ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (Ⱥnȼm) ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɭ,
ɨɬɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɬ ɪɟɲɺɬɨɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɨ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ 2-ɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɦɟɬɚɥɥ-ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥ
ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ-ɦɟɬɚɥɥ. Ʉ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɮɚɡɵ ɫ ɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɏɚɡɵ ɫ ɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɚɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɨɧɨɦ, ɚ ɚɬɨɦ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɟɪɵ)
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɨɧɨɦ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ. ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ – ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɨɜ, ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɮɨɫɮɢɞɨɜ ɢ
ɞɪ.
Ɏɚɡɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɢɞɚɦɢ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ (ɇ, ɋ, ȼ, N), ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɤ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɭ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,59 (r
ɧ
/r
ɦ
0,59). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ (Ʉ12, Ƚ12, ɪɟɠɟ Ʉ8), ɚ ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ. Ɏɚɡɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨ ɬ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɚɡ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ-ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɮɚɡ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɵ, ɧɢɬɪɢɞɵ, ɝɢɞɪɢɞɵ ɢ
ɛɨɪɢɞɵ.
Ʉ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ-ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɮɚɡɵ ɘɦ-Ɋɨɡɟɪɢ), ɮɚɡɵ Ʌɚɜɟɫɚ, ɫɢɝɦɚ-ɮɚɡɵ,
ɫɜɟɪɯɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ – ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ: 3/2; 21/13 ɢɥɢ 7/4, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɡɵ.