Методическое пособие по курсу Металловедение и термообработка (углублённый анализ микро- и макроструктуры металлов и сплавов)
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o ɞɨɷɜ
ɬ
o ɷɜɬɟ
ɤ
o ɡɚɷɜ
ɬ
ɗɜɬ
ɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɩ
Ɋɢɫ. 1
Ⱦɨɷ
ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭ
ɸ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 2
–
ɬ
ɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɟ
ɤ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɬ
ɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɟ
ɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɣ
ɩ
ɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫ
– Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬ
ɪ
ɜ
ɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤ
ɢ
ɸ
ɢɡ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ
ɚ
ɱɭɝɭɧɟ, ɬɟ
ɦ
3,5 %ɋ
–
Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪ
ɭ
ɟ
,
.
ɣ
ɛɟɥɵɣ ɱɭ
ɝ
ɫ
ɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɥ
ɪ
ɭɤɬɭɪɚ (
ɯ
1
0
ɢ
ɣ ɛɟɥɵɣ
ɱ
ɚ
ɢɥɟɞɟɛɭ
ɪ
ɦ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɨ
ɥ
ɭ
ɤɬɭɪɚ (
ɯ
10
0
ɝ
ɭɧ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪ
ɠ
ɥ
ɟɞɟɛɭɪɢɬɚ,
0
0) ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢ
ɱ
ɱ
ɭɝɭɧ (< 4
ɪ
ɢɬɚ, ɪɢɫ. 2
.
ɥ
ɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥ
ɟ
0
) ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬ
ɢ
ɠ
ɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥ
ɟ
ɪɢɫ. 1.
ɱ
ɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɟɥ
ɨ
,3 %ɋ) ɢɦ
ɟ
.
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶ
ɲ
ɟ
ɞɟɛɭɪɢɬɚ.
3,8 %
ɋ
ɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɟ
ɥ
ɟ
ɪɨɞɚ 4,3%
ɨ
ɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ
ɟ
ɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬ
ɭ
ɲ
ɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ
ɧ
ɋ
ɥ
ɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ
ɩɨ
ɭ
ɪɭ,
ɧ
ɢɟ
Ɂɚɷɜ
ɬ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢ
ɡ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟ
ɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 3
–
ɋɟɪ
ɵ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ.
Ƚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜ
ɚ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɜ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ
ɹ
ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢ
ɣ
ɱɭɝɭɧɚ,
ɦ
ɡɚɜɢɯɪɟɧɧ
ɚ
Ɉɫɧ
ɨ
ɢɡ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ
ɚ
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɱɭ
ɝ
ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɩ
ɟ
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ.
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɱɭ
ɝ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸ
ɬ
ɬ
ɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤ
ɢ
ɡ
ɥɟɞɟɛɭɪɢ
ɬ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɬ
ɫɹ, ɪɢɫ. 3
4,8 %ɋ
–
Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪ
ɭ
ɵ
ɣɱɭɝɭɧ
.
ɬ, ɚɭɝɥɟɪ
ɨ
Ƚ
ɪɚɮɢɬ ɨɛ
ɟ
ɚ
ɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪ
ɟ
ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɹ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ
ɫ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨ
ɫ
ɣ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ,
ɜ
ɦ
ɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬ
ɶ
ɚ
ɹ, ɪɨɡɟɬɤɨɨ
ɨ
ɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥ
ɥ
ɚ
, ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ,
ɢ
ɝ
ɭɧɵ ɱɚɫɬ
ɨ
ɟ
ɪɥɢɬɧɵɦɢ.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɝ
ɭɧɚɯ ɢɡ-ɡ
ɚ
ɬ
ɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ
ɢ
ɣ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɱ
ɭ
ɬ
ɚɢɰɟɦ
ɟ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ
ɚ
ɭ
ɤɬɭɪɚ (
ɯ
10
0
.
