Ганс Селье. От мечты к открытию (Полная книга)

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

\ujZ[Zlu\Zxl ij_bfms_kl\_ggh fbg_jZehdhjlbdhb^hih^h[gu_

]hjfhgu

:EVL?JG:LB<GU? IMLB

WlZ hrb[dZ g_j_^dh\uau\Z_lky y\e_gb_fdhlhjh_ ygZa\Ze

h[mkeh\eb\Zgb_aZ\bkbfhklvx hij_^_e_ggh]h ^_ckl\by hl

baf_gyxsboky nZdlhjh\A^_kv lbibq_gke_^mxsbc oh^jZkkm`^_gbc

_keb klbfme 6^_ckl\m_l gZ fbr_gv Llhevdh \ijbkmlkl\bb

wg^hdjbgghc `_e_au Llh qj_a\uqZcgh \_jhylghqlh 6

\ha^_ckl\m_l gZ Lq_j_a L?Feb aZl_ffh`gh ihdZaZlvqlh

]hjfhgu `_e_auL ^_ckl\mxlgZ L\ lhf`_ kfuke_\ dZdhf 6

\ha^_ckl\m_l gZ L\ ijbkmlkl\bb Llh fh`gh kqblZlv

ijZdlbq_kdb mklZgh\e_ggufqlh 6^_ckl\m_l gZ Lq_j_a

ihkj_^kl\h LdZd ihdZaZghgZ ij_^u^ms_cko_f_

Wlh aZdexq_gb_lZd`_ eh`ghdZd \b^ghba ke_^mxs_cko_fu

Hq_\b^ghijb ^Zgguomkeh\byo 6fh`_l \ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZ L

g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ihimlb Jgh wlh ^_ckl\b_ fh`_l ijhy\blvky

ebrv \ijbkmlkl\bb ]hjfhgh\L< wlhfkemqZ_ fu]h\hjbfqlh J

h[mkeh\eb\Z_l ]hjfhgZevgh_ ^_ckl\b_ Lgh kZf ih k_[_

^_ckl\_gguf g_y\ey_lky

Bamq_gb_ dhjlbdhb^h\ ^Zeh gZf [_kqbke_ggu_ ijbf_ju

\aZbfhk\ya_c lZdh]h lbiZKdZ`_fm djuku k m^Ze_ggufb

gZ^ihq_qgbdZfb \ hlebqb_ hl g_ih^\_j]Z\rboky wlhchi_jZpbb

djuk \ha^_ckl\b_klj_kkhjhf gZijbf_jnhjfZebghfoheh^hfg_

\uau\Z_l j_adhc \j_f_gghc ^_]_g_jZpbb lbfmkZ<lh`_ \j_fy

dhjlbahe h[mkeh\eb\Z_l ^_]_g_jZpbx lbfmkZ ^Z`_ m djuku k

m^Ze_ggufb gZ^ihq_qgbdZfb b ih^ihjh]h\u_ ^hau dhjlbaheZ

dhlhju_ kZfbih k_[_[ueb [ug_wnn_dlb\gufbph]ml hdZaZlvky

wnn_dlb\gufb aZkq_l h^gh\j_f_ggh]h\ha^_ckl\by Klj_kkhjh\^Z`_

\ hlkmlkl\b_ gZ^ihq_qgbdh\< ih^h[guokemqZyo fh`ghkdZaZlv

qlh klj_kkhju h[mkeh\eb\Zxl beb ih\urZxl qm\kl\bl_evghklv

fbr_gblbfmkZd dhjlbahemIjZdlbq_kdb lh `_ kZfh_

\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ f_`^mklj_kkhjZfb bdhjlbahehf [uehih^l\_j`^_gh

