Kelter P., Mosher M., Scott A. Chemistry. The Practical Science

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Atomic Atomic

Element Symbol Number Mass

Atomic Atomic

Element Symbol Number Mass

Atomic Atomic

Element Symbol Number Mass

Actinium Ac 89 (227)

Aluminum Al 13 26.981538

Americium Am 95 (243)

Antimony Sb 51 121.760

Argon Ar 18 39.948

Arsenic As 33 74.92160

Astatine At 85 (210)

Barium Ba 56 137.327

Berkelium Bk 97 (247)

Beryllium Be 4 9.012182

Bismuth Bi 83 208.98038

Bohrium Bh 107 (264)

Boron B 5 10.811

Bromine Br 35 79.904

Cadmium Cd 48 112.411

Calcium Ca 20 40.078

Californium Cf 98 (251)

Carbon C 6 12.0107

Cerium Ce 58 140.116

Cesium Cs 55 132.90545

Chlorine Cl 17 35.453

Chromium Cr 24 51.9961

Cobalt Co 27 58.933200

Copper Cu 29 63.546

Curium Cm 96 (247)

Darmstadtium Ds 110 (281)

Dubnium Db 105 (262)

Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500

Einsteinium Es 99 (252)

Erbium Er 68 167.269

Europium Eu 63 151.964

Fermium Fm 100 (257)

Fluorine F 9 18.9984032

Francium Fr 87 (223)

Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25

Gallium Ga 31 69.723

Germanium Ge 32 72.64

Gold Au 79 196.96655

Hafnium Hf 72 178.49

Hassium Hs 108 (269)

Helium He 2 4.002602

Holmium Ho 67 164.93032

Hydrogen H 1 1.00794

Indium In 49 114.818

Iodine I 53 126.90447

Iridium Ir 77 192.217

Iron Fe 26 55.845

Krypton Kr 36 83.798

Lanthanum La 57 138.9055

Lawrencium Lr 103 (262)

Lead Pb 82 207.2

Lithium Li 3 6.941

Lutetium Lu 71 174.967

Magnesium Mg 12 24.3050

Manganese Mn 25 54.938049

Meitnerium Mt 109 (268)

Mendelevium Md 101 (258)

Mercury Hg 80 200.59

Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94

Neodymium Nd 60 144.24

Neon Ne 10 20.1797

Neptunium Np 93 (237)

Nickel Ni 28 58.6934

Niobium Nb 41 92.90638

Nitrogen N 7 14.0067

Nobelium No 102 (259)

Osmium Os 76 190.23

Oxygen O 8 15.9994

Palladium Pd 46 106.42

Phosphorus P 15 30.973761

Platinum Pt 78 195.078

Plutonium Pu 94 (244)

Polonium Po 84 (209)

Potassium K 19 39.0983

Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90765

Promethium Pm 61 (145)

Protactinium Pa 91 231.03588

Radium Ra 88 (226)

Radon Rn 86 (222)

Rhenium Re 75 186.207

Rhodium Rh 45 102.90550

Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678

Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07

Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)

Samarium Sm 62 150.36

Scandium Sc 21 44.955910

Seaborgium Sg 106 (266)

Selenium Se 34 78.96

Silicon Si 14 28.0855

Silver Ag 47 107.8682

Sodium Na 11 22.989770

Strontium Sr 38 87.62

Sulfur S 16 32.065

Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479

Technetium Tc 43 (98)

Tellurium Te 52 127.60

Terbium Tb 65 158.92534

Thallium Tl 81 204.3833

Thorium Th 90 232.0381

Thulium Tm 69 168.93421

Tin Sn 50 118.710

Titanium Ti 22 47.867

Tungsten W 74 183.84

Uranium U 92 238.02891

Vanadium V 23 50.9415

Xenon Xe 54 131.293

Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04

Yttrium Y 39 88.90585

Zinc Zn 30 65.409

Zirconium Zr 40 91.224

Alphabetical List of the Elements

Numbers in parentheses indicate estimates of the atomic mass based on the longest-lived isotopes.

Applications and Chemical Encounters

Chapter Page Title Chapter Page Title

1 6 Hydrogen and oxygen in the space

shuttle fuel tank

110C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Desalination

1 30 The mass of orange juice

1 34 The frontiers of medicine

251C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The Dover

Boat and Radiocarbon Dating

2 59 The mass spectrometer

2 61 Grades and the weighted average

2 75 Chalk and the White Cliffs of Dover

387C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Adrenaline in

the Body

395C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Cholesterol

in the Blood

397C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Nitrogen in

Fertilizers

399C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: A Focus on

Chocolate

3 103 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Preparation

of Aspirin

3 104 Ethanoic anhydride in manufacturing

processes

3 113 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Cleaning the

Air on Manned Spacecraft

4 125 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Gold Mining

and Cyanide Leaching

4 129 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Sports

Drinks and Electrolyte Balance

4 131 Water and long-distance runners

4 135 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Maximum Levels

of Chemicals in Drinking Water

4 137 The ﬂuoride ion in drinking water

4 140 Determining the amount of vitamin

C in fruit juice

4 145 C

HEMICAL

ENCOUNTERS: Focus on

Lead Sulﬁde

4 148 Gold mine drainage cleanup

4 156 Using ammonia to fertilize ﬁelds

4 157 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Revisiting the

Maximum Levels of Chemicals in

Drinking Water

5 172 Chemical energy in space shuttle

engines

5 175 Ammonium salts in “cold packs”

