

nondimensionalmismatches224

nontranslation(al)30,40,60,99,108,138,156,176,208,236,262,266,

268

Nordic315,382,385,403–4,444,542

norms12,19,26,32,57,72,77–8,84,86,91,93,99–100,103,108,140–

1,151,155–6,179,181–2,189–93,197–9,210,224,233–4,236,239,

249,263–4,272–4,285,308–9,355–7,411,413–15,417,431–4,465,

479,481,483–4,539,552,557

North,Thomas349,452

Norwegian61,94,210,308,385–90,442,444–5,542,547

Norwid,CyprianKamil506

notetaking52

NuriDehlavi,Aziz497

Nyerere,Julius318

O’Casey,Seán93

Oehlenschläger,AdamGottlob388,447

Ôgai,Mori473,475

Ogilby,John351

Ojeda,Alonsode487

Olavinpoika,Martti399

Oldenbourg,Henry483

Oliva,FernánPérezDe537

omission4,39,46,63,104–5,151,191,213,242,278,283,375,449,489,

529,535,539

O’Neill,Eugene93,368,382,515

onomasiological290

operationalization,operationalizing61,222,225,307

Opitz,Martin413–4

oral(history,literature,narrative)10–11,16–18,26,34,51–2,91,103,114,

146–7,171,226,230,260,292,313–18,329–30,338,386,391–2,399,

411,444,450,453–4,474,478,486,523,527,529,535,543,552

Oresme,Nicolas405

orientalism,orientalist,orientalizing67,201–3,207,334,351,394,457,498

Orti,Girolamo464

Orzeszkowa,Eliza507

Osofisan,Femi36

Ottoman329,334–5,357,360,424,436,493,512,550–2,555–8

overttranslation16,224–5,284

Ovid77,266,349–51,388,393,395,412,512,536,538

Pahlavi330–2,452,493–4

Palamas,Costis424

Pallis,Alexandros420–1

Paré,Marcel365

Parent,Étienne364

participationframework82

Passos,JohnDos382

Pasternak,Boris326,522,533

Paz,Octavio251,492

Pázm ány,Péter436,439

Péczeli,József437,439

Pedersen,Christiern386

Peend,Thomas349

Peirce,C.S.260–3

Pennanen,Eila403

performance,performativity35,37,42,49,52–3,56–8,63,93,115,177,

190–1,205,207,213,215,223,244,254,265,269–70,277–8,287,290,

327,420,461,512–3,519,527–8

Perojo,JoséDel491

Perrot,Nicolas363,407

Perry,Matthew471

Perry,Menakhem258

Persian22,85,169,228,294,329–34,351,377,450–2,454–7,493,500,

527,530,550,552–7

Pesti,Gábor436

PeterofToledo481,534

Petöfi,Sándor380,402,437,514–5

Petrov,Valeri361

Petrycy,Sebastian503

Pétursson,Hallgr’mur448

Pevear,Richard327

phonologism249

Pickthall,Marmaduke227–9

Pietarinpoika,Jaakko399

Pilnyak,Boris383

Page670

Münster,Sebastian483

Muslim,Muslims85,225–9,329–32,334,428,453–7,480–1,494–7,530,

550–3,556

Müteferrika,Ibrahim555

NAATI(NationalAccreditationAuthorityforTranslatorsandInterpreters)45–

6,277

Nabokov,Vladimir112,257

Naevius,Gnaeus477

Nafisi,Sa‘Id500

Nahda36,336

Nairobirecommendation320

Narragansett321–2

narrative,narration10–11,13–14,16,32–4,38,40,65,67,73,103,109–

12,128,133,135,148,177,180,209,260,273,307–9,314,316–17,324,

326–7,358,421,444,459,494,498,529,533,553

narratological,narratology62,100,103,109,260,273

NassauSaarbrücken,ElisabethVon413

naturalization,naturalizing4,18,67,409,413,416–17

Nazi,Nazis30,139,243,434,440,507

Negruzzi,C.513

neoclassical,neoclassicism93,264–8,525

neogrammarians465

neoliteralism475

neologism,neologisms32,75,125,265,268,355,357,380,405–6,409,

446,509

Nepos,Cornelius421

Neruda,Pablo402,491,533

Nestroy,Johann94

networktheory141,155,281

news15,23,151,186–9,218,246,274,449,514