^ey dZlZ[hebq_kdh]hijhlb\h\hkiZebl_evgh]h b fgh]bo ^jm]bo

^_ckl\bc wlh]hkl_jhb^Z

Kms_kl\m_l g_kdhevdh jZagh\b^ghkl_c wlh]h lbiZ

\aZbfh^_ckl\byGZijbf_jhij_^_e_ggZy j_ZdpbyL gZ ij_^u^ms_c

ko_f_fh`_l g_bf_lv f_klZgb ih^\ebygb_f ]hjfhgh\`_e_au L

gb ih^ \ebygb_f klbfmeZ 6_keb `_e_aZ L hlkmlkl\m_l<

ih^h[guo kemqZyo j_Zdpby fh`_l [ulv \k_lZdb ihemq_gZ ijb

h^gh\j_f_gghf \ha^_ckl\bbb ]hjfhgh\Lb klbfmeZ6

Ih^oh^ysbf ijbf_jhfk dhlhjuf yklhedgmeky \ijhp_kk_

k\h_c kh[kl\_gghc jZ[hlu ih bamq_gbx dhjlbdhb^h\y\ey_lky

\hkijhba\_^_gb_ ihq_qgh]h ihjZ`_gbygZau\Z_fh]h

g_njhkde_jhahfihkj_^kl\hf >D:M ghjfZevghcdjukuihemqZxs_c

^b_lm k fZeuf kh^_j`Zgb_f gZljbyijZdlbq_kdb g_\hafh`gh

\ua\Zlv g_njhkde_jha k ihfhsvx >D:Mf_j_ggh_ m\_ebq_gb_

ihlj_[e_gby oehjb^ZgZljby kZfh ih k_[_ lZd`_ g_ kihkh[gh

\ua\Zlv g_njhkde_jhaijb ^Zgguomkeh\byoH^gZdh h^gh\j_f_ggh_

\ha^_ckl\b_ >D:b fZeuo^h[Z\hd \ibsm oehjb^ZgZljby g_fbgm_fh

ijb\h^bl dkbevghfm g_njhkde_jham

J:A<?L<EYXSB?KY IMLB

H[sbc ijbgpbi gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gghc hrb[db

kemqZxs_cky ijb jZa\_l\e_gbb iml_cf_`^m klbfmehf b

fbr_gvxbeexkljbjm_lky ke_^mxs_cko_fhc

Ij_^iheh`bfqlhdh]^Z ^_ckl\b_ klbfmeZ \i_j\u_

ih^\_j]ehkv bamq_gbx\k_ i_j\hgZqZevgu_bkke_^h\Zgby hdZaZebkv

ihk\ys_ggufb _]h\ha^_ckl\bx gZLLbL;hevrb_ mkbeby[ueb

aZljZq_gu gZ hij_^_e_gb_ lh]hdZd bf_ggh^_ckl\m_l b\

j_amevlZl_ ^eydZ`^hc balj_o fbr_g_c[ueh k hij_^_e_gghklvx

mklZgh\e_ghqlh \k_^_ckl\by hkms_kl\eyxlkyq_j_a ihkj_^kl\h

i_j_^Zlhqghc lhqdb LK l_q_gb_f e_l kihkh[ghklv 6

\ha^_ckl\h\Zlv lhevdhq_j_a Lijbh[j_eZ oZjZdl_jdeZkkbq_kdh]h

ijbf_jZ b\hreZ \mq_[gbdb?keb l_i_jv h[gZjm`blkyqlh 6

^_ckl\m_l lZd`_ b gZfbr_gvLlh bkdmr_gb_ij_^iheh`blv

qlh b \ wlhf kemqZ_ \ha^_ckl\b_ hihkj_^m_lky \k_ lhc `_

i_j_^Zlhqghc lhqdhc[m^_l hq_gv\_ebdhgZ kZfhf^_e_ 6\k_ `_

fh`_l hkms_kl\eylvk\h_ \ha^_ckl\b_gZijyfmxdZd ihdZaZghgZ

jbkmgd_beb q_j_adZdmxeb[h i_j_^Zlhqgmxlhqdmhlebqgmx hl

Lgh dgZklhys_fm \j_f_gbkms_kl\m_l ikboheh]bq_kdbc[Zjv_j

ij_iylkl\mxsbc ^Z`_jZkkfhlj_gbx lZdhc\hafh`ghklb

Fu klhedgmebkvk wlhcdhgdj_lghc ijh[e_fhc\ k\yabk gZr_c

jZ[hlhc ihbamq_gbx ijyfh]h\ha^_ckl\by ij_iZjZlh\:DL=Dh]^Z

fu gZqZeb bkke_^h\Zgb_kqblZehkv h[s_ijbgylufqlh :DL=

^_ckl\m_l ebrv iml_f klbfmeypbb \ujZ[hldb dhjlbdhb^h\

gZ^ihq_qgbdZfbihkdhevdm \k__]h ba\_klgu_wnn_dlu fh]eb[ulv

mkljZg_gu m^Ze_gb_fgZ^ihq_qgbdh\AZl_f hdZaZehkvqlh ^Z`_

kZfu_ hqbs_ggu_ij_iZjZlu :DL=klbfmebjmxl ij_impbZevgu_`_e_au

m djukWlb h[jZah\Zgby[m^mqb \lhjbqgufbiheh\ufb ijbagZdZfb

j_]mebjmxlky iheh\ufb `_e_aZfbIhwlhfm fu ih\lhjbeb k\hx

jZ[hlm gZdZkljbjh\Zgguo `b\hlguoqlh[u ijh\_jblv \hafh`ghklv

hihkj_^h\Zgby q_j_a iheh\u_ `_e_auIh^h[gh]h ^_ckl\by

ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv g_m^Zehkvihkdhevdm :DL= khojZgbe k\hx