ȼ ɫɬɪɭ
ɨ
ɞ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧ
ɨ
ɟ
ɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɟ
ɡɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ
ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧɢɠɚɸɬ
ɩ
ɫ
ɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥ
ɥ
ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ
ɫ
ɶ
ɫɚɦɚɹ
ɪ
ɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ).
ɥ
ɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦ
ɚ
ɢ
ɥɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɮ
ɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸ
ɬ
ɉɟɪɥɢɬ ɦ
ɨ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ
ɢ
ɚ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟ
ɧ
ɮɨɫɮɢɞɧɨ
ɣ
ɭ
ɝɭɧ ɫɨɞɟɪ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧɬɢɬɚ. ɋ
ɩ
ɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ
ɜ
0
) ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬ
ɢ
ɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɟɪ
ɵ
ɨ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥ
ɧ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧ
ɭ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɵ
ɨ
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɚ
ɩ
ɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ
ɥ
ɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨ
ɪ
ɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧ
ɚ
ɚ
ɬɪɢɰɚ ɫɟɪɨ
ɟɪɪɢɬ+ɩɟɪ
ɥ
ɬ
ɫɹ ɮɟɪɪ
ɨ
ɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɡ
ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
ɧ
ɧ
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞ
ɟ
ɣ
ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɤɢ,
ɠ
ɢɬ ɭɝɥɟɪɨ
ɞ
ɩ
ɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɦ
ɜ
ɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ
5,3
ɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɟ
ɥ
ɵ
ɯ ɱɭɝɭɧ
ɨ
ɧ
ɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɯ
ɨ
ɭ
ɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ
ɫ
ɵ
ɫɨɤɢɟ ɚɧɬ
ɢ
ɚ
ɬɪɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ
ɢ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧ
ɨ
ɫɧɨɜɵ ɫ
ɩ
ɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱ
ɟ
ɚ
ɹ (ɤɪɭɩɧ
ɨ
ɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ
ɦ
ɥ
ɢɬ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟ
ɬ
ɢɬɧɵɦɢ,
ɩ
ɡ
ɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɟ
ɢ
ɧ
ɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬ
ɚ
ɟ
ɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɮ
ɪɢɫ. 4.
ɞ
ɚ > 4,3 %
ɋ
ɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ
ɧ
ɥɟɞɟɛɭɪɢɬɚ
%ɋ
ɥ
ɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ
ɨ
ɜɥɟɞɟɛɭ
ɪ
ɨ
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬɶ, ɯɨɪɨ
ɲ
ɢ
ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧ
ɧ
ȼ
ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɬ
ɨɫɬɶ, ɬɚɤ
ɤ
ɩ
ɥɚɜɚ. Ɏɨ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬ
ɨ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚ
ɬ
ɦ
ɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨ
ɬ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɬ
ɨ
ɩ
ɟɪɥɢɬɧɵɦɢ
ɢ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚ
ɬ
ɚ
ɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ
ɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɱɚ
ɫ
ɋ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢɹ
–
ɪ
ɢɬ
ɢ
ɞɟ
ɲ
ɭɸ
ɧ
ɵɟ
ɬ
ɟɦ,
ɤ
ɚɤ
ɪ
ɦɚ
ɚɜɚ
ɬ
ɚɹ,
ɹɬɶ
ɨ
ɦɭ
ɢ
ɬ
ɨɟ
, ɜ
ɫ
ɬɨ
ɚ
ɛ
ɚ –
ɧ
Ɋɚɡɧ
ɨ
ɤɨɜɤɢɟ ɱɭ
ɝ
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ
ɧ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɧ
)
(ɝɪɚɮɢɬɢɡ
ɚ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨ
ɬ
ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɣ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢ
ɞ
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɢɡ
ɪ
Ɋɢɫ. 4 –
Ɇ
ɧ
ɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɸ
ɝ
ɭɧɵ ɫ ɲ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɹ
ɡ
)
. Ʉɨɜɤɢɟ ɱ
ɭ
ɚ
ɰɢɢ) ɛɟɥɨ
ɝ
ɬ
ɠɢɝɚ ɦɟɬ
ɚ
ɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ
ɞ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ
ɪ
ɟɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɚ
Ɇ
ɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭ
ɤ
ɨ
ɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ;
ɛ
ɜ – ɧɚ ɩɟ
ɪ
ɸ
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɱ
ɭ
ɚ
ɪɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ
ɮ
ɡ
ɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɹɝ
ɤ
ɭ
ɝɭɧɵ ɩɨɥ
ɭ
ɝ
ɨ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬ
ɢ
ɚ
ɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨ
ɣ
ɩɹɬɧɢɫɬɵɯ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ,
ɤ
ɬɭɪɚ (
ɯ
100
)
ɛ
– ɧɚ ɮɟɪɪ
ɢ
ɪ
ɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɫ
ɧ
ɭ
ɝɭɧɨɜ ɹɜ
ɥ
ɮ
ɨɪɦɨɣ ɝɪ
ɚ
ɤ
ɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ
ɭ
ɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭ
ɬ
ɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɱ
ɭ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ
ɦ
ɣ
. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭ
ɸ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ
ɣ
ɪɢɫ. 5.