agencies187–9

gathering,dissemination186–9

translation151,186–9

Nheengatu339–40

Niemcewicz,JanUrsyn506

Nieminen,Pertti402

Nieremberg,P.489

Nijhoff,Martinus397

Nodier,R.Charles408

Nogami,Toyoichirô475

nominalization283

nondimensionalmismatches224

nontranslation(al)30,40,60,99,108,138,156,176,208,236,262,266,

268

Nordic315,382,385,403–4,444,542

norms12,19,26,32,57,72,77–8,84,86,91,93,99–100,103,108,140–

1,151,155–6,179,181–2,189–93,197–9,210,224,233–4,236,239,

249,263–4,272–4,285,308–9,355–7,411,413–15,417,431–4,465,

479,481,483–4,539,552,557

North,Thomas349,452

Norwegian61,94,210,308,385–90,442,444–5,542,547

Norwid,CyprianKamil506

notetaking52

NuriDehlavi,Aziz497

Nyerere,Julius318

O’Casey,Seán93

Oehlenschläger,AdamGottlob388,447

Ôgai,Mori473,475

Ogilby,John351

Ojeda,Alonsode487

Olavinpoika,Martti399

Oldenbourg,Henry483

Oliva,FernánPérezDe537

omission4,39,46,63,104–5,151,191,213,242,278,283,375,449,489,

529,535,539

O’Neill,Eugene93,368,382,515

onomasiological290

operationalization,operationalizing61,222,225,307

Opitz,Martin413–4

oral(history,literature,narrative)10–11,16–18,26,34,51–2,91,103,114,

146–7,171,226,230,260,292,313–18,329–30,338,386,391–2,399,

411,444,450,453–4,474,478,486,523,527,529,535,543,552

Oresme,Nicolas405

orientalism,orientalist,orientalizing67,201–3,207,334,351,394,457,498

Orti,Girolamo464

Orzeszkowa,Eliza507

Osofisan,Femi36

Ottoman329,334–5,357,360,424,436,493,512,550–2,555–8

overttranslation16,224–5,284

Ovid77,266,349–51,388,393,395,412,512,536,538

Pahlavi330–2,452,493–4

Palamas,Costis424

Pallis,Alexandros420–1

Paré,Marcel365

Parent,Étienne364

participationframework82

Passos,JohnDos382

Pasternak,Boris326,522,533

Paz,Octavio251,492

Pázm ány,Péter436,439

Péczeli,József437,439

Pedersen,Christiern386

Peend,Thomas349

Peirce,C.S.260–3

Pennanen,Eila403

performance,performativity35,37,42,49,52–3,56–8,63,93,115,177,

190–1,205,207,213,215,223,244,254,265,269–70,277–8,287,290,

327,420,461,512–3,519,527–8

Perojo,JoséDel491

Perrot,Nicolas363,407

Perry,Matthew471

Perry,Menakhem258

Persian22,85,169,228,294,329–34,351,377,450–2,454–7,493,500,

527,530,550,552–7

Pesti,Gábor436

PeterofToledo481,534

Petöfi,Sándor380,402,437,514–5

Petrov,Valeri361

Petrycy,Sebastian503

Pétursson,Hallgr’mur448

Pevear,Richard327

phonologism249

Pickthall,Marmaduke227–9

Pietarinpoika,Jaakko399

Pilnyak,Boris383

Page670

Münster,Sebastian483

Muslim,Muslims85,225–9,329–32,334,428,453–7,480–1,494–7,530,

550–3,556

Müteferrika,Ibrahim555

NAATI(NationalAccreditationAuthorityforTranslatorsandInterpreters)45–

6,277

Nabokov,Vladimir112,257

Naevius,Gnaeus477

Nafisi,Sa‘Id500

Nahda36,336

Nairobirecommendation320

Narragansett321–2

narrative,narration10–11,13–14,16,32–4,38,40,65,67,73,103,109–

12,128,133,135,148,177,180,209,260,273,307–9,314,316–17,324,

326–7,358,421,444,459,494,498,529,533,553

narratological,narratology62,100,103,109,260,273

NassauSaarbrücken,ElisabethVon413

naturalization,naturalizing4,18,67,409,413,416–17

Nazi,Nazis30,139,243,434,440,507

Negruzzi,C.513

neoclassical,neoclassicism93,264–8,525

neogrammarians465