Zdlb\ghklv b \ hlkmlkl\b_ iheh\uo `_e_aIhwlhfm fu k

m\_j_gghklvx ij_^iheh`bebqlh bf__f^_eh k h[uqguflh _klv

hihkj_^h\Zgguf gZ^ihq_qgbdZfb^_ckl\b_f kZfh]h:DL=Zg_k

^_ckl\b_f ijbf_k_cklbfmebjmxsbo iheh\u_`_e_au

Ihlj_[h\Zehkv ba\_klgh_\j_fyij_`^_ q_f fu ijbreb d

\u\h^m h g_h[oh^bfhklb ijh\_jdb lh]h^_ckl\bl_evgh ebwlh

dhgdj_lgh_ ^_ckl\b_:DL= AZ\bkblhl ijbkmlkl\by gZ^ihq_qgbdh\

< blh]_dh]^Z wdki_jbf_glu [ueb ih\lhj_gu gZ `b\hlguok

m^Ze_ggufb gZ^ihq_qgbdZfbfu h[gZjm`bebqlhdZd gb kljZggh

wnn_dl klbfmeypbbij_impbZevguo `_e_a\ hlebqb_hl \k_o^jm]bo

ba\_klguo wnn_dlh\^_ckl\by ^Zggh]h]hjfhgZ g_mkljZgy_lky wlhc

hi_jZpb_cLZdbf h[jZahffu mklZgh\bebqlh kZf :DL= beb

dZdh_lh \_s_kl\hijbkmlkl\mxs__ ^Z`_ \ kZfuo hqbs_gguo

ij_iZjZlZo :DL=hdZau\Z_l gZgZ^ihq_qgbdb ijyfu_ \ha^_ckl\by

H]ey^u\Zykv gZaZ^hkhagZ_rvqlh ijh\_jdZb^_b h[hihkj_^mxs_f

^_ckl\bb gZ^ihq_qgbdh\ \h[s_flh we_f_glZjgZB l_fg_ f_g__

gb \ h^ghc ba fgh`_kl\h klZl_chibku\Zxsbo klbfmeypbx

ij_impbZevguo `_e_a :DL=g_ [uehgbdZdbo ^Zgguoh[ hiulZogZ

`b\hlguo km^Ze_ggufb gZ^ihq_qgbdZfbKqblZehkv hq_\b^gufqlh

:DL= fh`_l ebrv klbfmebjh\Zlvijhp_kk \ujZ[hldbdhjlbdhb^h\

qlh ^jm]b_ \hafh`gu_ _]h ^_ckl\by ijhklh g_ ijhboh^beb \

]heh\m

D kh`Ze_gbxaZgbfZykv \hkijhba\_^_gb_fg_njhkde_jhaZ k

ihfhsvx [hevrbo ^ha KL=y hiylv ^himklbe lm `_ hrb[dm

;_kqbke_ggufb gZ[ex^_gbyfb[ueh l\_j^hmklZgh\e_ghqlh KL=g_

^_ckl\m_l ihkj_^kl\hfgZ^ihq_qgbdh\ gbgZ dZdhcjZg__ bamq_gguc

\b^ ldZgbDh]^Z fu\uykgbebqlh m khhl\_lkl\mxsbf h[jZahf

k_gkb[bebabjh\Zgguo djuk [hevrb_ ^hau KL=kihkh[gu \uau\Zlv

g_njhkde_jha\hijhk h\hafh`ghklb hihkj_^h\ZgbygZ^ihq_qgbdZfb

^he]h_ \j_fy^Z`_ g_ijboh^be fg_\ ]heh\m< dhgp_ dhgph\

ijZ\^Zfu jZkkfhlj_eb lZdmx\hafh`ghklv bh[gZjm`bebqlh m

`b\hlguo k m^Ze_ggufb gZ^ihq_qgbdZfb gbdZdb_ ^hau KL=

g_njhkde_jha g_ \uau\Zxl< wlhf hlghr_gbb^Z`_ ijh\_^_gb_

l_jZibb k ijbf_g_gb_f jZaebqguo dhjlbdhb^h\ g_ fh`_l

dhfi_gkbjh\Zlv hlkmlkl\mxsbc gZ^ihq_qgbdHq_\b^gh

g_njhkde_jhlbq_kdh_ ^_ckl\b_ KL= beb dZdh]hlh \_s_kl\Z

g_hl^_ebfh]h hl KL= b ihlhfm ijbkmlkl\mxs_]h \h \k_o_]h

kh_^bg_gbyohihkj_^m_lky gZ^ihq_qgbdZfb

LZd gZau\Z_fZyl_hjby h[jZlghck\yab ijbk_dj_pbb :DL= \h

\j_fy klj_kkZdhlhjZy [ueZ klhev ihimeyjgZ \k_]h ebrv

g_kdhevdh e_lgZaZ^hkgh\u\ZeZkv gZlhf `_kZfhf aZ[em`^_gbb

KgZqZeZ kh \k_chij_^_e_gghklvx [uehmklZgh\e_gh qlh\h \j_fy

j_Zdpbb lj_\h]b]bihnba \u^_ey_l:DL=dhlhjuc \ k\hx hq_j_^v

klbfmebjm_l \ujZ[hldmdhjlbdhb^h\<lh`_ \j_fy[ueh ba\_klgh

qlh dhjlbdhb^u kha^Zxldhfi_gkZlhjgmx ZljhnbxgZ^ihq_qgbdh\

ihkj_^kl\hf khdjZs_gby \u^_e_gby :DL= ]bihnbahfHq_\b^gh

a^_kv fubf__f ^_ehk f_oZgbafhfh[jZlghc k\yabK mq_lhf\k_]h

wlh]h kh[eZagbl_evgh [uehij_^iheh`blvqlh \h\j_fy klj_kkZ

\u^_e_gb_ :DL=klbfmebjm_lky l_f`_ kZfuff_oZgbafhflh _klv

ihlj_[e_gb_ dhjlbdhb^h\ \hajZklZ_l \iehlv ^h \hagbdgh\_gby

khklhygby nmgdpbhgZevghc dhjlbdhb^ghc g_^hklZlhqghklbWlZ

g_^hklZlhqghklv fh`_l aZl_f klZlv klbfmehf ^ey m\_ebq_gby

\ujZ[hldb :DL=

GZ kZfhf ^_e_ nZdlbq_kdbo k\b^_l_evkl\ m\_ebq_ggh]h

ihlj_[e_gby dhjlbdhb^h\ k ihke_^mxs_c dhjlbdhb^ghc

g_^hklZlhqghklvx gZklZ^bb j_Zdpbblj_\h]b g_ kms_kl\m_lGZ

ijZdlbd_ dhgp_gljZpby dhjlbdhb^h\ \ djh\b agZqbl_evgh

\hajZklZ_l \h\j_fy klj_kkZG_kdhevdh e_l gZaZ^ fu ihdZaZeb

lZd`_qlh ^Z`_ m `b\hlguodhlhjuf \\h^bebkv qj_af_jgh

aZ\ur_ggu_ ^hau jZaebqguo dhjlbdhb^h\klj_kk \k_ `_ fh]

klbfmebjh\Zlv gZ^ihq_qgbdWlb j_amevlZluijb\_eb gZkd \u\h^m

h lhfqlh mjh\_gvdhjlbdhb^h\ \ djh\b j_]mebjm_l \u^_e_gb_

:DL= lhevdh gZ hdhehnbabheh]bq_kdbo mjh\gyoNZdlbq_kdhc

ij_^ihkuedhc ghjfZevghcj_Zdpbb klj_kkZy\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfhklv

ohly [uqZklbqgh]h \udexq_gbywlh]h f_oZgbafZh[jZlghc k\yab<

ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ g_ [ueh [u oZjZdl_jgh]h agZqbl_evgh]h

m\_ebq_gby \ujZ[hldbdhjlbdhb^h\L_f g_f_g__ ikboheh]bq_kdbc

[Zjv_jij_iylkl\mxsbc jZkkfhlj_gbxZevl_jgZlb\guo \ZjbZglh\

[ue klhevagZqbl_e_gqlh l_hjbyh[jZlghc k\yabhklZ\ZeZkv \

oh^m \l_q_gb_ jy^Ze_l

H;H;S:XS?? G:A<:GB?BEB EH<MRD:WDKLJ:IHEYPBB

Hq_\b^ghqlh fgh]b_ ijh[e_fudhlhju_ fu ^hkbo ihj

jZkkfZljb\Zeb ih^jZagufb gZa\Zgbyfb\ hij_^_e_gghc kl_i_gb

i_j_dju\Zxl ^jm]^jm]Z<ijhq_fdZd ym`_ ]h\hjbey hibku\Ze

wlb aZ[em`^_gbyg_ klhevdh ^ey lh]hqlh[u ^Zlv bo q_ldmx

deZkkbnbdZpbxkdhevdh ^ey lh]hqlh[u ij_^klZ\blvbo \lhf

\b^_\ dZdhfhgb kZfbk_[y h[uqghijhy\eyxlBa[_]Zlv ih^h[guo

eh\mr_d [m^_l agZqbl_evgh ijhs__keb ihagZdhfblvky k bo

kihkh[Zfb fZkdbjh\db

D ijbf_jmlZ aZkem`b\ZxsZyhkh[h]h \gbfZgbyfukebl_evgZy

hrb[dZdhlhjmx m k_[y \ eZ[hjZlhjbb fu gZau\Z_f ^mluc

Z\lhjbl_l h[h[sZxs_]h gZa\Zgby^h ba\_klghc kl_i_gb

i_j_dju\Z_lky hrb[dZfb jZa\_l\eyxsbokyb Zevl_jgZlb\guo

iml_cFg_ \k_`_ dZ`_lkyqlh [ueh[u g_iehohki_pbZevgh __

jZkkfhlj_lv b khhlg_klb k l_fdZdh_ agZq_gb_ ijbh[j_lZ_l

ijh[e_fZ h[h[sZxsbogZa\ZgbcB[h g_k_dj_lqlh kebrdhfqZklh

g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf bklhqgbdhf hrb[db nZdlbq_kdb y\ey_lky kZf

bkihevam_fuc l_jfbg>ey beexkljZpbb bkihevam_f ke_^mxsmx

ko_fm

JZkkfZljb\Z_fZy fbr_gvbah[jZ`_ggZy \\b^_ klhe[qZlhc

kljmdlmju \p_glj_ jbkmgdZh[eZ^Z_l jy^hfh[sbo oZjZdl_jbklbd

Wlh _^bgkl\_ggZyijbqbgZih dhlhjhc fu fh`_l ihevah\Zlvky

_^bguf h[h[sZxsbf gZa\Zgb_fkdZ`_f Lklhe[bd\f_klh lh]h

qlh[u \kydbcjZa i_j_qbkeylv\k_ _]hqZklbhl L^h LLZdb_

h[sb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb g_ h[yaZl_evgh h[mkeh\eb\Zxlky

