Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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Fhxsb_kj_^kl\ZgZij

LAS,NPE)

DjZkbl_eb('7$17$

IhebZjhfZlbq_kdb_

m]e_\h^hjh^u

ihebpbdebq_kdb_

ZjhfZlbq_kdb_

m]e_\h^hjh^u

N_gheu

DZgZebaZpbhggu_klhdbb\

f_gvr_ckl_i_gb

ijhfure_ggZyb

k_evkdhohayckl\_ggZy

^_yl_evghklv

DZgp_jh]_ggucwnn_dl

J_ijh^mdlb\gZylhdkbqghklv

BglhdkbdZpbyhj]Zgh\

HkljZybglhdkbdZpby

KhdjZs_gby

'(3+wlbe]_dkbenlZeZl

LAS: ebg_cguckmevnhgZlZedbe[_gaheZ

NPE: ghgben_ghewlhdkbeZl

('7$wlbe_g^bZfbgbl_ljZmdkmkgZydbkehlZ

NTA: gbljbehmdkmkgZydbkehlZ

8.1.2

BklhqgbdbaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\

Bklhqgbdbwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\kh^_j`Zsboky\\h^_^eydmiZgby\

>ZgbbgZoh^ylky\hkgh\ghf\klhqguo\h^ZoBohkgh\gh_\ha^_ckl\b_

ijhbkoh^bliml_fi_j_eb\Zg_hqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^\h\j_fykbevgh]h

^h`^yZlZd`_\j_amevlZl_klhdZ\k_evkdbojZchgZobhlhl^_evguo

^hfh\\k_evkdhcf_klghklbdhlhju_g_ih^dexq_gudhqbklguf

khhjm`_gbyfBklhqgbdZfbhljbpZl_evgh]h\ha^_ckl\byfh]mllZd`_



[ulvg_iheghklvxhqbs_ggu_klhqgu_\h^ubebZ\ZjbbgZhqbklguo

khhjm`_gbyo

K_]h^gyijbf_jghqZklguo^hfh\be_lgbo^Zqk[jZku\Zxl

klhdbg_ihkj_^kl\_gghbahlklhcgbdh\\h^mdhlhjZynZdlbq_kdbg_

hqbs_gZhlfbdjhhj]Zgbafh\Klhqgu_\h^uk[jZku\Zxlky\^j_gZ`gu_

kbkl_fudZgZ\udZgZeuha_jZb\fhj_qlhijb\h^bldkha^Zgbx

ZglbkZgblZjghch[klZgh\db\hkh[_gghklb\l_oijbgbfZxsbo\h^h_fZo

]^_\h^hh[f_gfZe

<fZ_]IZjeZf_gl>Zgbbkh]eZkh\ZeieZg^_ckl\bcgZijZ\e_gguc

gZmemqr_gb_hqbkldbklhqguo\h^\dexqZxsbcijbf_jgh

hl^_evguo`bebs\k_evkdhcf_klghklbWlb^_ckl\byij_^mkfZljb\Zxl

boih^dexq_gb_dhqbklgufkhhjm`_gbyfh[s_]hihevah\ZgbymklZgh\dm

ehdZevguomkljhckl\nbevljZpbbklhdh\q_j_ai_khdbebg_[hevrbo

hqbklguokhhjm`_gbcWlhlieZg^_ckl\bc[m^_lkihkh[kl\h\Zlvh[s_fm

memqr_gbxdZq_kl\Z\h^u\j_dZoha_jZobijb[j_`guo\h^ZoblZdbf

h[jZahfkihkh[kl\h\Zlvmemqr_gbxdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgby

^hihegbl_evgmxih^jh[gmxbgnhjfZpbxhklhqguo\h^Zokf\=eZ\_

12).

>jm]bfbbklhqgbdZfbfh]ml[ulvgZk_e_gb_bkihevamxs__\h^m^ey

dmiZgbyilbpub^jm]b_`b\hlgu_kh[kl\_ggu_fbdjhhj]Zgbafu

h[blZxsb_\\h^_blZd`_\f_gvr_ckl_i_gbijhba\h^kl\_ggu_

ijhp_kkubk_evkdhohayckl\_ggZy^_yl_evghklvDZq_kl\h\h^u^ey

dmiZgby\hl\_l\e_gbyohlhkgh\guo\h^hlhdh\fh`_l[ulvgb`_baaZ

iZkmsboky`b\hlguoKh[kl\_ggufbfbdjhhj]ZgbafZfb\uau\Zxsbfb

haZ[hq_gghklvy\eyxlkykbg_a_e_gu_\h^hjhkebdhlhju_e_lhfqZklh

p\_lmlijb^hklb`_gbbgZb[he__\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjWlb\h^hjhkeb