neoliteralism475

neologism,neologisms32,75,125,265,268,355,357,380,405–6,409,

446,509

Nepos,Cornelius421

Neruda,Pablo402,491,533

Nestroy,Johann94

networktheory141,155,281

news15,23,151,186–9,218,246,274,449,514

agencies187–9

gathering,dissemination186–9

translation151,186–9

Nheengatu339–40

Niemcewicz,JanUrsyn506

Nieminen,Pertti402

Nieremberg,P.489

Nijhoff,Martinus397

Nodier,R.Charles408

Nogami,Toyoichirô475

nominalization283

nondimensionalmismatches224

nontranslation(al)30,40,60,99,108,138,156,176,208,236,262,266,

268

Nordic315,382,385,403–4,444,542

norms12,19,26,32,57,72,77–8,84,86,91,93,99–100,103,108,140–

1,151,155–6,179,181–2,189–93,197–9,210,224,233–4,236,239,

249,263–4,272–4,285,308–9,355–7,411,413–15,417,431–4,465,

479,481,483–4,539,552,557

North,Thomas349,452

Norwegian61,94,210,308,385–90,442,444–5,542,547

Norwid,CyprianKamil506

notetaking52

NuriDehlavi,Aziz497

Nyerere,Julius318

O’Casey,Seán93

Oehlenschläger,AdamGottlob388,447

Ôgai,Mori473,475

Ogilby,John351

Ojeda,Alonsode487

Olavinpoika,Martti399

Oldenbourg,Henry483

Oliva,FernánPérezDe537

omission4,39,46,63,104–5,151,191,213,242,278,283,375,449,489,

529,535,539

O’Neill,Eugene93,368,382,515

onomasiological290

operationalization,operationalizing61,222,225,307

Opitz,Martin413–4

oral(history,literature,narrative)10–11,16–18,26,34,51–2,91,103,114,

146–7,171,226,230,260,292,313–18,329–30,338,386,391–2,399,

411,444,450,453–4,474,478,486,523,527,529,535,543,552

Oresme,Nicolas405

orientalism,orientalist,orientalizing67,201–3,207,334,351,394,457,498

Orti,Girolamo464

Orzeszkowa,Eliza507

Osofisan,Femi36

Ottoman329,334–5,357,360,424,436,493,512,550–2,555–8

overttranslation16,224–5,284

Ovid77,266,349–51,388,393,395,412,512,536,538

Pahlavi330–2,452,493–4

Palamas,Costis424

Pallis,Alexandros420–1

Paré,Marcel365

Parent,Étienne364

participationframework82

Passos,JohnDos382

Pasternak,Boris326,522,533

Paz,Octavio251,492

Pázm ány,Péter436,439

Péczeli,József437,439

Pedersen,Christiern386

Peend,Thomas349

Peirce,C.S.260–3

Pennanen,Eila403

performance,performativity35,37,42,49,52–3,56–8,63,93,115,177,

190–1,205,207,213,215,223,244,254,265,269–70,277–8,287,290,

327,420,461,512–3,519,527–8

Perojo,JoséDel491

Perrot,Nicolas363,407

Perry,Matthew471

Perry,Menakhem258

Persian22,85,169,228,294,329–34,351,377,450–2,454–7,493,500,

527,530,550,552–7

Pesti,Gábor436

PeterofToledo481,534

Petöfi,Sándor380,402,437,514–5

Petrov,Valeri361

Petrycy,Sebastian503

Pétursson,Hallgr’mur448

Pevear,Richard327

phonologism249

Pickthall,Marmaduke227–9

Pietarinpoika,Jaakko399

Pilnyak,Boris383

Page670

Münster,Sebastian483

Muslim,Muslims85,225–9,329–32,334,428,453–7,480–1,494–7,530,

550–3,556

Müteferrika,Ibrahim555

NAATI(NationalAccreditationAuthorityforTranslatorsandInterpreters)45–

6,277

Nabokov,Vladimir112,257

Naevius,Gnaeus477

Nafisi,Sa‘Id500

Nahda36,336

Nairobirecommendation320

Narragansett321–2

narrative,narration10–11,13–14,16,32–4,38,40,65,67,73,103,109–

12,128,133,135,148,177,180,209,260,273,307–9,314,316–17,324,

326–7,358,421,444,459,494,498,529,533,553

narratological,narratology62,100,103,109,260,273

NassauSaarbrücken,ElisabethVon413

naturalization,naturalizing4,18,67,409,413,416–17

Nazi,Nazis30,139,243,434,440,507

Negruzzi,C.513

neoclassical,neoclassicism93,264–8,525

neogrammarians465

neoliteralism475

neologism,neologisms32,75,125,265,268,355,357,380,405–6,409,

446,509

Nepos,Cornelius421

Neruda,Pablo402,491,533

Nestroy,Johann94

networktheory141,155,281

news15,23,151,186–9,218,246,274,449,514

agencies187–9

gathering,dissemination186–9

translation151,186–9

Nheengatu339–40

Niemcewicz,JanUrsyn506

Nieminen,Pertti402

Nieremberg,P.489

Nijhoff,Martinus397

Nodier,R.Charles408

Nogami,Toyoichirô475

nominalization283

nondimensionalmismatches224

nontranslation(al)30,40,60,99,108,138,156,176,208,236,262,266,

268

Nordic315,382,385,403–4,444,542

norms12,19,26,32,57,72,77–8,84,86,91,93,99–100,103,108,140–

1,151,155–6,179,181–2,189–93,197–9,210,224,233–4,236,239,

249,263–4,272–4,285,308–9,355–7,411,413–15,417,431–4,465,

479,481,483–4,539,552,557

North,Thomas349,452

Norwegian61,94,210,308,385–90,442,444–5,542,547

Norwid,CyprianKamil506

notetaking52

NuriDehlavi,Aziz497

Nyerere,Julius318

O’Casey,Seán93

Oehlenschläger,AdamGottlob388,447

Ôgai,Mori473,475

Ogilby,John351

Ojeda,Alonsode487

Olavinpoika,Martti399

Oldenbourg,Henry483

Oliva,FernánPérezDe537

omission4,39,46,63,104–5,151,191,213,242,278,283,375,449,489,

529,535,539

O’Neill,Eugene93,368,382,515

onomasiological290

operationalization,operationalizing61,222,225,307

Opitz,Martin413–4

oral(history,literature,narrative)10–11,16–18,26,34,51–2,91,103,114,

146–7,171,226,230,260,292,313–18,329–30,338,386,391–2,399,

411,444,450,453–4,474,478,486,523,527,529,535,543,552

Oresme,Nicolas405

orientalism,orientalist,orientalizing67,201–3,207,334,351,394,457,498

Orti,Girolamo464

Orzeszkowa,Eliza507

Osofisan,Femi36

Ottoman329,334–5,357,360,424,436,493,512,550–2,555–8

overttranslation16,224–5,284

Ovid77,266,349–51,388,393,395,412,512,536,538

Pahlavi330–2,452,493–4

Palamas,Costis424

Pallis,Alexandros420–1

Paré,Marcel365

Parent,Étienne364

participationframework82

Passos,JohnDos382

Pasternak,Boris326,522,533

Paz,Octavio251,492

Pázm ány,Péter436,439

Péczeli,József437,439

Pedersen,Christiern386

Peend,Thomas349

Peirce,C.S.260–3

Pennanen,Eila403

performance,performativity35,37,42,49,52–3,56–8,63,93,115,177,

190–1,205,207,213,215,223,244,254,265,269–70,277–8,287,290,

327,420,461,512–3,519,527–8

Perojo,JoséDel491

Perrot,Nicolas363,407

Perry,Matthew471

Perry,Menakhem258

Persian22,85,169,228,294,329–34,351,377,450–2,454–7,493,500,

527,530,550,552–7

Pesti,Gábor436

PeterofToledo481,534

Petöfi,Sándor380,402,437,514–5

Petrov,Valeri361

Petrycy,Sebastian503

Pétursson,Hallgr’mur448

Pevear,Richard327

phonologism249

Pickthall,Marmaduke227–9

Pietarinpoika,Jaakko399

Pilnyak,Boris383

Page671

Pindemonte,Ippolito464

Pinter,Harold54,93

Pinzón,VicenteYáñez487

plurilingual,plurilingualism175,182,438

Plutarch345,349,405–6,421–2,451,503,505,535,538,554

Poe,EdgarAllan383,408,514

poetry35,90–1,124,152,154–6,194–6,210–11,220,238,250–1,253–4,

258,267–8,292,302,315,323–5,327,330,332,342,350–1,353,359–

60,367,370,379–83,387,400–3,406,412–3,415,417,421,424–5,429,

432,437,439–40,442,444,447–8,450,452–3,457–8,460–1,463–4,

469,472–4,478,484–5,491,502,504–6,508,511–16,519–21,525–6,

539–40,243,553–4,556

anacreontic380

concrete254

rococo380

Ossianic211,267

Polish52,153,266,276,337,340,380,422,439–40,501–11,518–19,

525,545,547,551

Poliziano,Angelo482

Polonization,Polonized504,508

Polski,Dworzanin504

polysystem,polysystems19,32,73,77,157,189–90,197–200,209–11,

239,444,527

Pont,JosephGodefroydeVieux363

Pope,Alexander35,238,341,344,350,408,437,484

Popovič,Anton209,211,271–2,274,283,526

Portuguese84,135,170,172,232,254,266,314–16,318–19,326,338–

43,394,407,455–6,469,488,492,531,535

positionality,positionings58,140,277,282

postcolonial,postcolonialism,postcoloniality36,69,73,75,79,101,111,

133,140,170,172–7,180,183,200,202–4,211,239,267–8,313,317–18

postediting164–5

postmodern,postmodernism101,112,133,149,231,241,264,268

postproductionscript15

poststructuralism,poststructuralist101,328

postsynchronization14

Potocki,Jan506

Pound,Ezra251,324,343,346,354,402

power10,12–13,19,28,30,32,34–6,45,58,68–9,71–3,79,81,83,90–

1,100–3,110,122–5,128,131,138,140–1,146,150–1,156,161,170,

173,177–8,183–4,192–3,200–3,239–40,242–3,245,251,262,265–6,

281,306,313,321,323,328,334,339,342,344,373,394–5,408,417,

430,435–6,440,450,453,456,464,466,468,471,478,492,502,512,

517,522,533–4,536–7,539,544–6,550–1

Power,Thomas86,484

pragmatic,pragmatics17,19,26,35,40–2,47,54,57,62,84,88–9,91,96–

7,105–6,114,116,145–6,149–50,154,165,171,179–80,204–7,223–4,

246,268,270,273,284,287,400,413,495,509,519,523

precolonial79,313–14,319

preedit164

preIslamic455–6,494–6,498

prescriptive,prescriptivism,prescriptivist19,32,40,54–5,77–9,85,87,98–

9,101–3,149,152,190,196,198–9,248,264,270,283,287,298,304,

418

processoriented34,51,212,214,225,270–1,492,303–4

productoriented212,270–1,305,476

prosetranslation36,84,194,379,407,409,416,444,446,457,463,521,

540,553

prototype,prototypicality179–81,287,307–8,365

Przesmycki,Zenon506

pseudotranslation,pseudotranslator112,134,181,208–11,232

Puerto,FranciscoDel(knownasPaquillo)488

purelanguage303

Pushkin,Alexander336,380,433,439,506–7,513,520–1,525

QianZhongshu375

quality7,12,14,23,31,33,41,48,50,53,55,66,85–7,116,142–4,159–

50,153,159–60,162–5,167–8,175,181,205,207,222–5,229,238,247,

250,271–2,277,288–9,292,294,297,299,302,309,319,337,361,365,

372,375,377,418,435,440,447–9,453,459,464,465–7,474,483,499,

503,505,511,515,520–2,544,548

Quarles,Francis386

Québecois93,275,368

Quechua22,253–4,486,488

Quintilian478

Qur’an(Koran)29,123,135,225–9,250,302,316,329,351,394,407,

455–6,481,495,530,534,552–3,555,557

Racine,Jean37,263,389,422,462,513,525,556

Radnóti,Miklós440

Radó,Antal439

Rádulescu,Heliade(Wallachia)513

Rájnis,József437

Ram’rez,Melchor488

Ramusio,GiovanniBattista462

Raphaīl,PèreAntūn334–5

Räty,Antti401

Rāzi,FakhrAlDin496

Reconquista533–4

Reformation22,85,140,264,348,379–80,386,394,398,414,436,445,

479,483,504,510,538,544–6

reformulation53,120,145–6,220

Reggio,Nicoloda482

RegisteryofInterpretersfortheDeaf(RID)