ZgZlhfbq_kdbf koh^kl\hf qZkl_chgb fh]ml bf_lv qbklh

nmgdpbhgZevgmx hkgh\mkdZ`_fihqlb ih\k_f_klgh\klj_qZxsb_ky

de_ldb j_lbdmehwg^hl_ebZevghckbkl_fu l_f g_ f_g__ j_Z]bjmxl

dZd _^bgh_p_eh_

Ih^h[gu_ h[h[sZxsb_ gZa\Zgby m^h[gugh hgb fh]ml b

\\h^blv \aZ[em`^_gb_GZ ijbf_j_ gZr_c ko_fZlbq_kdhc fh^_eb

ij_^iheh`bfqlh g_dbcbkke_^h\Zl_ev ^hdZaZeiml_f gZ[ex^_gby

k_fb khklZ\eyxsboLklhe[bd qZkl_cqlh 6klbfmebjm_l jZa\blb_

Lklhe[bdZ ijb\ha^_ckl\bb gZqZklb LLZ 6ij_iylkl\m_l

lZdhfm jZa\blbxijb \ha^_ckl\bbgZ qZklbLLIj_^iheh`bf

^Ze__qlh dlhfm \j_f_gbdZd hgihemqbe wlb j_amevlZlu_]h

aZiZk klbfmeh\ 6bkq_jiZeky< ih^h[ghf kemqZ_ \_ebdh

bkdmr_gb_ aZy\blvqlhdhg_qgh `_^_ckl\by b6b 6gZ Lb

LlZd`_ [m^ml\aZbfgh g_cljZebah\Zlv^jm] ^jm]Z>_eh \lhf

qlh fuijb\udeb ^mfZlvh[ 6dZd h _^bgkl\_gghf klbfmebjmxs_f

nZdlhj_ rbjhdZy h[sZy qZklvklj_ehd gZjbkmgd_ ke_\ZZh[

6dZd h_^bgkl\_gghf ij_iylkl\mxs_fnZdlhj_beb bg]b[blhj_

]j_[_gqZlZy h[sZy qZklv klj_ehd kijZ\ZGZ kZfhf`_ ^_e_

_keb jZkkfhlj_lvko_fm [he__\gbfZl_evghlh hdZ`_lkyqlh dZd

6lZd b6^_ckl\mxl gZLklbfmebjmxsbf h[jZahf\lh\j_fy

dZd gZL6hdZau\Z_l klbfmebjmxs__\ebygb_Z 6\hh[s_

gbdZdh]h< ^Zgghf kemqZ_ bkihevah\Zgb_ lj_o h[h[sZxsbo

gZa\Zgbc b ihgylbcZ bf_ggh6dZd klbfmeylhjZ6dZd

bg]b[blhjZ b LdZd fbr_gbhijZ\^Zggh bm^h[ghGh ijbwlhf

^Zggu_ h[sb_ h[hagZq_gby kZfb ih k_[_ klZgh\ylky ]eZ\ghc

ijbqbghc lh]h ikboheh]bq_kdh]h[Zjv_jZdhlhjuc f_rZ_l\b^_lv

\hafh`gu_ bkdexq_gbybf_xsb_ f_klh \ hl^_evguo lhqdZo Z

bf_ggh \LbL

< dZq_kl\_j_Zevgh]h ijbf_jZ\havf_f i_j\bqgu_b \lhjbqgu_

fm`kdb_ iheh\u_ ijbagZdbHgb ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hckhklZ\gmx

fbr_gv\dexqZxsmx jy^ kh\_jr_ggh jZaebqguo \ kljmdlmjghf

hlghr_gbb ldZg_ck_f_ggbdb b[hjh^Z mq_eh\_dZjh]Z mhe_gy

]j_[_gv mi_lmoZ bliFu gZau\Z_f bo _^bguf h[h[sZxsbf

gZa\Zgb_f fm`kdb_ iheh\u_ ijbagZdbihkdhevdmg_kfhljy gZ

jZaebqby \ bo \g_rg_f \b^_nmgdpbyo b jZkiheh`_gbbhgb

oZjZdl_jguf h[jZahf jZa\blu mhkh[_c fm`kdh]hZg_`_gkdh]h

iheZ>Ze__wlb ijbagZdb \ p_ehf ih^\_j`_gu klbfmebjmxs_fm

\ebygbx l_klhb^guofm`kdbo]hjfhgh\ gZijbf_jl_klhkl_jhgZ

b bg]b[bjmxlkynheebdmehb^gufb `_gkdbfb]hjfhgZfb gZijbf_j

wkljZ^bhehfWlh \ k\hxhq_j_^v ijb\h^blgZk dfukeb hlhf

qlh lhqghlZd `_p_eZy ]jmiiZ^jm]bo fm`kdbo]hjfhgh\ ^_ckl\m_l

dZd klbfmeylhju Zg^jhkl_jhgf_lbel_klhkl_jhgZ `_gkdb_

]hjfhgu wkljhgwkljZ^bhedZd bg]b[blhjuJhkl i_lmrbgh]h

]j_[gy b \ kZfhf ^_e_ klbfmebjm_lky l_klhkl_jhghf

Zg^jhkl_jhghf bf_lbel_klhkl_jhghfZ k^_j`b\Z_lkywkljZ^bhehf

wkljhghf b wkljbhehfIhke_ lh]h dZd ijb bamq_gbb

fgh]hqbke_gguo ^jm]bofm`kdbo iheh\uoijbagZdh\ [ueh hlf_q_gh

ih^h[gh_ \aZbfgh_ ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_ihgylb_ ]hjfhgZevgh]h

