Методическое пособие по курсу Металловедение и термообработка (углублённый анализ микро- и макроструктуры металлов и сплавов)
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̪
̖
̭
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̯̬
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̛̬̣̯
̨
̛̬̯̍
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̨̛̭̯̯
ɉɨɪ
ɹ
1. Ɉɛɪ
ɚ
ɫɬɚɥ
ɢ
ɦɢɧ
ɧ
2. ɉɨ ɢ
ɫɬɚɥ
ɢ
ɜɜɨ
ɞ
Ɋɢɫ. 3
–
ɹ
ɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟ
ɞ
ɚ
ɡɰɵ ɢɡ ɫɬɚ
ɥ
ɢ
ɍ10 - ɜ
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ɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
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ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ
ɵ
ɢ
45 ɢɍ10,
ɞ
ɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ
ɩ
̍
̖
̥̬̌
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–
Ⱥɭɫɬɟɧɢɬ
ɢ
ɞ
ɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨ
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ɢ 45 ɡɚɝɪ
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ɟɱɶ ɩɪɢ 80
0
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ɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧ
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ɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɡ
ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ.
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ɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟ
0
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ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.
ɩɟɱɢ ɢɡɜɥɟ
ɤ
ɨ
ɝɪɭɠɚɸɬɫ
ɹ
ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ
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ɱɶ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬ
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ɠɤɚ ɞɚɺɬɫ
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ɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨ
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ɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɺɬ
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ɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚ
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ɢ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟ
ɧ
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, ɚ
ɚ
2
ɡ
ɰɭ
ɧ
ɢɢ
3. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɟ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ – ɧɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. ɑɟɬɜɺɪɬɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɩɟɱɶ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ, ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɶɸ ɞɨ 600
ɨ
ɋ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ~270-600 ɝɪɚɞ/ɫɟɤ,
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɟ ~30-150 ɝɪɚɞ/ɫɟɤ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ~1-3 ɝɪɚɞ/ɫɟɤ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɩɟɱɶɸ - ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ.
4. Ɍɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɡɚɱɢɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɠɞɚɱɧɨɦ ɤɚɦɧɟ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,1 ɦɦ.
5. ɇɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ) ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ Ɋɨɤɜɟɥɥɚ (ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɋ, ɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ ȼ). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.
6. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 - Ɍɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ 45 ɢɍ10
ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ
Ɇɚɪɤɚ
ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɋɪɟɞɚ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ Ɇɢɤɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
HRB HRC HB
45
ɩɟɱɶ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɦɚɫɥɨ
ɜɨɞɚ
ɍ10
ɩɟɱɶ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ
ɦɚɫɥɨ
ɜɨɞɚ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɺɬɚ
1. Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.
2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ, ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
4. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ (ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ).
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
1. Ʉɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ?
2. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɢɯ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ?
3. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ?
4. Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ
ɬɜɺɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ?
5. ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɯ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ?
6. ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɣɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɢ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ.
7. ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɣɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ
ȼ
Ʌ
Ʌ
ɂ
ɂ
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ə
ɇ
ɇ
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ɐɟɥ
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ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬ
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ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨ
ɢ
Ɂɚɤ
ɚ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫ
ɤ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ
ɫ
ȼɵɛ
ɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫ
ɹ
(ɪɢɫ. 1). ȼ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɭɸ
50 °ɋɜɵ
ɲ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
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ɉɪɢ
ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ
ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨ
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ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫ
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ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ. ɉ
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ɢɥɢ
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ɢɥɢ
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ɞɧɵɯ ɫɬ
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ɧɵɯ - ɢɡ ɚ
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Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨ
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. ɉɨɫɥ
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ɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɫɬ
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ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ
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ɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ
ɧ
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ɚʋ 11
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ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
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ȿɋȼȿȾ
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ɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪ
ɚ
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ɥɤɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨ
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ɦɦɵ ɠɟɥɟ
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ɟɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢ
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ɪɟɜ ɨɫɭɳɟ
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ɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ
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ɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧ
ɢ
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ɬɧɚ 30-5
0
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ɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
ɚ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ
.
ɧ
ɫɢɬ.
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ɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɭ
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ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬ
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ɢ
ɬɚ, ɪɢɫ. 2.
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°ɋɜɵɲɟ
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.
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30-
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Ɋɢɫ. 1 -
Ɉ
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Ɋɢɫ. 2 –
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ɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧ
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̛̬̯̖̦̭̯̌
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̛̯̭̯̣̏̌
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̦̼̜̱̭̯̖̌
̦
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ɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚ
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ɪ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɭ
ɝ
4
5
̦
̛̯̭̯̣̏̌
̛
ɥ
ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨ
ɥ
ɝ
ɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨ
ɣ
̛
˄10
ɥ
ɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥ
ɤ
ɣ
ɤ
ɢ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɜ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɹɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ, ɚ ɜ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ – ɢɡ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ, ɪɢɫ. 3.
̴̛̛̛̛̥̬̯̖̦̭̯̖̬̬̯̭̯̣̌̏̌45
̸̶̨̛̛̛̛̥̬̯̖̦̭̯̯̬̦̼̜̖̥̖̦̯̯̌̏˄10
Ɋɢɫ. 3 – Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɟ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ,
ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ. Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ
ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ
ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ
ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱥ
ɫ3
+ (30-50°), ɚ ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ - ɞɨ Ⱥ
ɫ1
+
(30-50°), ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ - 760-790° ɋ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ ɞɨ
ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɚ (500-650 °ɋ) ɫɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɧɚ
ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ɇɢɠɟ 300 °ɋ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɨɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɨɦ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɜɨɞɚ, ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯ,
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ.
ȼɨɞɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ (ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ), ɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ (ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ
.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɟɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɦɚɫɥɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɜɨɞɚ. ɇɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ
ɦɚɫɥɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
ɦɚɫɥɚ - ɷɬɨ ɥɟɝɤɚɹ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢ; ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ
ɦɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɝɭɫɬɟɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ 45 ɢɍ10 ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɢ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɟ ɧɚ 700, 760, 860 ɢ 960
ɨ
ɋ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ
ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɥɢɧɵ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ
Ɋɨɤɜɟɥɥɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 1.
Ɇɚɪɤɚ
ɫɬɚɥɢ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞ
ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ,
ɨ
ɋ
Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ Ɇɢɤɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
HRB HRC HB
45
700
760
860
960
ɍ10
700
760
860
960
ɋɬɪɨɹɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ (HB) ɨɬ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ 45 ɢɍ10.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɺɬɚ
1. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ.
4. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
1. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
2. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ?
3. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɜ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ?
4. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɜ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ?
5. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
ɞɨɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ?
6. Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
ɡɚɷɜɬɟɤɬɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ?
7. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
8. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɫ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ?
9. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
?
10. Ɉɬɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ?
11. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
12. ɑɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ?
13. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɟ?