Higgins R.A. Engineering Metallurgy: Applied Physical Metallurgy
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British Standards Specifications (Continued)
nitriding steels 473
tin-lead solders 484
titanium alloys 450
white metals 444
zinc-based die-casting alloys 435
Brittle fracture 101 102 104 108
Broaches, steel for 158
Bronze, aluminium 392
heat-treatment of 394
Bronze, containing lead 389 391
containing zinc 389 391
equilibrium diagram for 387
Bronze, phosphor- 389 391
Bronze, tin- 387
Bronze welding 489
‘Burning’: of brass 381
of steel 256
Butt welding 494
C
Cadmium 4
in copper 375 377
Cadmium-bismuth alloys 189
Calcium 4 364
Calcium carbide, use in cast iron 364
Carbides: precipitation of 302 304 318
stability of 287 291 295 297 302
312 318 320
‘Carbon dioxide’ welding 492
Carbon steels: composition of 157 158 282
hardening of 260
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Carbon steels: composition of (Continued)
impurities in 248
properties of 157 158
structures of 153 239
tempering of 266
uses of 137 157 158
Carbonitriding 476
Carburising 462
by gaseous media 466
by liquid media 465
by solid media 464
Cartridge brass 381 384
Case-hardening: by carbon 462
by nitrogen 472
-steels 295 296 309 470
Casting of aluminium 408
of magnesium 430 431
-processes 120
Castings: chill 69
structures of 69
Cast iron: alloy- 368 370 371
compacted graphite 367
compositions of 362 368 370
effects of composition on structures of 354
effects of cooling rate on 357
‘growth’ of 360
high-strength- 362
malleable- 364
microstructures of 354 358 363 365 371
properties of 354
spheroidal-graphite- 363
varieties; and uses of 361
welding of 489 502
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‘Catastrophic oxidation’ 509
Cathodic protection 535
Cementation process 146
Cemented-carbide tools 133
Cementite 143 153 240 354
‘Cermets’ 340
Cerium 4
in cast iron 363 364
‘Cerrolow’ 447
‘Cerromatrix’ 447
Changes in the solid state 152 196 206
Charpy test 49
Chemical affinity 9
equations 8
formulae 8
symbols 3
Chill: -casting 361
-crystals 69 71
Chills, used in cast iron 361
Chisels: steel for 158 328
tempering of 268
Chromating 436 532
‘Chromising’ 529
Chromium 4 297
in aluminium alloys 411 422 426
in cast iron 368 372
in Nimonic alloys 437 438
in resistance alloys 437
in stainless steels 298 301 303 306 308
in steels 297 322 327 328 333
470 473
in temperature-resistant alloys 437
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Chromium-copper 399
Chromium-nickel alloys 437
Chromium steels 297
Cladding 526
Classification of: alloy steels 294
aluminium alloys 410 414 422 426
carbon steels 157 158 281 282
copper alloys 384 391 395 400
Cleavage fracture 102
Coatihgs on iron and steel 525
Cobalt 4 133 324 342 459
in cermets 133 341
in high-speed steel 334 338 339
in magnet alloys 342 343 347
in maraging steels 324
Coercive force 344 345
Coherency 208 209
Coherent precipitates 177 209
Coinage bronze 389 391
Coining 132
Cold-drawing 130
-pressing 131
-rolling 129
-welding 495
Columbium see Niobium
Columnar crystals 71
Compacted-graphite irons 363 367
Composition of Earth’s crust 2 3 8
Compounds: chemical 3
intermetallic 160 169
Compression tests 49
Condenser tubes 385 386
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Conductivity: electrical 25 32
of aluminium 407
of copper 375
thermal- 33
Cooling curves 60 150 180 181
Cooling rate, effect on: cast iron 357
crystal size 69
steel 156 259 270 291
Coordination Number 65
Copper 4 374
arsenic in 92 374 376
commercial grades 375
composition of 375
conductivity of 375 377
‘gassing’ of 376
impurities in 377
in cast iron 372
in steel 328
in white metals 444
properties of 375
welding of 376 502
Copper-aluminium alloys 392
Copper-beryllium alloys 399
Copper-chromium alloys 399
Copper-nickel alloys 397 400
equilibrium diagram for 192
Copper-silicon alloys 502
Copper-tin alloys 387
Copper-zinc alloys 378