ZglZ]hgbafZ \iheh\hc kn_j_ gZklhevdh ijhqgh mdhj_gbehkv \

gZr_f khagZgbbqlh fug_ aZf_qZ_fbkdexq_gby: \_^vfhehqgu_

`_e_au kZfpZdjuku klbfmebjmxlkyh[hbfb lbiZfb]hjfhgh\\lh

\j_fy dZdij_impbZevgu_ `_e_auklbfmebjmxlky l_klhb^Zfbgh g_

ih^\_j`_gu bg]b[bjmxs_fm\ebygbx nheebdmehb^h\

<uy\e_gb_ ih^h[guo bkdexq_gbc g_ba[_`gh ih[m`^Z_l

g_dhlhjuo djblbdh\ hkiZjb\Zlv jZamfghklv bkihevah\Zgby

h[h[sZxsbo gZa\Zgbc ^ey kh\f_klgh]h jZkkfhlj_gby jZaebqguo

qZkl_c bamqZ_fhc fbr_gbbeb ^ey \k_]h jZaghh[jZaby

bg^b\b^mZevguo ^_ckl\bcklbfmeh\Ih^h[guc djblbq_kdbc gZkljhc

kh\_jr_ggh g_hijZ\^Zg?keb km^blv ih jZkkfhlj_gghfm \ur_

ijbf_jmlh h[oh^blvky[_a ihgylbyfm`kdb_ iheh\u_ ijbagZdb

beb `_ fm`kdb_ ]hjfhgu[ueh [u g_m^h[ghg_kfhljy gZ

bkdexqbl_evgh_g_h[uqgh_ ih\_^_gb_g_dhlhjuo khklZ\guoqZkl_c

d h[t_^bg_gbxdhlhjuo ly]hl__lh[h[sZxs__ gZa\Zgb_Hq_\b^gh

[ueh [ug_\hafh`ghkdZ`_fi_j_qbkeblv \k_ba\_klgu_ Z \hh[s_

]h\hjyb \k_ _s_ g_ hldjulu_fm`kdb_ ]hjfhgudZ`^uc jZa

dh]^Z fuohlbf kdZaZlvqlh hij_^_e_gguchj]Zg klbfmebjm_lkyg_

lhevdh l_klhkl_jhghff_lbel_klhkl_jhghf bZg^jhkl_jhghfgh b

gZkdhevdh ba\_klgh\k_fb fm`kdbfb]hjfhgZfbLZd m` mkljh_g

q_eh\_q_kdbc fha]qlh \fukebl_evguo ijhp_kkZoihqlb \k_]^Z

bkihevamxlky kbf\heudhlhju_ ^_ckl\mxl \ dZq_kl\_ djZldbo

h[hagZq_gbc p_euo deZkkh\ jh^kl\_gguokmsghkl_c< ijhlb\ghf

kemqZ_ fu ih]jyaeb [u \ fZkk_ ^_lZe_ck dhlhjufb gZf

ijboh^blky bf_lv ^_ehJ_r_gb_khlhbl g_ \ lhfqlh[u

hldZaZlvky hlh[h[sZxsbo gZa\ZgbcZ \ lhfqlh[u ihgylv bo

h]jZgbq_gby b g_gZ^_eylv Z[khexlgufZ\lhjbl_lhfdhlhjuf hgb

g_ h[eZ^ZxlOhjhr__ h[h[sZxs__gZa\Zgb_ khkem`bl gZf ^h[jmx

kem`[mgh ebrv \ lhf kemqZ__keb fu hkhagZ_fqlh hgh

hlghkblky dbkoh^gufgh g_d b^_glbqguf\_sZf

< ijhp_kk_ fh_c kh[kl\_gghc jZ[hlu ih bamq_gbx dhju

gZ^ihq_qgbdh\ fg_ ijbrehkv klhedgmlvky k g_kdhevdh bghc

ijh[e_fhcIj_^eZ]Zy l_jfbgu fbg_jZehdhjlbdhb^b

]exdhdhjlbdhb^^ey ^\mo hkgh\guo deZkkh\ `bag_ggh\Z`guo

wnn_dlh\ ]hjfhgh\dhju gZ^ihq_qgbdh\y gZklhcqb\h klj_fbeky

ih^q_jdgmlvqlh h^gh b lh `_ obfbq_kdh_kh_^bg_gb_ fh`_l

ijhy\eylv h[Z\b^Z Zdlb\ghklbohly b\ jZaghc kl_i_gbLZdbf

h[jZahfwlbfb l_jfbgZfbij_^iheZ]Zehkv h[hagZqZlvwnn_dluZ

g_ obfbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gby

H[rbjgu_ wdki_jbf_glZevgu_^Zggu_ \ihke_^kl\bbih^l\_j^beb

lhl nZdlqlh wlbwnn_dlu g_h^bgZdh\u b\h fgh]bo hlghr_gbyo

\aZbfgh ijhlb\hiheh`guD lhfm \j_f_gb m^h[kl\ZjZ^b klZeh

h[uqguf ^_ehf ijbf_gylv l_jfbg fbg_jZehdhjlbdhb^ubeb

]exdhdhjlbdhb^u_keb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ kh_^bg_gbyijhy\eyeb

Zdlb\ghklv ij_bfms_kl\_ggh h^gh]h beb ^jm]h]h lbiZWlh

g_khfg_gghhijZ\^Zgh b kh]eZkm_lky k h[s_ijbgyluf

mihlj_[e_gb_f wg^hdjbgheh]bq_kdhc l_jfbgheh]bbGbdlh g_

mkhfgblky \jZamfghklb gZau\ZgbydhjlbahgZ dhjlbdhb^hfohly

hg b h[eZ^Z_l g_[hevrbf fZkdmebgbabjmxsbf ^_ckl\b_f

kihkh[kl\m_l jhklm \hehkygh]h ihdjh\Z lZd gZau\Z_fhfm

]bjkmlbafmb lhqgh lZd `_ gbdlh g_ klZg_l hl\_j]Zlv \

ijbf_g_gbb d dhjlbahgm l_jfbg fm`kdhc ]hjfhgihkdhevdm

dhjlbahg h[eZ^Z_lkhhl\_lkl\mxsbf ^_ckl\b_fL_f g_ f_g__ aZ

ijhr_^rb_ ]h^u[he__ iylb^_kylbZ\lhjh\ aZy\bebqlh jZa^_e_gb_

f_`^m fbg_jZe_b ]exdhdhjlbdhb^Zfbg_^himklbfhihkdhevdm ^ey

g_dhlhjuo kh_^bg_gbcoZjZdl_jgu h[Zwlbo ^_ckl\byLhl nZdl

qlh gZrZ deZkkbnbdZpby [ueZ ihqlb _^bgh^mrgh ijbgylZ

[hevrbgkl\hf bkke_^h\Zl_e_ckh\_jr_ggh ykgh ihdZau\Z_l

gZkdhevdh ihe_aguZ fh`_l [ulv ^Z`_ b g_aZf_gbfulZdb_

h[h[sZxsb_ gZa\Zgbyke_^m_l ebrvbf_lv \\b^mqlh \oh^ysb_ \

h^bg blhl `_deZkk h[t_dluihoh`bgh g_b^_glbqgu

>jm]Zy hrb[dZ wdkljZiheypbbdhlhjZy g_ lZd ^Z\gh

ihy\beZkv \im[ebdZpbyohkgh\u\ZeZkv gZke_^mxs_f jZkkm`^_gbb

j_a_jibg \u\h^bl ba k_j^pZ dZl_oheZfbgu b \ lh `_ \j_fy

ij_^hojZgy_l hl g_dhlhjuo nhjf dZj^bhg_djhaZAgZqbl

dZj^bhg_djhau aZ\bkylhl ijbkmlkl\bydZl_oheZfbgh\ \k_j^p_gZ

kZfhf `_ ^_e_ ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ ex[h]h klj_kkhjZ

ij_iylkl\m_l \hagbdgh\_gbx wlbodZj^bhg_djhah\Z j_a_jibg

fhsguc klj_kkhjIjb wlhfki_pbnbqghklv ^_ckl\by j_a_jibgZ b

_]h \ebygb_gZ k_j^_qgu_dZl_oheZfbgu gbdh]^Zg_ bkiulu\Zebkv

<hafh`ghgZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_ggZyba kh\_jrZ_fuohrb[hd

wdkljZiheypbb khklhbl\ g_ijZ\hf_jghfij_^iheh`_gbbqlhagZy

wnn_dlb\gmx ^hamij_iZjZlZ gZdbeh]jZff `b\hcldZgb h^gh]h\b^Z

`b\hlguofh`gh hij_^_eylv ^hamg_h[oh^bfmx ^ey kha^Zgby

ZgZeh]bqgh]h wnn_dlZm ^jm]bo\b^h\Oh^ jZkkm`^_gbc ijb wlhf

[u\Z_l ijbf_jgh lZdbf^haZ dhjlbahgZg_h[oh^bfZy ^ey

^hklb`_gby hij_^_e_ggh]hwnn_dlZ mdjuku \_khf]jZffh\

fbeeb]jZffAgZqblm q_eh\_dZ \_khf \ dbeh]jZffh\ ^ey

ihemq_gby lZdh]h`_ wnn_dlZgZ^ihq_qgbdb ^he`gu[m^ml \u^_eblv

^ham dhjlbahgZ \ jZa [hevrmxIhkdhevdm lZdh_h]jhfgh_

dhebq_kl\h dhjlbahgZ \ ijbgpbi_ \ujZ[hlZlv g_\hafh`gh

j_amevlZlu wlbo gZ[ex^_gbc g_ fh]ml [ulv ijbf_g_gu \

debgbq_kdhc f_^bpbg_

>_eh \lhfqlh \jZkq_l_ gZ _^bgbpm \_kZ `b\hc ldZgb

q_eh\_d fh`_lhdZaZlvky ]hjZa^h[he__ beb f_g__qm\kl\bl_e_g

g_`_eb djukZd ^_ckl\bx dZdh]heb[h ij_iZjZlZNZdlbq_kdb

h[h[s_gb_ ihihdZaZl_ex \_kZg_ijbf_gbfh ^Z`_ ih hlghr_gbx d

fheh^uf b klZjuf hkh[yf \ jZfdZo h^gh]hb lh]h`_ \b^Z<

jZkq_l_ gZdbeh]jZff \_kZl_eZ j_[_ghd]hjZa^h qm\kl\bl_evg__

d ^_ckl\bxfhjnbgZg_`_eb \ajhkeucZ djukZ ]hjZa^h f_g__

\hkijbbfqb\Zq_f q_eh\_dex[h]h \hajZklZ

Q?=H G?LLH >?CKL<H<:LVG? FH@?L

DZaZehkv [uhq_\b^ghqlh hlkmlkl\mxsbc nZdlhj

^_ckl\h\Zlv g_fh`_lH^gZdhdZd gbkljZgghlZdh_ ^hims_gb_

ijb\h^beh bijb\h^bl d[_kqbke_gguf hrb[dZffgh]b_ badhlhjuo

klZeb deZkkbq_kdbfbb \hreb\ bklhjbxf_^bpbgu

<kihfgbfqlh gZkZfhf jZgg_fwlZi_ jZa\blby kh\j_f_gghc

[Zdl_jbheh]bb Jh[_jl Dho knhjfmebjh\Ze k\hb agZf_gblu_

ihklmeZlu\uiheg_gb_ dhlhjuo g_h[oh^bfh ^ey lh]hqlh[u

aZ[he_\Zgb_ fh]eh [ulv ijbibkZgh ^_ckl\bx dZdh]heb[h

fbdjhhj]ZgbafZI_j\uc b gZb[he__ kms_kl\_gguc ihklmeZl

aZdexqZeky \lhfqlh fbdjh[^he`_g \uy\eylvky\ dZ`^hfkemqZ_

aZ[he_\Zgby

<hkihevam_fky keh\Zfb kZfh]h DhoZIheghklvx

m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\h iZjZablbq_kdhc ijbjh^u

aZ[he_\Zgby fh`_l[ulv ihemq_ghlhevdh lh]^Zdh]^Z gZfm^Zklky

h[gZjm`blv iZjZablbq_kdb_ fbdjhhj]Zgbafu \h \k_o kemqZyo

bamqZ_fh]h aZ[he_\Zgbydh]^Z fu^Ze__[m^_f \khklhygbb

ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv boijbkmlkl\b_ \lZdbo dhebq_kl\Zob\lZdhf

jZkij_^_e_gbbqlh \k_ kbfilhfu aZ[he_\Zgby gZc^mllZdbf

h[jZahfk\h_ h[tykg_gb_bgZdhg_pdh]^Z fu^ey dZ`^h]h

hl^_evgh]h bgn_dpbhggh]h aZ[he_\Zgby mklZgh\bf kms_kl\h\Zgb_

fbdjhhj]ZgbafZ kyjdh \ujZ`_ggufbfhjnheh]bq_kdbfb ijbagZdZfb

>@

Ihke_^mxsb_ `_jZ[hlu ihdZaZebqlh hq_gvqZklh ijhy\e_gby

aZ[he_\Zgby\ua\Zggh]h fbdjh[Zfbbf_xl f_klh lhevdh ihke_

lh]hdZd \ha[m^bl_ey m`_g_ m^Z_lky\uy\blv< jy^_kemqZ_\

[hlmebgh\uc lhdkbg[he_agv fh`_lihjZablv q_eh\_dZdhlhjuc

gbdh]^Z g_[ue aZjZ`_gkZfbf fbdjh[hfgh ebrvmihlj_[be \ibsm

ijh^mdlkh^_j`Zsbc lhdkbguwlh]h fbdjhhj]ZgbafZB gZh[hjhl\

\ukr_c kl_i_gb [he_ag_l\hjgu_ fbdjh[u fh]ml gZoh^blvky \

a^hjh\uo ghkbl_eyodhlhju_ hdZaZebkvmklhcqb\ufb dgbf

LZd gZau\Z_fu_ f_lZdhjlbdhb^gu_ ihjZ`_gby ij_^klZ\eyxl

kh[hc ^jm]hc ijbf_j lZdh]h jh^Z>he`guf h[jZahf

k_gkb[bebabjh\Zggu_ djukuih^\_j]gmlu_ \l_q_gb_ kjZ\gbl_evgh

dhjhldh]h i_jbh^Z\j_f_gb \ha^_ckl\bx[hevrbo ^ha>D:fh]ml g_

ijhy\eylv gbdZdbo ijbagZdh\ g_njhkde_jhaZ]bi_jlhgbb beb

ma_edh\h]h i_jbZjl_jbblZ\ i_jbh^]hjfhgZevgh]h \ha^_ckl\bybeb

^Z`_ kjZamih _]hij_djZs_gbbGh kimkly g_^_eb beb f_kypu

ihke_ hdhgqZgby dmjkZ >D:\k_ wlbbaf_g_gby mgbo \hagbdgml

LZdbf h[jZahfhiylv fu gZoh^bf ijhy\e_gbyi_j\hgZqZevgZy

ijbqbgZ dhlhjuog_ [ueZh[gZjm`_gZ \hj]Zgbaf_

Ijbgpbi ^_ckl\bywlhc eh\mrdbfh`_l [ulvijhbeexkljbjh\Zg

gZ ke_^mxs_cko_f_

A^_kv klbfme6fh`_l \ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZ fbr_gvLba[bjZy