)
ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɱɭɝ
ɭ
ɢ
ɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨɜɟ
ɥ
ɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚ
ɤ
ɚ
ɮɢɬɚ. Ʉɨ
ɜ
(ɧɟ ɤɭɟɬɫɹ,
ɬ
ɺɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚ
ɥ
ɭ
ɝɭɧɚ. ȼɡ
ɚ
ɦ
ɨɠɟɬ ɛɵ
ɬ
ɸ
ɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɱ
ɚ
ɣ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥ
ɶ
ɛ
ɭ
ɧɚ:
ɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ;
ɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟ
ɦ
ɜ
ɤɢɣ ɱɭɝɭ
ɧ
ɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨ
ɱ
ɥ
ɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɠ
ɢ
ɚ
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɬ
ɶ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ
ɧ
ɚ
ɫɬɤɢ ɝɪɚɮ
ɢ
ɶ
ɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦ
ɵ
ɦ
ɵɟ
ɧ
–
ɱ
ɧɨ
ɢ
ɝɚ
ɨɬ
ɧ
ɨɣ,
ɢ
ɬɚ
ɵ
ɫ
ɚ -
ɧ
ȼɵɫ
ɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢ
ɯ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ
ɡ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɱ
ɬ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ
ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ +
ɮ
Ɋɢɫ. 5
ɧ
ɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɤɨɩɪɨɱɧ
ɵ
ɢɯ ɩɭɬɺɦ
ɯ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ
ɡ
ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɭɫ
ɥ
ɬ
ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶ
ɧ
. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭ
ɪ
ɮ
ɟɪɪɢɬɚ, ɪɢ
- Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬ
ɪ
ɨ
ɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ;
ɛ
ɜ - ɧɚ ɩɟ
ɪ
ɵ
ɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ
ɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɜ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɥ
ɨɜɢɹ ɤɪɢɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɭɸ ɲɚɪɨɜ
ɢ
ɪ
ɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ
ɵ
ɫ. 6.
ɜ
ɪ
ɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɨ
ɜ
ɛ
- ɧɚ ɮɟɪɪɢ
ɪ
ɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɫ
ɧ
ɢ
ɦɟɸɬ ɲɚɪ
ɨ
ɠɢɞɤɢɣ
ɪ
, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤ
ɚ
ɬ
ɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
.