Reina,Casiadorode538

reinterpretation235

Rej,Mikolaj504

relevancetheory26,57,180,196,208,262

repertoremes306

retranslations,retranslators80,123,134,156–7,230,232–7,407–8,473,

480,535

retrospection214,290

Révai,Miklós437

revoice,revoicing14,16–18

rewrite,rewriting3,7,31,35,37,79,94,123,125,138,174,211,241–5,

259,264,267,375,387,392,452,475,553,557

Reyes,Torres533

Reymont,Władysław507

Page671

Pindemonte,Ippolito464

Pinter,Harold54,93

Pinzón,VicenteYáñez487

plurilingual,plurilingualism175,182,438

Plutarch345,349,405–6,421–2,451,503,505,535,538,554

Poe,EdgarAllan383,408,514

poetry35,90–1,124,152,154–6,194–6,210–11,220,238,250–1,253–4,

258,267–8,292,302,315,323–5,327,330,332,342,350–1,353,359–

60,367,370,379–83,387,400–3,406,412–3,415,417,421,424–5,429,

432,437,439–40,442,444,447–8,450,452–3,457–8,460–1,463–4,

469,472–4,478,484–5,491,502,504–6,508,511–16,519–21,525–6,

539–40,243,553–4,556

anacreontic380

concrete254

rococo380

Ossianic211,267

Polish52,153,266,276,337,340,380,422,439–40,501–11,518–19,

525,545,547,551

Poliziano,Angelo482

Polonization,Polonized504,508

Polski,Dworzanin504

polysystem,polysystems19,32,73,77,157,189–90,197–200,209–11,

239,444,527

Pont,JosephGodefroydeVieux363

Pope,Alexander35,238,341,344,350,408,437,484

Popovič,Anton209,211,271–2,274,283,526

Portuguese84,135,170,172,232,254,266,314–16,318–19,326,338–

43,394,407,455–6,469,488,492,531,535

positionality,positionings58,140,277,282

postcolonial,postcolonialism,postcoloniality36,69,73,75,79,101,111,

133,140,170,172–7,180,183,200,202–4,211,239,267–8,313,317–18

postediting164–5

postmodern,postmodernism101,112,133,149,231,241,264,268

postproductionscript15

poststructuralism,poststructuralist101,328

postsynchronization14

Potocki,Jan506

Pound,Ezra251,324,343,346,354,402

power10,12–13,19,28,30,32,34–6,45,58,68–9,71–3,79,81,83,90–

1,100–3,110,122–5,128,131,138,140–1,146,150–1,156,161,170,

173,177–8,183–4,192–3,200–3,239–40,242–3,245,251,262,265–6,

281,306,313,321,323,328,334,339,342,344,373,394–5,408,417,

430,435–6,440,450,453,456,464,466,468,471,478,492,502,512,

517,522,533–4,536–7,539,544–6,550–1

Power,Thomas86,484

pragmatic,pragmatics17,19,26,35,40–2,47,54,57,62,84,88–9,91,96–

7,105–6,114,116,145–6,149–50,154,165,171,179–80,204–7,223–4,

246,268,270,273,284,287,400,413,495,509,519,523

precolonial79,313–14,319

preedit164

preIslamic455–6,494–6,498

prescriptive,prescriptivism,prescriptivist19,32,40,54–5,77–9,85,87,98–

9,101–3,149,152,190,196,198–9,248,264,270,283,287,298,304,

418

processoriented34,51,212,214,225,270–1,492,303–4

productoriented212,270–1,305,476

prosetranslation36,84,194,379,407,409,416,444,446,457,463,521,

540,553

prototype,prototypicality179–81,287,307–8,365

Przesmycki,Zenon506

pseudotranslation,pseudotranslator112,134,181,208–11,232

Puerto,FranciscoDel(knownasPaquillo)488

purelanguage303

Pushkin,Alexander336,380,433,439,506–7,513,520–1,525

QianZhongshu375

quality7,12,14,23,31,33,41,48,50,53,55,66,85–7,116,142–4,159–

50,153,159–60,162–5,167–8,175,181,205,207,222–5,229,238,247,

250,271–2,277,288–9,292,294,297,299,302,309,319,337,361,365,

372,375,377,418,435,440,447–9,453,459,464,465–7,474,483,499,

503,505,511,515,520–2,544,548

Quarles,Francis386

Québecois93,275,368

Quechua22,253–4,486,488

Quintilian478

Qur’an(Koran)29,123,135,225–9,250,302,316,329,351,394,407,

455–6,481,495,530,534,552–3,555,557

Racine,Jean37,263,389,422,462,513,525,556

Radnóti,Miklós440

Radó,Antal439

Rádulescu,Heliade(Wallachia)513

Rájnis,József437

Ram’rez,Melchor488

Ramusio,GiovanniBattista462

Raphaīl,PèreAntūn334–5

Räty,Antti401

Rāzi,FakhrAlDin496

Reconquista533–4

Reformation22,85,140,264,348,379–80,386,394,398,414,436,445,

479,483,504,510,538,544–6

reformulation53,120,145–6,220

Reggio,Nicoloda482

RegisteryofInterpretersfortheDeaf(RID)