ijyfhc imlv JJ_amevlZlu \ha^_ckl\by khhl\_lkl\mxs__

baf_g_gb_ fbr_gbLg_fh]ml g_ijhy\eylvkyihdZ klbfme\k_ _s_

ijbkmlkl\m_l \ hj]Zgbaf_gh l_f g_ f_g__ hgb y\eyxlky

ke_^kl\b_f wlh]h\ha^_ckl\byLZdZy \hafh`ghklv \ ihklmeZlZo

DhoZ g_ ij_^mkfZljb\ZeZkvIjb wlhf klbfme 6fh`_l

\ha^_ckl\h\Zlv gZfbr_gvLb \uau\Zlv \ g_c ihke_^mxsb_

baf_g_gbydhlhju_ hdZau\Zxl\lhjbqgh_ \ebygb_gZ fbr_gvL\

lh \j_fydh]^Z i_j\hgZqZevgucklbfme m`_ hlkmlkl\m_lWlbf

ih\b^bfhfmh[tykgyxlky f_lZdhjlbdhb^gu_khkm^bklu_

ihjZ`_gby\lhjbqgu_ ih hlghr_gbx d hlkjhq_gghfm

g_njhkde_jham

Bf_xlky [_kqbke_ggu_ ^hihegbl_evgu_ ijbf_ju

beexkljbjmxsb_ ^Zggh_iheh`_gb_wlh hl^Ze_ggu_ ihke_^kl\by

j_gl]_gh\kdh]h h[emq_gbyZgZnbeZdlbq_kdhc k_gkb[bebaZpbb

wfhpbhgZevgh]h ihljyk_gbyihemq_ggh]h \ jZgg_f ^_lkl\_b

ijZdlbq_kdb ex[h]h kemqZyhklZ\b\r_]h ihl_gpbZevgh

ljZ\fZlbq_kdbc rjZf\ kZfhfrbjhdhf kfuke_wlh]h keh\Z

L_i_jvih ijhr_kl\bb\j_f_gbijbqbgghke_^kl\_ggZy k\yav

f_`^m wlbfbklbfmeZfb b bo hl^Ze_ggufb wnn_dlZfb gZklhevdh

hq_\b^gZqlh mihfbgZgb_ ^Zggh]h bklhqgbdZ hrb[hd fh`_l

ihdZaZlvky baebrgbfGhdZd y\kl\m_lba bklhjbb f_^bpbgugZ

ijZdlbd_ ZdkbhfZ q_]h g_llh ^_ckl\h\Zlvg_ fh`_lklhev

jZkijhkljZg_gZqlh wlh\\_eh \aZ[em`^_gb_ ^Z`_Jh[_jlZ DhoZ

LZdh_ iheh`_gb_ aZ^_j`ZehjZa\blb_ f_^bpbgkdbobkke_^h\Zgbc b

\h fgh]bo^jm]bo hlghr_gbyoIjZ\bevgmx bgl_jij_lZpbx ijbqbg

\hagbdgh\_gby jZaebqguo aZ[he_\Zgbck\yaZgguo k\blZfbgghc

g_^hklZlhqghklvxlZdbodZd jZobli_eeZ]jZ[_jb[_jbpbg]Z

gZ^he]h aZ^_j`Zeb [_kieh^gu_ ihbkdb y\gh]h bklhqgbdZ wlbo

[he_ag_c dZdh]heb[h y^Z:evl_jgZlb\gZy \hafh`ghklv

hlkmlkl\b_ \ibs_ `bag_ggh\Z`guo dhfihg_glh\ij_^klZ\ey_lky

\iheg_ _kl_kl\_gghck_]h^gy \j_ljhki_dlb\_Gh ygZklZb\Zx gZ

lhfqlh lhevdh]_gbc fh]aZ^mfZlvky gZ^wlbfDZdbf [uijhkluf

gb dZaZehkv j_r_gb_nZdl khklhbl\ lhfqlh hghg_ ijbreh\

]heh\m gbh^ghfm ba \u^Zxsboky mq_guogZ ijhly`_gbb \_dh\

bamqZ\rbo [he_agb\ua\Zggu_ \blZfbgghcg_^hklZlhqghklvx

LZ `_ ijh[e_fZ g_h^ghdjZlgh\hagbdZeZ \wg^hdjbgheh]bb

>Z\gh ba\_klghqlh jZaebqgu_ y^u fh]ml \uau\Zlv km^hjh]b

Dh]^Z \i_j\u_ [ueZ h[gZjm`_gZ [he_agvba\_klgZy l_i_jvdZd

iZjZlbj_hb^gu_ km^hjh]b\jZqb khqeb kZfhhq_\b^gufqlh

oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey wlh]h aZ[he_\Zgbykbevg_crb_ km^hjh]b^he`gu