\u^_eyxllhdkbgughlhevdh\j_^dbokemqZyobodhgp_gljZpby

^hklZlhqgh\ukhdZqlh[uhdZaZlv\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ<>Zgbbg_

aZj_]bkljbjh\ZghkemqZ_\kf_jlbex^_c\j_amevlZl_bglhdkbdZpbb

ihemq_gghchl\h^hjhke_clZd`_g_khh[sZehkvbh[wib^_fbyo

Jbkmghd Kihkh[u\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\kh^_j`Zsboky\

\h^_^eydmiZgby



8.1.3

<ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ

Kihkh[u\ha^_ckl\byfbdjhhj]Zgbafh\kh^_j`Zsboky\\h^_^ey

dmiZgbyaZdexqZxlky\ijyfhf\ha^_ckl\bbq_j_aihiZ^Zgb_\h^u

\gmljvhj]ZgbafZ\h\j_fydmiZgbybbebq_j_aih\j_`^_gby\aZsblghf

[Zjv_j_dhlhjuckha^Z_ldh`Z^ey\h^u\h\j_fydmiZgby\h^u

aZ]jyag_gghcfbdjhhj]ZgbafZfbijbkmlkl\mxsbfb\dhgp_gljZpbyob

dhebq_kl\_dhlhju_ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcjbkd^eya^hjh\vyG_dhlhju_

ba\hafh`guobklhqgbdh\ihdZaZgu\ur_

Ih^h[guf`_h[jZahfbobfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zkh^_j`Zsb_ky\\h^_

\dexqZylhdkbgu\ujZ[Zlu\Z_fu_[Zdl_jbyfbbeb\h^hjhkeyfbfh]ml

ihiZklv\h\gmljvhj]ZgbafZq_j_ahj]Zgu^uoZgbyeb[hq_j_adh`mZ

lZd`_g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvgZdh`mbebkebabklu_h[hehqdb

gZijbf_j]eZa<oh^_bkke_^h\Zgbc\aZbfhk\yabf_`^mmom^r_gb_f

a^hjh\vybfbdjhhj]ZgbafZfbkh^_j`Zsbfbky\\h^_fhj_cbebha_j\h

\j_fydmiZgby\[uehmklZgh\e_ghqlhkbeZijhy\e_gbc[hevrbgkl\Z

kbfilhfh\k\yaZgZkqbke_gghklvxwgl_jhdhddh\n_dZevgucihdZaZl_ev

gZebqby[Zdl_jbcH^gZdh\p_ehfljm^ghmklZgh\blv\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

a^hjh\v_gZk_e_gby\h^u\h\j_fydmiZgbyihkdhevdmkbkl_fZlbq_kdhc

j_]bkljZpbblZdh]h\ha^_ckl\byg_\_^_lky

8.2

Mjh\_gvaZsblu

J_]meyjgucdhgljhevdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgbygZhkgh\Zgbbn_dZevguo

ihdZaZl_e_cy\ey_lkydexq_\ufwe_f_glhf^ZlkdboghjfZlb\guo

^hdmf_glh\ihdZq_kl\m\h^u^eydmiZgbyqlhiha\hey_l\eZklyf

hi_jZlb\ghj_Z]bjh\Zlvbhj]Zgbah\u\ZlvaZsblmgZk_e_gby

Bg^bdZlhjZfbdhlhju_dZdkqblZ_lkyemqr_\k_]hihdZau\Zxl

\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_<HA]dZd^eyfhjkdhclZdb^ey

ij_kghc\h^uy\eyxlkywgl_jhdhddbn_dZevgu_klj_ilhdhddbZlZd`_

(dheb^eyij_kghc\h^u<>Zgbb\dZq_kl\_bg^bdZlhjh\(dheb

\u[jZgul_jfhmklhcqb\u_nhjfudheb

Ke_^m_lh^gZdhhlf_lblvqlhhp_gdZih^]hlh\e_ggZy^ey>:HHK

>ZlkdbfBgklblmlhfdZq_kl\Z\h^ubBgklblmlhff_^bpbgkdhc

fbdjh[bheh]bbMgb\_jkbl_lZHjomkZ\]ij_^iheZ]Z_lqlh

kms_kl\m_ljbkdlh]hqlhljZ^bpbhggu_ihdZaZl_ebn_dZevgu_nhjfu

dhebg_fh]mllhqghhljZ`ZlvdZq_kl\h\h^uFgh]b_\bjmku[Zdl_jbb

q_j\bbycpZq_j\_chdZau\Zxlky]hjZa^h[he__mklhcqb\ufbq_f

n_dZevgu_nhjfudhebIhwlhfmhlkmlkl\b_n_dZevguonhjfdhebg_

h[yaZl_evgh^hdZau\Z_lhlkmlkl\b_\j_pbib_gl_[he_ag_l\hjguo

fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\Ihwlhfm^ZlkdZyijh]jZffZfhgblhjbg]Z\dexqZy