Copper-zinc-nickel alloys 397 400
Cored crystals 163
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Corrosion 506
by atmosphere 511
by electrolytic action 291 299 308 509
by soil 535
impingement- 519
of mild steel 511
of pearlite 514
of welds 308 500 524
prevention of 523
stress- 519
Corrosion fatigue 519
Corrosion resistance 291 298
Corrosion-resistant alloys 298 299 303 438 524
Covalence 22
Cowper stoves 143
Crack formation 105
Cracks, detection of 50 497
Crankshafts, steel for 158 296 305 310 319
Creep 114 316 440 448
mechanism of 116
-resistance 117
Critical cooling rate 274
Critical points, temperatures 154 242 243
Crofeco 348
Crucible process (for steel) 146
Crystal boundaries 60 61
Crystalline state 59
Crystallisation of metals 58 60 66
Cutlery steel 299 301 302
Cyanide case hardening 465
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D
Darby, Abraham 140
Deep-drawing 131
alloys for 131
Deformation: effects on properties 89
mechanism of 79
Degassing (of aluminium alloys) 408
‘Delayed fracture’ 251
Delta-phases 388
Dendrite 66
Dendritic growth 66
Densities of metals 4
Deoxidation of steel 72 312 317
Deoxidised copper 376
Deoxidisers 312
317 376 389 407
Depth of hardening 249 264 280 298 318
Deteriorated pearlite 253
Dezincification 385 386
Diagrams, thermal equilibrium see Equilibrium
diagrams
Diamagnetism 342
Die-casting 69 120
Dies: steel for 157 158 298 301 313
322 338
tempering of 268
Diffusion 163
-coefficient 166
Diffusion bonding 496
Diffusion soldering 485
Diffusion Transport Equation 168
Dipole moment 27
Direct-reduction process 144
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Dislocation theories 82
Disordered solid solutions 162 192
Dispersion hardening 176
DNA specifications 2
Dolomite 147
Domain (magnetic) 344
Drawing dies 131
steel for 131 298 313
Drawing processes 130
Drills: steel for 157 158 338
tempering of 268
Drop forging 125
Ductile-brittle transition (in steels) 108
Ductile fracture 101 104
Ductile iron see Spheroidal-graphite iron
Ductility, definition of 35
Dudley, Dud 140
Duplex structures 175
Duralumin 417 419 421 423
ageing of 417
precipitation-hardening of 418
shaping of 419
Dye-penetration tests 50 498
E
Edge dislocations 84
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity 454
Elastic deformation 35 60 79 90
Elastic limit 37 59
Elastic Modulus see Young’s Modulus
Electric furnace process (steel making) 149
Electric iron smelting 144
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Electric resistance wire 401 437
Electric welding processes 491 494
Electro-chemical series 510
Electrode potential 509
Electrolyte 509
Electrolytic corrosion 509
Electron 13 14 15 25 170
452 493
Electron-beam welding 493
Electron ‘cloud’ 25
Electron compounds 170
Electron microscope 61 233
Electro-painting 533
Electroplating 529
Electrophoresis 533
Electro-slag welding 491
Electro-valence 18
Element, definition of 2
Elongation 39
‘Elphal’ process 533
Embossing 132
Embrittlement 75 302 388 417
Endurance limit 111
Energy of mechanical deformation 89
Energy of state 58
Energy product value 345 346
Epsilon-phase 170 388
Equi-axed crystals 71 92
Equilibrium diagrams:
aluminium-copper 416
aluminium-magnesium 412
aluminium-nickel 191
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Equilibrium diagrams: (Continued)
aluminium-silicon 413
bismuth-cadmium 189
construction of 180
copper-aluminium 393
copper-beryllium 399
copper-chromium 399
copper-nickel 192
copper-tin 387
copper-titanium 399
copper-zinc 379
gold-lead 204
interpretation of 185
iron-carbon 155 240 247
iron-nickel 295
iron-nitrogen 251
lead-tin 197
lead-zinc 188
magnesium-aluminium 431
magnesium-thorium 431
magnesium-tin 203
magnesium-zinc 431
nickel-tantalum 206
platinum-silver 201
potassium-rubidium 195
tin-antimony 443
titanium types 448
Erichsen test 49
Etching reagents: macro 236
micro 226
Eutectic 172 181 189 196
cells (in cast iron) 355