Методическое пособие по курсу Металловедение и термообработка (углублённый анализ микро- и макроструктуры металлов и сплавов)

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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 5

ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɫɥɢɬɤɚɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟ

ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ

ɮɨɪɦɵ) ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɭɪɶɦɵ.

ɄɊȺɌɄɂȿ ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə

Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.

Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɞɭɳɢɦɢ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ – ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ.

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1 ɦɦ

-1

·ɫ

-1

). Ɂɚɪɨɞɵɲɢ (ɰɟɧɬɪɵ) ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ (ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ) ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɠɟ

ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ (ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ). ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ) – ɷɬɨ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (1 ɦɦ·ɫ

-1

). Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ,

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɟɣ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

Ɋɨɫɬ

(ɪɢɫ. 1).

ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ

ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧ

ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩ

ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵ

ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢ

ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɨɜ

ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ

ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧ

ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧ

ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞ

ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚ

ɨɝɪɚɧɤɨɣ,

Ɋɢɫ. 1 – ɋ

ɡɺɪɟɧ ɩɪɨ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ

ɹɩɨɩ

ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ

ɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨ

ɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɨɹɜ

ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɹ

ɺɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ

ɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨ

ɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥ

ɹ ɥɢɤɜɚɰ

ɧɞɪɢɬɚ.

ɬɫɹ ɜ ɤ

ɢɫ. 2.

ɟɦɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɢ

ɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ

ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫ

ɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɦ

ɚɬɨɦɨɜ. ȼ

ɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɜɨ

ɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧ

ɬɫɹ ɨɫɢ ɬɪ

ɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɭ

ɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ

ɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧ

ɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ

ɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɢ

ɹ – ɯɢɦɢ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤ

ɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ (

ɬɚ

ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧɨ

ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫ

ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚ

ɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ

ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ

ɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɪɚɫ

ɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪ

ɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɦɟ

ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ,

ɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɦ

ɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨ

ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟ

ɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɤ

ɡɺɪɧɚ) ɫɨ



Ɋɢɫ. 2 –

ɣ (ɞɪɟɜɨɜ

ɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɨ

ɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɫ

ɵɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ

ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ

ɢ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɜɬ

ɞɤɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

ɞɭ ɨɫɹɦɢ

ɢɨɛɨɝ

ɟɠɞɭɨɫɧɵɟ

ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟ

ɟɧɬɚɦɢ.

ɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫ

ɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚ

ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡ

ɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢ

ɞɧɨɣ) ɫɯ

ɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ

ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶ

ɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɜɟ

ɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɨ

ɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹ

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧ

ɟɧɞɪɢɬɨɜ.

ɳɟɧɵ ɛɨ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫ

ɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɢ

ɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟ

ɢɢ ɞɟɧɞɪ

ɨɣ ɜɧɟɲ



ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɚ

ɦɟ

ɨɜ

ɟɣ

ɜɢ,

ɹɯ

ɤɚ,

ɫɢ

ɟɟ

ɬɜɚ

ɚɟɬ

ɚɯ

ɬɵ

ɟɣ

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ

ɡɺɪɟɧ. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɟ

(ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɟ) ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɺɯ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ

ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɵɟ ɡɺɪɧɚ.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

o ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ

ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ);

o ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ

ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ

ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ);

o ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ);

o ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ

ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ.

Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ

(ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢ

ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɢ

ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ

ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɨɜ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ

ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ ɬ. ɤ. ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɤ

ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɂɨɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ

ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 1-ɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ

ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɭ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ

ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɚ,

ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ

ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ.

ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɨɜ. ɗɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

2-ɣ

ɡɨɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ

ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ; ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ

ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ

. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ

ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ,

ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨ

ɡɨɧɭ ɧɚɡɵ

ɉɪɢ

ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ

ɜɨɨɛɳɟ.

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ

(ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ

ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ

ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵ

ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɫ

ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ

ɢɬɤɨɛɪɚ

ɚɸɬ 3-ɣɡɨ

1 - ɦɟɥɤ

3 - ɤɪ

ɟɧɹɹ ɪɚɡɥɢ

ɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬ

ɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,

ɵ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ

ɫɤɚɹ ɮ

ɧɢɸ ɡɨɧɵ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɬɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ

ɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ

ɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨ

ɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.

ɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɪ

ɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚ

ɫ. 3 - ɋɯɟɦ

ɟ ɪɚɡɨɪɢɟɧ

- ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚ

ɭɩɧɵɟ ɪɚɜ

ɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨ

ɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡ

ɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɫɩ

) ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪ

ɪɦɚ) ɩ

ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬ

ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢ

ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟ

ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ

ɨɜ ɫɨɛɢ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ

ɩɧɵɯ ɝɥɨɛ

ɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫ

ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵ

ɵɟ ɞɟɧɞɪ

ɨɨɫɧɵɟ ɤ

ɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɧ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤ

ɚɜɨɜ ɩɟɪɟ

ɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞ

ɢɜɟɞɭɬ

ɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚ

ɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫ

ɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɂɨɧ

ɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ

ɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪ

ɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ

ɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤ

ɥɢɬɤɚ:

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ

ɬɵ;

ɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ

ɩɪɢɺɦɵ, ɦ

ɸɱɢɬɶ ɤɚ

ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɨ

ɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤ

ɩɪɟɢ

ɥɨɜ (ɪɢɫ.