Reina,Casiadorode538

reinterpretation235

Rej,Mikolaj504

relevancetheory26,57,180,196,208,262

repertoremes306

retranslations,retranslators80,123,134,156–7,230,232–7,407–8,473,

480,535

retrospection214,290

Révai,Miklós437

revoice,revoicing14,16–18

rewrite,rewriting3,7,31,35,37,79,94,123,125,138,174,211,241–5,

259,264,267,375,387,392,452,475,553,557

Reyes,Torres533

Reymont,Władysław507

Page671

Pindemonte,Ippolito464

Pinter,Harold54,93

Pinzón,VicenteYáñez487

plurilingual,plurilingualism175,182,438

Plutarch345,349,405–6,421–2,451,503,505,535,538,554

Poe,EdgarAllan383,408,514

poetry35,90–1,124,152,154–6,194–6,210–11,220,238,250–1,253–4,

258,267–8,292,302,315,323–5,327,330,332,342,350–1,353,359–

60,367,370,379–83,387,400–3,406,412–3,415,417,421,424–5,429,

432,437,439–40,442,444,447–8,450,452–3,457–8,460–1,463–4,

469,472–4,478,484–5,491,502,504–6,508,511–16,519–21,525–6,

539–40,243,553–4,556

anacreontic380

concrete254

rococo380

Ossianic211,267

Polish52,153,266,276,337,340,380,422,439–40,501–11,518–19,

525,545,547,551

Poliziano,Angelo482

Polonization,Polonized504,508

Polski,Dworzanin504

polysystem,polysystems19,32,73,77,157,189–90,197–200,209–11,

239,444,527

Pont,JosephGodefroydeVieux363

Pope,Alexander35,238,341,344,350,408,437,484

Popovič,Anton209,211,271–2,274,283,526

Portuguese84,135,170,172,232,254,266,314–16,318–19,326,338–

43,394,407,455–6,469,488,492,531,535

positionality,positionings58,140,277,282

postcolonial,postcolonialism,postcoloniality36,69,73,75,79,101,111,

133,140,170,172–7,180,183,200,202–4,211,239,267–8,313,317–18

postediting164–5

postmodern,postmodernism101,112,133,149,231,241,264,268

postproductionscript15

poststructuralism,poststructuralist101,328

postsynchronization14

Potocki,Jan506

Pound,Ezra251,324,343,346,354,402

power10,12–13,19,28,30,32,34–6,45,58,68–9,71–3,79,81,83,90–

1,100–3,110,122–5,128,131,138,140–1,146,150–1,156,161,170,

173,177–8,183–4,192–3,200–3,239–40,242–3,245,251,262,265–6,

281,306,313,321,323,328,334,339,342,344,373,394–5,408,417,

430,435–6,440,450,453,456,464,466,468,471,478,492,502,512,

517,522,533–4,536–7,539,544–6,550–1

Power,Thomas86,484

pragmatic,pragmatics17,19,26,35,40–2,47,54,57,62,84,88–9,91,96–

7,105–6,114,116,145–6,149–50,154,165,171,179–80,204–7,223–4,

246,268,270,273,284,287,400,413,495,509,519,523

precolonial79,313–14,319

preedit164

preIslamic455–6,494–6,498

prescriptive,prescriptivism,prescriptivist19,32,40,54–5,77–9,85,87,98–

9,101–3,149,152,190,196,198–9,248,264,270,283,287,298,304,

418

processoriented34,51,212,214,225,270–1,492,303–4

productoriented212,270–1,305,476

prosetranslation36,84,194,379,407,409,416,444,446,457,463,521,

540,553

prototype,prototypicality179–81,287,307–8,365

Przesmycki,Zenon506

pseudotranslation,pseudotranslator112,134,181,208–11,232

Puerto,FranciscoDel(knownasPaquillo)488

purelanguage303

Pushkin,Alexander336,380,433,439,506–7,513,520–1,525

QianZhongshu375

quality7,12,14,23,31,33,41,48,50,53,55,66,85–7,116,142–4,159–

50,153,159–60,162–5,167–8,175,181,205,207,222–5,229,238,247,

250,271–2,277,288–9,292,294,297,299,302,309,319,337,361,365,

372,375,377,418,435,440,447–9,453,459,464,465–7,474,483,499,

503,505,511,515,520–2,544,548

Quarles,Francis386

Québecois93,275,368

Quechua22,253–4,486,488

Quintilian478

Qur’an(Koran)29,123,135,225–9,250,302,316,329,351,394,407,

455–6,481,495,530,534,552–3,555,557

Racine,Jean37,263,389,422,462,513,525,556

Radnóti,Miklós440

Radó,Antal439

Rádulescu,Heliade(Wallachia)513

Rájnis,József437

Ram’rez,Melchor488

Ramusio,GiovanniBattista462

Raphaīl,PèreAntūn334–5

Räty,Antti401

Rāzi,FakhrAlDin496

Reconquista533–4

Reformation22,85,140,264,348,379–80,386,394,398,414,436,445,

479,483,504,510,538,544–6

reformulation53,120,145–6,220

Reggio,Nicoloda482

RegisteryofInterpretersfortheDeaf(RID)

