Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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Page1

PARTI

GENERAL

Page2

Thispageintentionallyleftblank.

Page3

Adaptation

Adaptationmaybeunderstoodasasetoftranslativeinterventionswhichresult

inatextthatisnotgenerallyacceptedasatranslationbutisnevertheless

recognizedasrepresentingasourcetext.Assuch,thetermmayembrace

numerousvaguenotionssuchasappropriation,domestication,imitation,

REWRITING,andsoon.Strictlyspeaking,theconceptofadaptationrequires

recognitionoftranslationasnonadaptation,asomehowmoreconstrained

modeoftransfer.Forthisreason,thehistoryofadaptationisparasiticon

historicalconceptsoftranslation.

TheinitialdividebetweenadaptationandtranslationmightbedatedfromCicero

andHorace(seeLATINTRADITION),bothofwhomreferredtothe

interpres(translator)asworkingwordforwordanddistinguishedthismethod

fromwhattheysawasfreerbutentirelylegitimateresultsoftransferoperations.

ThedifferentinterpretationsgiventotheHoratianverseNecverbumverbo

curabisredderefidusinterpres(‘andyouwillnotrenderwordforword[like

a]faithfultranslator’)–irrespectiveofwhethertheywerefororagainstthe

wordforwordprecept–effectivelyreproducedthelogicbywhichadaptations

couldberecognized.

Adaptationhasalwaysexisted,sinceitisa‘normal’partofanyintellectual

operation;butthegoldenageofadaptationwasintheseventeenthand

eighteenthcenturies,theepochofthebellesinfidèles,whichstartedinFrance

andthenspreadtotherestoftheworld(seeFRENCHTRADITION).The

veryfreetranslationscarriedoutduringthisperiodwerejustifiedintermsofthe

needforforeigntextstobeadaptedtothetastesandhabitsofthetargetculture.

Thenineteenthcenturywitnessedareactiontothis‘infidelity’(seeGERMAN

TRADITION),butadaptationcontinuedtopredominateinthetheatre.Inthe

twentiethcentury,theproliferationoftechnical,scientificandcommercial

documentshasgivenrisetoapreferencefortransparencyintranslation,withan

emphasisonefficientcommunication;thiscouldbeseenaslicensingaformof

adaptationwhichinvolvesREWRITINGatextforanewreadershipwhile

maintainingsomeformofEQUIVALENCEbetweensourceandtargettexts.

Generallyspeaking,manyhistoriansandscholarsoftranslationcontinuetotake

anegativeviewofadaptation,dismissingthephenomenonasadistortion,

falsificationorCENSORSHIP,butitisraretofindcleardefinitionsofthe

terminologyusedindiscussingthisandotherrelatedcontroversialconcepts.

Maindefinitions

SinceBastin(1998),therehasbeennocomprehensivedefinitionofadaptation.

Theconceptcontinuestobepartofafuzzymetalangageusedbytranslation

studiesscholars.Today,adaptationisconsideredonlyonetypeof‘intervention’

onthepartoftranslators,amongwhichadistinctionmustbemadebetween

‘deliberateinterventions’(Bastin2005)anddeviationsfromliterality.

Itispossibletoclassifydefinitionsofadaptationunderspecifictopics

(translationstrategy,genre,metalanguage,faithfulness),thoughinevitablythese

definitionstendtooverlap.

AsoneofanumberoftranslationSTRATEGIES,adaptationcanbedefinedin

atechnicalandobjectiveway.ThebestknowndefinitionisthatofVinayand

Darbelnet(1958),wholistadaptationastheirseventhtranslationprocedure:

adaptationisaprocedurewhichcanbeusedwheneverthecontextreferredto

intheoriginaltextdoesnotexistinthecultureof