ɨɣ. ɉɨɞɨɛ

ɚ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬ

, ɧɨ ɜ

ɦɟɫɢ, ɢ

ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤ

ɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ.

;

ɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧ

ɭɸ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡ

(ɩɨɜɵɲɟ

ɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚ

ɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧ

4, ɚ). Ɍɚ

ɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬ

ɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥ

ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɬ

ɫɥɢɬɤɢ

ɜɚɸɬɫɹ

ɬɭ

ɬɶ

ɧɭ

ɢɟ

ɢɢ

ɦɭ

ɚɹ

ɪɭ

ɨɜ

ɤɚ

ɪɢ

ɉɨɧ

ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ

ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦ

ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ

Ȼɨɥɶ

ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰ

ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜ

ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɡɚ

ɦɚɥɚ, ɩɪ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ.

ɋɥɢ

ɫɥɢɬɤɚ, ɤɨ

ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ

ɪɵɯɥɵɦ,

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫ

ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ

ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞ

ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɟ

ɛɵɬɶ ɢ

Ƚɪɚɜɢɬɚɰ

ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟ

ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢ

ɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɧɟ

ɢɸ ɡɨɧɵ

ɢɡ ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫ

Ɋɢɫ. 4 – Ɍ

ɫɥɢɬɨɤ, ɫɨɫ

ɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟ

. ɉɪɢ ɡɚ

ɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ (

ɤɨɣ ɮɨɪ

ɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥ

ɨɞɵɲɚ ɭɜɟ

ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞ

ɤɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ

ɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɜɟ

ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɚ.

ɧɺɦ ɫɨ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟ

ɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢ

ɢ ɤ ɰɟɧɬ

ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧ

ɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ

. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧ

ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɹ

ɨɧɧɚɹ ɥɢ

ɟɫɚɯ ɬɜɺɪɞ

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ɵɯ ɩɪɢɦ

ɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡ

ɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɯ

ɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚ

ɚɧɫɤɪɢɫɬɚ

ɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ

ɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬ

ɢɜɤɟ ɠɢɞ

ɟɦɥɹɧɚɹ,

ɵ) ɭɦɟɧɶ

ɨɬɜɨɞɚ. ȼ

ɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ,

ɜɚɧɢɢ ɮ

ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟ

ɞɟɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɩ

ɉɨɞ ɭɫɚɞɨ

ɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ

ɬɨɜ, ɚɬ

ɟɪ, ɜɫɥ

ɭɢɫɧɢɡ

ɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫ

ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵ

ɵɯ ɫɥɢɬɤɚɯ

ɩɨ ɭɞ

ɤɜɚɰɢɹ ɨ

ɣ ɢ ɠɢɞɤ

ɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɟ

ɫɟɣ (ɦɨɞ

ɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨ

ɥɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 4

ɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫ

ɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɵɯ

ɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɥ

ɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚ

ɫɛɟɫɬɨɜɚɹ,

ɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟ

ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨ

ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬ

ɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ

ɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ

ɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ

ɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨ

ɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɚɞ

ɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ

ɬɤɚɯ ɫɬɚ

ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɭ

ɣ (ɫɟɪɵ,

ɡɨɧɚɦ

ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɡ

ɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ

ɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ

ɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɚɬ

ɟɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɜ

ɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ

ɬɤɭɦɟɧɶ

ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱ

, ɛ).

ɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɚ

)

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨ

ɬɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵ

ɥɚ ɜ ɮɨ

ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɚɹ

ɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟ

ɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞ

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ

ɤɪɭɩɧɨɤ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. ȼ

ɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤɨ

ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚ

ɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪ

ɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɨ

ɢ, ɩɨ ɧɚ

ɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ

ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ).

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫ

ɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥ

ɜɟɫɭ (ɝɪ

ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ

ɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɤ

ɨɣ, ɜɢɛɪɚ

ɟ), ɩɪɨɞɭ

ɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɞ

ɧɢɸ ɫɥɢɬ

)

(ɛ)

ɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪ

ɦɭ ɫ ɧɢɡ

ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɝ

ɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ

ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫ

ɢɹ ɡɚɪɨɞɵ

ɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫ

ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚ

ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟ

ɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟ

. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚ

ɴɺɦɟ ɫɥɢ

ɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ

ɹɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ

ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫ

ɡɨɧɚɥɶ

ɤɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨ

ɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧ

ɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɰ

ɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚ

ɢɢ,

ɤɚ

ɠɟ

ɨɜ,

ɚɥ

ɨɣ

ɟɜ

ɢɣ

ɟɣ

ɚɹ

ɬɢ

ɬɫɹ

ɢɟ

ɤɚ

ɨɬ

ɢɟ

ɚɹ

ɨɣ

ɟɬ

ɹ).

ɢɢ

ɧɟɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɮɚɡ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɞɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɺɥɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɚ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ – ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɥɺɝɤɢɟ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɫɬɪɹɯɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ

ɢɞɪ.

ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

1. Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɢɡɥɨɦɨɜ ɫɥɢɬɤɨɜ

ɫɭɪɶɦɵ, ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɡ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɤɜɚɪɰ, ɚɫɛɟɫɬ), ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɹ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 650-800

ɋ.

2. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɥɨɦɵ,

ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɫɥɢɬɤɚɯ, ɪɢɫ. 3. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ

ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.

3. ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ

ɫɭɪɶɦɵ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 - Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ

Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɮɨɪɦɵ

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɡɥɨɦɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ

650

ˁ 700

ˁ 800

ˁ



ʤ̭̖̭̯̍



ʶ̶̬̏̌



ʺ̖̯̣̣̌



1̨̦̌̚2̨̦̌̚



3̨̦̌̚

Ɋɢɫ. 3 – ɋɥɢɬɨɤ ɫɭɪɶɦɵ

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɺɬɚ

1. ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

2. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

3. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.

4. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ.

ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ

1. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɟɺ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ?

2. ɂɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ?

Ʉɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ?

4. Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ?

5. ɑɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ?

6. ɑɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ?

7. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɫɭ?

8. Ƚɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɭɫɚɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ

ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ?

9. Ƚɞɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ

ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ?

10. ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ

ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ?

11. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ

ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ?

12. Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɥɨɠɧɢɰɵ ɧɚ

ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɫɥɢɬɤɟ?

ɐɟɥ

o ɩɨɫɬ

ɚɧɚɥ

o ɢɡɭɱ

ɄɊ

Ɇɟɬ

ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ

ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ

ɋɢɫ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ

ɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:

ɨɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɝ

ɡɚ;

ɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɫ

ɌɄɂȿ Ɍȿ

ɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɦɞɜɭɯ

ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨ

: ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ

ɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ

ɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɡɵ

, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ

ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨ

ɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧ

ɚɦɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨ

ɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɩ

ɊȿɌɂɑȿ

ɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ

ɥɢ ɧɟɫɤ

. ɋɩɥɚɜ

, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸ

ɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜ

ɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫ

ɴɺɦ. ȼ

ɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ

ɧɢɹ Pb-Sb

ɚɜɨɜ ɫɢɫɬ

Ʉɂȿ ɋȼȿ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ

ɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɥɟ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵ

ɡɨɦ, ɜɨɡɝɨ

ɢɦɢ ɬɟɪ

ɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫ

ɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤ

ʋ 6



ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɬ

ɦɵ Pb-Sb

ȿɇɂə

ɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

ɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢ

ɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟ

ɤɨɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

ɢɧɚɦɢ: ɫ

ɚɡ ɜ ɬɜɺɪ

ɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜ

ɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝ

, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ

ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸ

ɢɞɪɭɝ

ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟ

ɫɬɟɦɚ, ɮ

ɨɦ ɢ ɠɢɞ

ɹɯ (t,

ɋ,

ɯ ɜɧɟɲɧ

ɨɟ

ɟɟ

ɦɢ

ɢɢ

ɡɚ,

ɨɦ

) ɢ

ɦɢ

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ,

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ

(ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ) ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ

ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɵ, ɬ, ɟ. ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ

ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ

ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ

ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɚɡ.

Ɏɚɡɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɨɬ

ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɮɚɡ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ,

ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

Ɏɚɡɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɢɯ ɚɥɥɨɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

(ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ) ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɢ

ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ.

Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜ.

Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ (ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ), ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ȼ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ

ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ. ȼ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɬɜɺɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ.

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ

, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ

ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ - Pb-Sb, Al-Cu. ɋɦɟɫɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ

ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɮɚɡ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɲɥɢɮɟ ɜɢɞɧɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɵ

ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ

ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ

ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ, ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɢ.

ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɩɥɚɜ

ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɦ, ɦɟɞɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɨɦ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɗɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɡ

ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.

ɗɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.

Ɍɜɺɪɞɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɭ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ) ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ, ɚ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ

ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ

ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ

ɛɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɨɦ,

ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɺɪɟɧ. ȼ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɢɩ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ (ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ).

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ

ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ

ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ

ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɵɜɚɸɬ

ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ.

ɇɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ (ɞɨ 100%) ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ

ɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɟ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ, ɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ

ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 8-15%.

Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɨɭɡɥɢɹ (ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ) ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ȽɐɄ ɬɚɤɚɹ

ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ

ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɤɭɛɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ

0,41·D, ɝɞɟ D – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ

ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ ɈɐɄ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ

ɝɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,29·D. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ

ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ,

ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ (C, B, N, H, O).

ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ

ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