ɢ
ɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪ
ɵ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫ
ɚ
ɜ
ɤɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧ
ɚ
ɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧ
ɨ
ɧ
ɨɜɟ
ɨ
ɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨ
ɪ
ɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɩɟ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬɨɪɨɜ (ɱɚ
ɳ
.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɬ ɜ
ɦɭ ɫ ɱɺɬɤɨ
ɫ
ɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɚ
:
ɨ
ɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ;
ɪɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢ
ɬ
ɪ
ɟɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɜ
ɤ
ɳ
ɟɜɫɟɝɨ
M
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɱɭɝɭ
ɧ
ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧ
ɵ
ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ
ɢ
ɬ
ɚɢ
ɤ
ɨɣ
M
g),
ɧ
ɚɯ
ɵ
ɦɢ
ɢ
ɥɢ
Ɋ
ɢ
ɚ -
ɧ
ȼɦ
ɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢ
ɜ
ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɤ
ɬ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɧɵ
ɯ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨ
ɢ
ɫ.6 – Ɇɢɤ
ɪ
ɧ
ɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬ
ɭ
ɜ
ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɝ
ɬ
ɭɪɨɣ ɦɟɬɚ
ɥ
ɯ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ
ɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɢ
ɱɧɵɟ ɱɭɝɭ
ɧ
ɪ
ɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɨ
ɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ;
ɛ
ɜ - ɧɚ ɩɟ
ɪ
ɭ
ɪɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɨ
ɜ
ɝ
ɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɜ
ɧ
ɥ
ɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨ
ɢ
ɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɨ
ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧ
ɢ
ɧ
ɵ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥ
ɟ
ɛ
ɜ
(
ɯ
100) ɜɵɫ
ɨ
ɛ
- ɧɚ ɮɟɪɪ
ɢ
ɪ
ɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɫ
ɧ
ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɪ
ɧ
ɟɣ. ɋɜɨɣɫɬ
ɨ
ɫɧɨɜɵ, ɬɚ
ɤ
ɨ
ɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ
ɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɟ
ɟɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ
ɨ
ɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɝ
ɨ
ɢ
ɬɨ-ɩɟɪɥɢɬ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨɜɟ
ɪ
ɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ
ɦ
ɜɚ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ
ɤ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬ
ɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
– ɫɟɪɵɟ.
Ʉ
ɨ
ɱɭɝɭɧɚ:
ɧ
ɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ;
ɦ
ɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸ
ɜ
ɨɦ ɢ ɮɨɪ
ɦ
ɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɨɛɥɚɞ
ɚ
Ʉ
ɨɜɤɢɟ ɱɭɝ
ɭ
ɤ
ɭɸ
ɬɫɹ
ɦ
ɨɣ
ɨ
ɜɟ
ɚ
ɸɬ
ɭ
ɧɵ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ,
ɜ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ
ɬ
(ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪ
ɨ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱ
ɟ
ɋɟɪ
ɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɪ
ɭ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧ
ɧ
ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɡ
ɧ
12.
ɉɨɥ
ɨ
ɫ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɨ
ɦ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɱɚ
ɬ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ
,
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨ
ɣ
ɲɚɪɨɜɢɞɧ
ɨ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬ
ɨ
ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɬ
ɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ
ɩ
ɨ
ɱɧɵɣ ɱɭɝ
ɭ
ɟ
ɦ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ
ɵ
ɟɢɜɵɫɨɤ
ɨ
ɟɧɧɨ, ɚɬɚ
ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɪ
ɢ
ɋɑ 35, ȼ
ɑ
ɭ
ɩɩɚɦɢ ɰɢ
ɮ
ɧ
ɨɝɨ ɜ 10 ɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧ
ɨ
ɜɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ
ɦ
, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢ
ɬ
ɬ
ɵɦ. ɉɨɫ
ɤ
,
ɬɨ, ɜɡɚɜ
ɢ
ɚɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ,
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ
ɱ
ɣ
ɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ
ɛ
ɨ
ɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ
ɝ
Ɋɢɫ. 7 – Ɇ
ɢ
ɨ
ɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥ
ɨ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɩ
ɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɭ
ɧ) ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɧ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬ
ɨ
ɨ
ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɱ
ɭ
ɤɠɟ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɢ
ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧ
ɢ
ɑ
80. Ʉɨɜɤ
ɢ
ɮ
ɪ, ɩɟɪɜɚ
ɹ
ɚ
ɡ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ
ɩ
ɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝ
ɨ
ɱɭɝɭɧɵ.