5 179 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Energy in Foods

5 193 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Focus on Methane

5 197 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Energy Choices

6 219 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Simultaneous

Determination of Elements in Water

6 224 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The Nature

and Applications of Lasers

6 229 Scanning electron microscopes

6 237 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

6 242 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Nuclear Spin

and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

7 269 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Commercial

Uses of Main-Group Elements

7 270 Some commercial uses of Group IA

elements

7 271 Some commercial uses of the

Group IIA elements

7 271 Some commercial uses of the

Group IIIA elements

7 273 Oxygen and human life

(Continued at back of book)

7 277 CHEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The Elements

of Life

7 280 Treating heavy metal poisoning

7 287 Electronegativity values and

vitamins A and C

7 290 Iron and automobiles

7 291 Iron, hemoglobin, and oxygen

7 292 C

HEMICAL

ENCOUNTERS: The Elements

and the Environment

8 306 C

HEMICAL

ENCOUNTERS: The Uses and

Behavior of Sodium Chloride

8 309 The boiler scale and hot-water

heater pipes

8 310 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Focus on

Zeolites

8 313 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Fluoridated

Water and Tooth Decay

8 317 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Tetraethyl

Lead in Gasoline

8 322 The creation of aspirin

8 323 Industrial applications of hydrogen

ﬂuoride

8 329 The Breathalyzer

8 331 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Calcium

Channel Blockers

8 335 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Focus on

Morphine

8 346 Crafting new drugs to be both polar

and nonpolar solvents

9 356 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Molecular

Structure and Eyesight

9 359 Industrial applications of molecular

hydrogen

9 374 Retinal and light absorptionin the eyes

9 384 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Benzene,

Stability, and MO Theory

9 385 Common solvents

10 401 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Dalton’s Law

and Food Packaging

10 403 Balloons and ozone analysis

10 407 Boyle’s law and food packaging

10 419 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Automobile

Air Bags

10 420 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Acetylene

10 426 Effusion and the preparation of

uranium-based fuel rods

10 427 The construction of condiment packages

10 427 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:Ozone

10 431 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The

Greenhouse Effect

11 441 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:Worldwide

Water Use

11 455 Canning at high pressure

11 461 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:CO

as a Dry

Cleaning Solvent

11 470 The EPA’s maximum contaminant

level in water

11 470 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Composition

of Seawater

11 471 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Impact of the

Solubility of Oxygen in Fresh Water

11 472 CO

and the preparation of soft drinks

11 473 Salt and the freezing point of water

11 480 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Meeting

Municipal Water Needs

Applications and Chemical Encounters

12 494 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:Crude

Oil—the Basic Resource

13 540 Intravenous saline solution

13 545 The structure of adenosine triphosphate

(ATP) and the development of drugs

13 546 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: X-ray

Crystallography

13 550 Liquid crystals

13 551 “Silver” ﬁllings for cavities

13 555 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Photovoltaic

Devices

13 557 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Dental

Amalgams

13 557 Ceramics and bone replacement

13 559 Ceramics and the insulation of the

space shuttle

13 559 Glass and the ﬁber optic wire

13 561 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Magnetic

Resonance Imaging

13 567 Aramid polymers and the bulletproof

vest

13 568 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:Heart

Deﬁbrillators

13 570 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:“Green

Chemistry”

14 580 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Bioenergetics

14 585 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Glycolysis

14 586 The patina on copper and bronze

statues

14 588 The spontaneity of protein folding

14 591 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:

Psychrotrophs and Psychrophiles

14 595 C

HEMICAL

ENCOUNTERS: More Glycolysis

14 600 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Pyruvate and

Lactate

14 604 Converting water vapor to ice

14 607 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: ATP formation

14 608 Temperature and lighting a portable

propane stove

14 610 Pressure and the fermentation of

glucose in brewing

14 611 The reactions of glycolysis

15 620 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Atrazine and

the Environment

15 627 Hydrogen peroxide and disinfecting

15 631 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:

Decomposition of DDT

15 633 The decay of radioactive waste

15 636 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Persistent

Pesticides

15 641 Glyphosate herbicides

15 647 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Metabolism

of Methoxychlor

15 655 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Destruction

of Ozone

16 670 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Myoglobin in

the Muscles

16 675 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Important

Processes That Involve Equilibria

16 676 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The

Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid

16 681 EDTA and the concentration of metal

ions

16 684 Determining the concentration of

acetic acid

16 704 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Catalysts in

Industry

17 718 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Common Uses

of Acids and Bases

17 724 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Acids in Foods

17 738 The uses of lactic acid

17 743 Regulating nicotine with acid–base

chemistry

17 747 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Production and

Uses of Phosphoric and Sulfuric Acids

17 753 Sodium nitrite and the preservation

of food

17 755 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Acid–Base

Properties of Amino Acids

17 757 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Acid

Deposition and Acid-Neutralizing

Capacity

18 766 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Industrial

and Environmental Applications of

Titrations

18 767 Using EDTA to measure water hardness

18 779 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Scrubbing

Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

18 801 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Anthocyanins

and Universal Indicators

18 802 Calcium carbonate and the ocean

18 806 Gravimetric analysis

18 807 Recovering metals from industrial

efﬂuents

18 808 Treating waste water through

sedimentation

18 810 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Commercial

Uses of Aminopolycarboxylic Acid

Cheating Agents

19 844 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The Electric Eel

19 859 C

HEMICAL

ENCOUNTERS: Electroplating

20 869 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Iron and

Hemoglobin

20 871 Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin

20 884 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Transition

Metals and Color

20 890 The colors of blood

20 894 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Cytochromes

21 903 The sources of potassium

21 909 Radioactivity and human health

21 910 Using lead to protect against x-ray

radiation

21 910 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Radiation and

Cancer

21 920 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS:NuclearWeapons

21 921 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Nuclear

Reactors as aVital Source of

Electricity

21 924 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: Tracer Isotopes

for Diagnosis

22 935 C

HEMICAL ENCOUNTERS: The Human

Genome Project

22 957 Triglycerides as fats and oils

22 960 Thalidomide and its dangers

22 961 Chemistry and the treatment of illness

22 962 Treating cancer by preventing DNA

replication

22 963 Treating Parkinson’s disease with

L-Dopa

22 964 Diseases caused by abnormalities in

genetic material

(Continued from front of book)

Chapter Page Title Chapter Page Title

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol

Amount of substance mole mol

Electric current ampere A

Length meter m

Luminous intensity candela cd

Mass kilogram kg

Temperature kelvin K

Time second s

SI Units

Multiple Preﬁx Name

Y yotta

Z zetta

Eexa

P peta

Ttera

G giga

Mmega

k kilo

−1

ddeci

−2

ccenti

−3

m milli

−6

µ micro

−9

n nano

−12

p pico

−15

f femto

−18

a atto

−21

zzepto

−24

y yocto

SI Unit Preﬁxes

Length

1 mile = 1.609 kilometers

= 5280 feet

1 kilometer = 0.62137 mile

1 meter = 1.0936 yards

1 yard = 3 feet

1 foot = 12 inches

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

1 centimeter = 0.39370 inch

Mass

1 ton = 2000 pounds

= 907.185 kilograms

1 kilogram = 1000 grams

= 2.205 pounds

1 pound = 453.6 grams

= 0.45359 kilogram

= 16 ounces

1 ounce = 28.35 grams

Volume

1 gallon = 4 quarts

= 8 pints

= 3.785 liters

1liter = 1.0567 quarts

1 quart = 32 ﬂuid ounces

= 2 pints

= 0.9464 liter

1pint = 16 ﬂuid ounces

1 ﬂuid ounce = 29.57 mL

Area

1 square mile = 640 acres

1 acre = 4047 square meters

1 square yard = 0.8361 square meter

Speed

1 mi/hour = 0.4470 m/s

1 km/hour = 0.2778 m/s

Constant Symbol Value

Acceleration of gravity g 9.81 m/s

Atomic mass unit amu, u 1.66054 × 10

−27

Avogadro N

6.0221367 × 10

mol

−1

Bohr B

−2.18 × 10

−18

Boltzman k 1.38065 × 10

−23

J/K

Electron charge e 1.60217733 × 10

−19

Electron rest mass m

9.1093897 × 10

−31

Faraday F 96,485.309 C/mol

Molar volume ideal gas, STP V

22.4139 L/mol

Neutron rest mass m

1.6749286 × 10

−27

Planck h 6.626 × 10

−34

J·s

Proton rest mass m

1.6726231 × 10

−27

Rydberg R

∞

1.0968 × 10

−1

Speed of light c 2.99792 × 10

m/s

Universal gas R 0.08206 L·atm·mol

−1

·K

−1

R 8.3145 J·mol

−1

·K

−1

Conversion Factors

Values of Fundamental Constants