[ulv \ua\Zgu dZdbfgb[m^v hljZ\e_gb_fHldjulb_ lh]hqlh

m^Ze_gb_ iZjZsblh\b^guo `_e_a \uau\Z_l km^hjh]bkh \k_c

hq_\b^ghklvx gZlZedb\ZehiZ fukevh g_^hklZlhqghklb dZdboeb[h

we_f_glh\ \ hj]Zgbaf_gh ki_pbZebklu [ueb ^Ze_db hl

jZkkfhlj_gby ijh[e_fu\ lZdhfjZdmjk_=h^Zfb hgb ijh^he`Zeb

ihbkdb g_dh_]h \uau\Zxs_]h km^hjh]b f_lZ[hebq_kdh]h y^Z

dhlhjuc fh] [u \ujZ[Zlu\Zlvky beb \ g_^hklZlhqghc kl_i_gb

h[_a\j_`b\Zlvky hj]Zgbafhf \hlkmlkl\b_ iZjZsblh\b^guo`_e_a

G_kfhljy gZdhehkkZevguc h[t_f\uiheg_gghc \^Zgghf gZijZ\e_gbb

jZ[hluwlZ l_hjby^hdZaZeZ k\hx [_kieh^ghklvb[h gbdZdh]h

hkh[h]h y^Z h[gZjm`blv g_ m^Zehkv< lh \j_fy gbdhfmg_

ijboh^beh \]heh\mqlh wlb km^hjh]b \uau\Zxlky g_ ba[uldhf

q_]heb[hZ g_^hklZldhf\ ^ZgghfkemqZ_ g_^hklZldhfdZevpby

L_i_jv \^b_lheh]bb bwg^hdjbgheh]bb ijbgylhkqblZlvqlh

g_^hklZlhd q_]heb[h \ hj]Zgbaf_ _klv \hafh`gZy ijbqbgZ

aZ[he_\ZgbcB l_f g_ f_g__ fuih ijb\uqd_hl]hgy_f \kydmx

fukev hnZdlhj_ g_^hklZlhqghklb b wlh ihij_`g_fm lhjfhabl

jZa\blb_ [bheh]bb< fh_c kh[kl\_gghc h[eZklbbkke_^h\Zgby

hkgh\gh_ f_klhijbgZ^e_`bl lZdgZau\Z_fhfm i_j\hfm f_^bZlhjm

klj_kkZ]bihl_lbq_kdhfm Z]_glmbgbpbbjmxs_fm h[sbc

Z^ZilZpbhgguc kbg^jhfIj_^ijbgbfZebkv [_kqbke_ggu_ ihiuldb

hij_^_eblv dZdhceb[h lhdkbgbeb f_lZ[hebl]bklZfbgijh^mdlu

jZks_ie_gby [_edZb^jdhlhjuc fh][u ^_ckl\h\Zlv\ dZq_kl\_

i_j\h]h f_^bZlhjZGh gZr_ ij_^iheh`_gb_kh]eZkgh dhlhjhfm

klj_kk fh`_l \uau\Zlv bklhs_gb_dZdh]heb[h `bag_ggh\Z`gh]h

f_lZ[heblZ b lZdbf h[jZahf bgbpbbjh\Zlv aZsblgu_ y\e_gby

gbdh]^Z g_ijbgbfZehkv \k_jv_aGZf \k__s_ g_ba\_klgZijbjh^Z

i_j\h]h f_^bZlhjZb ihwlhfmh[Z \ZjbZglZj_r_gby wlhcijh[e_fu

hklZxlky h^bgZdh\h i_jki_dlb\gufbOZjZdl_jghh^gZdhqlh

\_^mlky Zdlb\gu_ihbkdb lhevdhihablb\gh]h Z]_glZ

<hl dZdh\u khh[jZ`_gbyih dhlhjufhiul ba^jZ\uc kfuke

bf_xl ^ey[bheh]Z ijbhjbl_l i_j_^ ]em[hdbf agZgb_f keh`guo

aZdhgh\ eh]bdbb ikboheh]bb

IJHLB<HIHEH@GHKLB G?L:D M@G?IHOH@B

<jy^ ebdlhgb[m^v klZg_l\hajZ`Zlvqlh ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb

gZklhevdh hlebqZxlky ^jm] hl ^jm]ZgZkdhevdh wlh \hh[s_

\hafh`ghGb h^gZlhqdZ gZA_fe_ g_m^Ze_gZ hlK_\_jgh]h ihexkZ

[hevr_q_f _]hijyfZy ijhlb\hiheh`ghklvX`guc ihexk?keb

fu gZf_j_\Z_fky hoeZ^blv ij_^f_l ^h \hafh`gh [he__gbadhc

l_fi_jZlmjugbqlh g_ihkem`bl wlhcp_eb \f_gvr_c kl_i_gbq_f

_]h gZ]j_\Zgb_^h ^hklmigh]hgZf ij_^_eZ

B l_f g_ f_g__ a^_kv aZdexq_g ba\_klguc iZjZ^hdk

G_khfg_gghK_\_jguc bX`guc ihexkuij_^_evgh m^Ze_gu^jm] hl

^jm]Zgh \hfgh]bo ^jm]bohlghr_gbyo hgbhq_gv ihoh^yl^jm] gZ

^jm]ZLhqgh lZd `__keb fu ohlbf gZ]j_lv beb hoeZ^blv

ij_^f_lgZf ihgZ^h[blky agZgb_ h^gbo b l_o `_ijbgpbih\

l_jfhj_]meypbb< p_ehfbaf_g_gby\uau\Z_fu_ l_iehfh[eZ^Zxl

lhc `_ ijbjh^hcqlh b\uau\Z_fu_ oheh^hfHgb ijhlb\hiheh`gu

lhevdh ihgZijZ\e_gghklb

Ihqlb ex[hc ijbf_j\ayluc gZm]Z^[m^_l kem`blv

beexkljZpb_c [ebadh]h koh^kl\Z ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_cG_]Zlb\

nhlh]jZnbba_jdZevgh_ hljZ`_gb_ dZjlbgu ij_^_evgh [ebadb d

hjb]bgZem?keb \u hlijZ\bl_kv \iml_r_kl\b_ ihih\_joghklb

a_feb \aZiZ^ghf gZijZ\e_gbblhq_f [uklj__[m^_l_ ^\b]Zlvky

l_f kdhj__ hdZ`_l_kv \hklhqg__ imgdlZ k\h_]h hlijZ\e_gby

Kl_j_hbahf_ju y\eyxlky ihqlbb^_glbqgufb ijhlb\hiheh`ghklyfb

fgh`_kl\h iZjZee_e_clZdh]h jh^Z fh`gh gZclb b \ [bheh]bb

:g_kl_aby b \ha[m`^_gb_ fh]ml[ulv \ua\ZgujZaebqgufb ^haZfb

h^gh]h blh]h `_e_dZjkl\ZKlbfmeypby khdjZs_gbc fmkdmeZ b

iZjZebq _]h fh]ml [ulv j_amevlZlhf jZaebqghc ih kbe_

f_oZgbq_kdhc ljZ\fuh^gh]h blh]h `_g_j\Z blZd ^Ze__

Ml\_j`^_gb_kh]eZkgh dhlhjhfm ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb \_kvfZ

koh^guklZeh gZklhevdhkZfhhq_\b^gufqlh hgh^Z`_ g_lj_[m_l

^Zevg_cr_]h h[km`^_gbyB \k_ `_ bklhjby f_^bpbgkdhc gZmdb

ihdZau\Z_lqlh h^ghagZqgh_ hlghr_gb_ d ijh[e_f_

ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c k hq_gv [hevrhc \_jhylghklvx ihjh`^Z_l

ikboheh]bq_kdb_ fbjZ`bkihkh[gu_ \\h^blv \ aZ[em`^_gb_

\_ebqZcrbo fZkl_jh\bkdmkkl\Z debgbq_kdh]hgZ[ex^_gby

<aylvd ijbf_jmIv_jZ FZjb\i_j\u_ gZ[ex^Z\r_]h

iZpb_glh\ kaZ[he_\Zgb_fgZa\Zgguf bfZdjhf_]Zeb_c< dhgp_

;,;\_s_ gbq_]hg_ [uehba\_klgh hk\yab f_`^m ]bihnbahf b

jhklhf hj]ZgbafZM iZpb_glh\gZ[ex^Zeky qj_af_jgucjhkl\lh

\j_fy dZd]bihnba mgbo [ueaZf_s_g himohe_\hc ldZgvx<iheg_

_kl_kl\_gghqlh FZjb aZ^mfZeky h \hafh`ghklb \ujZ[hldb

]bihnbahf g_dh_]h \_s_kl\Zk^_j`b\Zxs_]h jhklihkdhevdm

jZajmr_gb_ wlhc `_e_auijb\h^beh dqj_af_jghfm jhklm< k\_l_

[he__ iha^gbo ljm^h\ kZfh]h FZjb b ^Zgguo kh\j_f_gghc

wg^hdjbgheh]bb wlZ bgl_jij_lZpby ij_^klZ\ey_lky dZd g_evay

[he__ hrb[hqghcB\lh `_\j_fy [m^mqba_jdZevguf hlh[jZ`_gb_f

bklbguhgZ hq_gv d g_c [ebadZ < nmgdpbhgZevghf hlghr_gbb

]bihnba ijb wlhf aZ[he_\Zgbb g_ jZajmr_gZ aZf_s_g

k\_joZdlb\ghc himohe_\hcldZgvx<_jhylghg_ jZaijb \kdjulbyo