ɑ
ɬ
ɨɦ ɢ ɥɟɞɟ
ɛ
ɤ
ɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɪɚ
ɢ
ɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚɬɨɝɨ ɱɭɝ
ɭ
ɛ
ɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫ
ɝ
ɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɪɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬ
ɭ
ɨ
ɠɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬ
ɨ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵ
ɟ
ɉɭɫɬɨɬɵ
ɧ
ɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ
ɨ
ɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
ɭ
ɝɭɧɵ ɦɚɪ
ɤ
ɰɢɮɪɚɦɢ,
ɢ
ɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲ
ɢ
ɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ
ɦ
ɹ
ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨ
ɪ
ɩ
ɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢ
ɹ
ɑ
ɭɝɭɧ, ɭɤɨ
ɬ
ɛ
ɭɪɢɬɨɦ ɢ
ɦ
ɮɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ
ɨ
ɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ
ɨ
ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ
ɭ
ɧɚ ɱɚɳɟ
ɫ
ɟɪɨɝɨ ɱɭɝ
ɭ
ɫ
7.
ɭ
ɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢ
ɧ
ɨ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹ
ɟ
ɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ,
ɲɚɪɨɜɢ
ɞ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢ
ɹ
ɤ
ɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɭɤ
ɜ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚ
ɸ
ɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ 1
0
ɦ
ɚɪɤɢɪɭɸɬ
ɛ
ɪ
ɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɵ
ɜ
ɪ
ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟ
ɧ
ɹ
(ɜ %), ɧɚ
ɩ
ɬ
ɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɬ
ɪ
ɦ
ɟɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮ
ɢ
ɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ
ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚ
ɞ
ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ
ɢ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧ
ɚ
ɭ
ɧɚ. Ⱥɬɚ
ɤ
ɧ
ɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɱɭɝ
ɭ
ɟ
ɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ,
ɱ
ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧɨɣ ɮɨ
ɪ
ɹ
ɜɦɟɧɶ
ɲ
ɜ
ɚɦɢ ɋɑ ɢ
ɸ
ɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟ
ɞ
0
ɪɚɡ (ɜɆ
ɉ
ɛ
ɭɤɜɚɦɢ Ʉ
ɑ
ɜ
ɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɢɢ (ɜɆɉ
ɚ
ɩ
ɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɑ
ɪ
ɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɪ
ɹ
ɢ
ɬ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟ
ɫɱɺɬ ɪɚɫɩ
ɚ
ɞ
ɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬ
ɭ
ɢ
ɥɢ ɮɟɪɪ
ɢ
ɚ
ɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤ
ɠɟ ɱɭɝɭɧ
ɚ
ɭ
ɧɚ
ɱ
ɬɨ
ɨ
ɥɶ
ɪ
ɦɵ
ɲ
ɟɣ
ȼɑ
ɞ
ɟɥ
ɉ
ɚ).
ɑ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢɟ
ɚ
), ɚ
37-
ɹ
ɞɭ
ɬɫɹ
ɚ
ɞɚ
ɭ
ɪɚ,
ɢ
ɬɚ.
ɜ
ɚ
ɫ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɂɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ (ɛɟɥɵɯ,
ɫɟɪɵɯ, ɤɨɜɤɢɯ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ), ɭɤɚɡɚɜ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɺɬɚ
1. ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
2. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
3. Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
1. ȼ ɱɺɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ?
2.
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɥɟɞɟɛɭɪɢɬ?
3. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ,
ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ.
4. ȼ ɱɺɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɭɝɭɧɨɜ? ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ?
5. Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ?
6. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɜɤɢɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ?
7. Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɟɪɵɣ, ɤɨɜɤɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ
ɱɭɝɭɧɵ?
8. Ʉɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɭɸɬ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ?
ɐɟɥ
ɶ
1) ɨɫɜɨ
ɢ
2) ɢɡɭɱ
ɢ
ɦɚɥ
ɨ
3) ɜɵɹɫ
Ɉɬɠ
ɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥ
ɹ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧ
ɢ
ɉɟɪ
ɟ
1) ɩɨɧ
ɢ
ɪɟɡɚ
ɧ
2) ɢɫɩɪ
3) ɫɧɹɬ
ɶ
ɐɟɥ
ɶ
ɤ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫ
ɧ
ɋɤɨ
ɪ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫ
ɬ
ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧ
ɧ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞ
ɧ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ.
Ʌ
Ɉ
Ɉ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ɀ
ɀ
ɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:
ɢ
ɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧ
ɵ
ɢ
ɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧ
ɢ
ɨ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬ
ɨ
ɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨ
ɠ
ɄɊȺɌɄɂ
ȿ
ɢ
ɝɨɦ ɧɚɡɵ
ɜ
ɹ
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬ
ɺ
ɢ
ɹ.
ɟ
ɞ ɨɬɠɢɝɨɦ
ɫ
ɢ
ɡɢɬɶ ɬɜɺ
ɪ
ɧ
ɢɟɦ);
ɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭ
ɤ
ɶ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧ
ɢ
ɶ
ɨɬɠɢɝɚ –
ɩ
ɧ
ɵɦ.
ɪ
ɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚ
ɠ
ɬ
ɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
ɧ
ɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟ
ɣ
ɞɥɹ ɞɨɷ
ɧ
ɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ
–
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫ
ɢ
Ʌ
ɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪ
ɧ
ɀ
ɀ
ɂ
ɂ
Ƚ
Ƚ
ɂ
ɂ
ɇ
ɇ
ɵ
ɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ
ɨ
ɣɢɜɵɫɨɤ
ɨ
ɠ
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɦ
ɟ
ȿ
ɌȿɈɊȿɌ
ɂ
ɜ
ɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪ
ɚ
ɺ
ɦ ɧɚɝɪɟ
ɜ
ɫ
ɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɡɚ
ɞ
ɪ
ɞɨɫɬɶ (ɞ
ɥ
ɤ
ɬɭɪɭ (ɢɡɦɟ
ɥ
ɢ
ɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ
ɧ
ɩ
ɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫ
ɨ
ɠ
ɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭ
ɣ
– 20-60
ɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨ
–
ɩɟɪɥɢɬ; ɞ
ɥ
ɢ
ɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɧ
ɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
Ɉ
Ɉ
Ɋ
Ɋ
Ɇ
Ɇ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ɂ
ɂ
Ɂ
Ɂ
ɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤ
ɨ
ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪ
ɨ
ɨ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɧɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɝ
ɨ
ɂ
ɑȿɋɄɂ
ȿ
ɚ
ɰɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢ
ɱ
ɜ
ɚɢɩɨ
ɫ
ɞ
ɚɱɢ:
ɥ
ɹɭɥɭɱɲ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ɨ
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧ
ɨ
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞ
ɤ
ɨ
ɋ/ɱɚɫ.
ɉ
ɣɫɬɚɥɢ
ɥ
ɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬ
ɨ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬ
ɭ
ʋ 9
Ɂ
Ɂ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
ɐ
ɐ
ɂ
ɂ
ə
ə
ɨ
ɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɬ
ɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ;
ɨ
ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɧɨ
ɪ
ȿ
ɋȼȿȾȿɇ
ɂ
ɱ
ɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚ
ɛ
ɫ
ɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɟ
ɧɢɹ ɨɛɪ
ɚ
ɟ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ);
ɫ
ɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫ
ɩ
ɨ
ɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ
ɢ
ɤ
ɚ 50-100
ɉ
ɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠ
ɢ
– ɩɟɪɥɢɬ
+
ɨ
ɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚ
ɥ
ɭ
ɪɵ ɧɚɝɪɟ
ɜ
ɤ
ɢ;
ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨ
ɪ
ɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢ
ɟ
ɂ
ə
ɛ
ɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨ
ɪ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧ
ɨ
ɚ
ɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨ
ɫ
ɩ
ɥɚɜɚ, ɛɥɢɡ
ɤ
ɢ
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠ
ɢ
ɨ
ɋ/ɱɚɫ, ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɝɚ ɩɨɥɭɱ
ɚ
+
ɮɟɪɪɢɬ;
ɞ
ɥ
ɢ – ɩɟɪɥɢ
ɬ
ɜ
ɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧ
ɨ
ɫɬɶ
ɟ
ɣ.