Reina,Casiadorode538

reinterpretation235

Rej,Mikolaj504

relevancetheory26,57,180,196,208,262

repertoremes306

retranslations,retranslators80,123,134,156–7,230,232–7,407–8,473,

480,535

retrospection214,290

Révai,Miklós437

revoice,revoicing14,16–18

rewrite,rewriting3,7,31,35,37,79,94,123,125,138,174,211,241–5,

259,264,267,375,387,392,452,475,553,557

Reyes,Torres533

Reymont,Władysław507

Page671

Pindemonte,Ippolito464

Pinter,Harold54,93

Pinzón,VicenteYáñez487

plurilingual,plurilingualism175,182,438

Plutarch345,349,405–6,421–2,451,503,505,535,538,554

Poe,EdgarAllan383,408,514

poetry35,90–1,124,152,154–6,194–6,210–11,220,238,250–1,253–4,

258,267–8,292,302,315,323–5,327,330,332,342,350–1,353,359–

60,367,370,379–83,387,400–3,406,412–3,415,417,421,424–5,429,

432,437,439–40,442,444,447–8,450,452–3,457–8,460–1,463–4,

469,472–4,478,484–5,491,502,504–6,508,511–16,519–21,525–6,

539–40,243,553–4,556

anacreontic380

concrete254

rococo380

Ossianic211,267

Polish52,153,266,276,337,340,380,422,439–40,501–11,518–19,

525,545,547,551

Poliziano,Angelo482

Polonization,Polonized504,508

Polski,Dworzanin504

polysystem,polysystems19,32,73,77,157,189–90,197–200,209–11,

239,444,527

Pont,JosephGodefroydeVieux363

Pope,Alexander35,238,341,344,350,408,437,484

Popovič,Anton209,211,271–2,274,283,526

Portuguese84,135,170,172,232,254,266,314–16,318–19,326,338–

43,394,407,455–6,469,488,492,531,535

positionality,positionings58,140,277,282

postcolonial,postcolonialism,postcoloniality36,69,73,75,79,101,111,

133,140,170,172–7,180,183,200,202–4,211,239,267–8,313,317–18

postediting164–5

postmodern,postmodernism101,112,133,149,231,241,264,268

postproductionscript15

poststructuralism,poststructuralist101,328

postsynchronization14

Potocki,Jan506

Pound,Ezra251,324,343,346,354,402

power10,12–13,19,28,30,32,34–6,45,58,68–9,71–3,79,81,83,90–

1,100–3,110,122–5,128,131,138,140–1,146,150–1,156,161,170,

173,177–8,183–4,192–3,200–3,239–40,242–3,245,251,262,265–6,

281,306,313,321,323,328,334,339,342,344,373,394–5,408,417,

430,435–6,440,450,453,456,464,466,468,471,478,492,502,512,

517,522,533–4,536–7,539,544–6,550–1

Power,Thomas86,484

pragmatic,pragmatics17,19,26,35,40–2,47,54,57,62,84,88–9,91,96–

7,105–6,114,116,145–6,149–50,154,165,171,179–80,204–7,223–4,

246,268,270,273,284,287,400,413,495,509,519,523

precolonial79,313–14,319

preedit164

preIslamic455–6,494–6,498

prescriptive,prescriptivism,prescriptivist19,32,40,54–5,77–9,85,87,98–

9,101–3,149,152,190,196,198–9,248,264,270,283,287,298,304,

418

processoriented34,51,212,214,225,270–1,492,303–4

productoriented212,270–1,305,476

prosetranslation36,84,194,379,407,409,416,444,446,457,463,521,

540,553

prototype,prototypicality179–81,287,307–8,365

Przesmycki,Zenon506

pseudotranslation,pseudotranslator112,134,181,208–11,232

Puerto,FranciscoDel(knownasPaquillo)488

purelanguage303

Pushkin,Alexander336,380,433,439,506–7,513,520–1,525

QianZhongshu375

quality7,12,14,23,31,33,41,48,50,53,55,66,85–7,116,142–4,159–

50,153,159–60,162–5,167–8,175,181,205,207,222–5,229,238,247,

250,271–2,277,288–9,292,294,297,299,302,309,319,337,361,365,

372,375,377,418,435,440,447–9,453,459,464,465–7,474,483,499,

503,505,511,515,520–2,544,548

Quarles,Francis386

Québecois93,275,368

Quechua22,253–4,486,488

Quintilian478

Qur’an(Koran)29,123,135,225–9,250,302,316,329,351,394,407,

455–6,481,495,530,534,552–3,555,557

Racine,Jean37,263,389,422,462,513,525,556

Radnóti,Miklós440

Radó,Antal439

Rádulescu,Heliade(Wallachia)513

Rájnis,József437

Ram’rez,Melchor488

Ramusio,GiovanniBattista462

Raphaīl,PèreAntūn334–5

Räty,Antti401

Rāzi,FakhrAlDin496

Reconquista533–4

Reformation22,85,140,264,348,379–80,386,394,398,414,436,445,

479,483,504,510,538,544–6

reformulation53,120,145–6,220

Reggio,Nicoloda482

RegisteryofInterpretersfortheDeaf(RID)

Reina,Casiadorode538

reinterpretation235

Rej,Mikolaj504

relevancetheory26,57,180,196,208,262

repertoremes306

retranslations,retranslators80,123,134,156–7,230,232–7,407–8,473,

480,535

retrospection214,290

Révai,Miklós437

revoice,revoicing14,16–18

rewrite,rewriting3,7,31,35,37,79,94,123,125,138,174,211,241–5,

259,264,267,375,387,392,452,475,553,557

Reyes,Torres533

Reymont,Władysław507

Mona Baker &amp; Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)