Методическое пособие по курсу Металловедение и термообработка (углублённый анализ микро- и макроструктуры металлов и сплавов)
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Ɋɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ (2) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɤɥɟɩɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Ɍ
ɪ
= 0,4·Ɍ
ɩɥ
), ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 650-700
ɨ
ɋ. Ɍɚɤɨɦɭ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɧɚɤɥɺɩɚɧɧɵɟ) ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɢ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɢ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ,
ɪɚɜɧɨɨɫɧɨɣ, ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.
Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ (3) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɜɤɟ, ɥɢɬɶɟ, ɫɜɚɪɤɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɞɥɹ
ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ
ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ 20-30
ɨ
ɋ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ⱥ
ɋ1
, ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ (4) – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɧɚ 30-50
ɨ
ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ Ⱥ
ɋ3
(ɥɢɧɢɢ GS ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ), ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ (ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɩɟɱɶɸ) ɞɨ 500-600
ɨ
ɋ, ɞɚɥɟɟ - ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɞɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢɡ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ.
ɩɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ
Ⱥ
ɋm
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɡɟɪɧɚ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɇɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ (5) – ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɧɚ 30-50
ɨ
ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ Ⱥ
ɋ1
, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ) ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɇɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ.
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɧɚ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬ. ɉɪɢ
ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ 20-50
ɨ
ɋɜɵɲɟȺ
ɋ1
ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɫɬɚɥɶ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ Ⱥr
1
(680
ɨ
ɋ) ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ (4-5 ɱ). ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥ
ɋ1
ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɟ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ. ɋɬɚɥɶ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɚ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɶ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ, ɪɢɫ. 2.
ɚ
ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 2 – Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɍ10 (×100) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɠɢɝɚ: ɚ - ɫɟɬɤɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ:
ɛ - ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ (6) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥ
ɋ3
, ɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥ
ɋ1
(ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥ
ɋm
) ɧɚ 30-50
ɨ
ɋ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 150-250
ɨ
ɋ/ɱ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
(ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ). ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱥ
Cm
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɭɠɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ, ɧɨ ɩɟɪɥɢɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɦ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɨ, ɬ.ɤ.
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ,
ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ, ɪɢɫ. 3.
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɲɺɜɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɨɬɠɢɝ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
ɚ
ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 3 – Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ 20 (×100) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ (ɚ) ɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɛ)
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ
ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ (ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ 0,14-09,21%ɋɢ 0,65-
0,75%ɋ) ɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɍ10 (1,0%ɋ).
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ (ɬɚɛɥ.
1.)
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1- Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
Ɇɚɪɤɚ
ɫɬɚɥɢ
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɨ
ɋ
Ⱥɫ
1
Ⱥɫ
3
(Ⱥ
ɫ
m
)
ɋɬ3 730 820
45 730 755
ɍ10 730 800
ɉɨ 2 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɟ
ɞɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɦɢɧɭɬ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ –
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 600
ɨ
ɋ, ɚ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɧɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɱɢɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ HRB ɢɥɢ HRC. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 - Ɍɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
Ɇɚɪɤɚ
ɫɬɚɥɢ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ,
ɨ
C
ɋɪɟɞɚ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɬ/ɨ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤ
ɬɭɪɚ
HRB HB
ɋɬ3
ɩɟɱɶ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
45
ɩɟɱɶ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɍ10
ɩɟɱɶ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɵɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɺɬɚ
1. ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
2. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
4. Ƚɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
5. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
1. Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɠɢɝɨɦ?
2. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ⱥ
ɋ1
, Ⱥ
ɋ3
, Ⱥ
ɫm
?
3. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɠɢɝ?
4. əɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɬ/ɨ,
ɩɨɱɟɦɭ?
5. ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ, ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ?
6. Ɉɬɠɢɝ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ.
7. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɬɠɢɝ.
8. ɉɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɥɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ?
9. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ?
10. ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ?
11. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɩɨɞ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ?
12. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ?
13. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ,
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ?
14. ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ?
15. ɋ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ?
16. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ?
17. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɬɠɢɝɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɬɠɢɝɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɪɨɞɚ?
Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 10
ȼ
ȼ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ɂ
ɂ
ə
ə
ɇ
ɇ
ɂ
ɂ
ȿ
ȿ
ɋ
ɋ
Ʉ
Ʉ
Ɉ
Ɉ
Ɋ
Ɋ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɋ
ɋ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ɂ
ɂ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɏ
ɏ
Ʌ
Ʌ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
ɀ
ɀ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
ȿ
ȿ
ɇ
ɇ
ɂ
ɂ
ə
ə
ɇ
ɇ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
Ɇ
Ɇ
ɂ
ɂ
Ʉ
Ʉ
Ɋ
Ɋ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɋ
ɋ
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɋ
Ɋ
ɍ
ɍ
Ʉ
Ʉ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ɍ
ɍ
Ɋ
Ɋ
ɍ
ɍ
ɂ
ɂ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ȼ
ȼ
Ȭ
Ȭ
Ɋ
Ɋ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɋ
ɋ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ɖ
ɖ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɗ
ɗ
ȼ
ȼ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ȿ
ȿ
Ʉ
Ʉ
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɂ
ɂ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
ɇ
ɇ
Ɉ
Ɉ
Ƀ
Ƀ
ɂ
ɂ
Ɂ
Ɂ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
ɗ
ɗ
ȼ
ȼ
Ɍ
Ɍ
ȿ
ȿ
Ʉ
Ʉ
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɉ
Ɉ
ɂ
ɂ
Ⱦ
Ⱦ
ɇ
ɇ
Ɉ
Ɉ
Ƀ
Ƀ
ɋ
ɋ
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ⱥ
Ⱥ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ɂ
ɂ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ 45 ɢ
ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɍ10
ɄɊȺɌɄɂȿ ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (V
1
) ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɟɪɥɢɬɚ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ⱥ
1
ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ – ɫɨɪɛɢɬɚ (V
2
) ɢ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬɚ (V
3
). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
Ȼɟɣɧɢɬɧɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (V
4
) ɜɟɫɶ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ɇ
ɇ
). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬɚ ɢ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (V
Ʉ
ɢ V
6
) ɜɟɫɶ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ɇ
ɇ
ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ.
ɗɬɨ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧ
ɢ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ
(
Ɋ
ɢ
Ɇɢɧ
ɢ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɩ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨ
ɜ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ.
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤ
ɚ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ
ɢ
ɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ
(
ɪɢɫ. 1).
ɢ
ɫ. 1 - ɇɚɥɨ
ɠ
ɢɡɨɬ
ɟ
ɢ
ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫ
ɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ.
ɜ
ɚɞɥɹɫɬɚ
ɥ
ɑɟɦ ɛɨ
ɥ
ɚ
ɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ
ɸ
ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɠ
ɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɜ
ɵ
ɟ
ɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝ
ɨ
ɫ
ɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨ
ɯ
ɹ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟɧ
ɫ
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɥ
ɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ
ɥ
ɶɲɟ ɭɫɬɨ
ɣ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ.
ɸ
ɬ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ
ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱ
ɟ
ɵ
ɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɚ
ɭ
ɯ
ɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫ
ɢɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢ
ɥ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟ
ɫ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ
ɣ
ɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ
ɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɟ
ɫɤɭɸ ɞɢɚɝ
ɪ
ɧ
ɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝ
ɪ
ɭ
ɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ
(V
Ʉ
), ɩɪɢ
ɥ
ɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ
ɟ
ɫ
ɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪ
ɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɚ
ɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ,
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚɦɦɭ ɪɚɫɩ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚɦɦɭ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ
ɟ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɚ
ɥ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ
ɫ
ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧ
ɶ
ɨ
ɝɨ
ɚ
ɞɚ
ɟɫɶ
ɤ
ɨɣ
ɥ
ɤɢ
ɫ
ɬɢ
ɶ
ɲɟ
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɭɸ
ɫɬɚɥɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ, ɧɚɞɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ
ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
(V
Ʉ
).
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ, ɦɚɫɥɨ,
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɞɪ., ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ. ɇɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ
ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɥɢɲɶ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ 1,5 ɪɚɡɚ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
V
Ʉ
=
ɦɢɧ
ɦɢɧ
tȺ
W
5,1
1
(ɝɪɚɞ/ɫɟɤ)
ɝɞɟ Ⱥ
1
– ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ (727
ɨ
ɋ);
t
ɦɢɧ –
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ;
W
- ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɍɟɪɦɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ - ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɣɧɢɬɨɝɨ ɢ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɪɢɫ. 2.
ɗɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ - ɩɟɪɥɢɬ, ɫɨɪɛɢɬ,
ɬɪɨɨɫɬɢɬ, ɪɢɫ. 3. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ (ɛɟɣɧɢɬɧɨɟ) ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɜɵɲɟ V
ɤ
) ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ.
Ɋ
ɢ
ɩɟɪ
ɟ
ɫɩɪɚɜ
ɚ
ɢ
ɫ. 2 - Ɍɟɪɦ
ɨ
ɟ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧ
ɨ
ɚ
- ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫ
ɤ
ɨ
ɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢ
ɬ
ɧ
ɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ,
̱̭̌
̯
ɤ
ɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚ
ɦ
ɬ
ɚ: ɫɥɟɜɚ - ɷ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚ
ɹ
̯
̛̖̦̯
ɦ
ɦɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚ
ɳ
ɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɚ
ɹ
ɹ
0,39 % ɋ,
ɳ
ɟɧɢɹ
ɹ
ɫɬɚɥɶ;
0,15% Ɇɨ