ɪ
ɚɹ
ɨ
ɝɨ
ɫ
ɬɢ
ɤ
ɢɟ
ɢ
ɝɟ
ɞ
ɥɹ
ɚ
ɸɬ
ɞ
ɥɹ
ɬ
+
ɨ
ɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧ
ɨ
1
-
Ⱦɢɮ
ɮ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧ
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɨɥ
ɢ
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬ
ɟ
ɱɚɫɨɜ.
Ⱦɢɮ
ɮ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɝ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɞ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɚ
ɤ
ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧɚ
ɹ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨ
ɧ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚ
ɰ
ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɟɺ
ɨ
ɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɠɢ
ɝ
Ɋɢɫ. 1
-
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨ
ɧ
3 - ɨɬɠɢ
ɝ
5 -
1
ɮ
ɭɡɢɨɧɧɵ
ɣ
ɧ
ɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲ
ɚ
ɢ
ɞɭɫɚ) ɫɞ
ɥ
ɟ
ɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɮ
ɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɝ
ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɞ
ɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵ
ɯ
ɤ
ɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢ
ɝ
ɹ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨ
ɧ
ɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ
ɜ
ɧ
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ
ɠ
ɰ
ɢɹ.
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɝ
ɚ, ɪɢɫ. 1.
– Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢ
ɞ
ɧ
ɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢ
ɝ
ɝ
ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɨ
-3- ɨɬɠɢɝ I
ɪ
ɣ
ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɚ
ɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɢ
ɬ
ɥ
ɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨ
ɪ
ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɩɨ ɨɛɴɺ
ɦ
ɯ
ɫɥɢɬɤɨɜ
ɢ
ɝ
ɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɫ
ɬ
ɞɧɨɫɬɶ), ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɟɪɧ
ɨ
ɠ
ɢɝɚ ɩɪɨ
ɢ
ɤ
ɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚ
ɜ
ɞ
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɠɢ
ɝ
; 2 - ɪɟɤɪɢ
ɫ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢ
ɨ
ɬɠɢɝ; 6 —
ɧ
ɪ
ɨɞɚ; 4-6- ɨ
ɬ
(1) – ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨ
ɜ
ɵɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ
ɪ
ɹɞɤɚ 1050
-
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ
ɦ
ɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ɢ
ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ
ɬ
ɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɭ
ɨ
ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ
ɫ
ɨ
. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚ
ɸ
ɝɚ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ:
ɫ
ɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢ
ɨ
ɣ; 4-ɩɨɥɧ
ɵ
ɧ
ɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰ
ɢ
ɬ
ɠɢɝ II ɪɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɝɪɟɜ ɞɨ
ɱɤɢ (ɧɚ 15
0
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨ
ɣ
-
1150
ɨ
ɋɢ
ɜ
ɞɥɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹ
ɟ
ɢɡ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜ
ɭ
ɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ
ɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬ
ɪ
ɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɸ
ɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥ
ɶ
ɨ
ɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢ
ɝ
ɵ
ɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ;
ɢ
ɹ;
ɞ
ɚ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ
ɪ
0
-300
ɨ
ɋɧ
ɢ
ɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬ
ɭ
ɜ
ɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ 8
ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚ
ɧ
ɟ
ɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜ
ɧ
ɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚ
ɥ
(ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟ
ɬ
ɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɬ.
ɪ
ɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ
ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɢ
ɶ
ɤɨ
ɝ
;
ɪ
ɵ,
ɢ
ɠɟ
ɭ
ɪɟ.
-15
ɧ
ɢɹ
ɧ
ɵɦ
ɥ
ɟɣ.
ɬɫɹ
ɤ.
ɫɥɟ
ɢ
ɥɢ