\u[hjbg^bdZlhjh\iZjZf_ljh\[Zdl_jbb\bjmkubbebijhkl_crb_\

gZklhys__\j_fyi_j_kfZljb\Z_lky

>bj_dlb\Z?KhdZq_kl\_\h^u^eydmiZgby(8\gZklhys__

\j_fylZd`_i_j_kfZljb\Z_lkyI_j_kfhlj^Zgghc^bj_dlb\ug_h[oh^bf

ihkdhevdmhgZy\ey_lkymklZj_\r_cGh\Zy^bj_dlb\Z[m^_lhkgh\ZgZgZ

jZfhqghc^bj_dlb\_h\h^ghckj_^_dhlhjZy]hlh\blky\gZklhys__

\j_fy



Ijh\h^blkylZd`_fhgblhjbg]p\_l_gbykbg_a_e_guo\h^hjhke_c

hkh[_gghe_lhflZf]^_l_fi_jZlmjZ\h^ugZb[he__\ukhdZ

8.3

J_]mebjh\Zgb_bkljZl_]by

GhjfZlb\gZyhkgh\Zfhgblhjbg]ZdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgby\fhjyob

ha_jZoaZeh`_gZghjfZlb\gufZdlhfhlbxgy]h\h^_^ey

dmiZgbybiey`Zoba^ZggufFbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

wg_j]_lbdb>ZggucZdlkhhl\_lkl\m_liheh`_gbyf^bj_dlb\u?Khl

]hdZq_kl\_\h^u^eydmiZgby(8<wlhc^bj_dlb\_

mklZgh\e_gufbgbfZevgu_lj_[h\ZgbygZhkgh\Zgbbdhlhjuo\jZfdZo

gZpbhgZevgh]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zfh]ml[ulvhij_^_e_gu[he__`_kldb_

lj_[h\Zgby

>_ckl\b_^Zggh]hghjfZlb\gh]hZdlZjZkijhkljZgy_lkygZ

•

Ij_kgmxbfhjkdmx\h^mh[hagZq_ggmx\ijhp_kk_j_]bhgZevgh]h

ieZgbjh\ZgbydZd\h^Z^eydmiZgbydZ`^ucbahdjm]h\\

khhl\_lkl\bbk:dlhfhieZgbjh\ZgbbdZ`^u_]h^Z]hlh\bl

j_]bhgZevgucieZg^eyhdjm]Zho\Zlu\Zxsbc\k_Zki_dlu

xjbk^bdpbbhdjm]Z\dexqZy\h^m^eydmiZgbybiey`b

•

Ij_kgu_bfhjkdb_\h^u]^_dmiZgb_g_aZij_s_gh

P_ev^Zggh]hihklZgh\e_gbykhhl\_lkl\m_liheh`_gbyf^bj_dlb\u?Kih

h[_ki_q_gbxbih^^_j`Zgbx\ukhdh]hdZq_kl\Z\h^u\jZchgZo]^_

ij_kgZybfhjkdZy\h^Zbkihevam_lky^eydmiZgby

<gZklhys__\j_fyhp_gdZdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgbyhkgh\ZgZgZ

j_amevlZlZofhgblhjbg]ZaZij_^u^msbc]h^Ihwlhfm_klvhq_\b^gZy

g_h[oh^bfhklv\gh\hckbkl_f_dhlhjZy[uiha\heyeZaZ[eZ]h\j_f_ggh

ij_^mij_`^ZlvdmiZevsbdh\gZhkgh\Zgbb^Zgguoihklhyggh]h

fhgblhjbg]ZihemqZlvoZjZdl_jbklbdbf_klZ^eydmiZgby\dexqZy

hij_^_e_gb_ihl_gpbZevguobklhqgbdh\aZ]jyag_gbyijh]ghaZ^h`^_c

dhlhju_fh]mlijb\_klbdi_j_iheg_gbxg_hqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^bl^

8.4

Bgkljmf_glu

8.4.1

GhjfZlb\gu_bgkljmf_glu

Ij_^_evgh^himklbfu_agZq_gby

Kh]eZkghkms_kl\mxsbfghjfZlb\guf^hdmf_glZfGhjfZlb\gucZdl

hlbxgy]\h^Z^eydmiZgby\fhj_bha_jZo\l_q_gb_

dmiZevgh]hk_ahgZbxgy±hdly[jy^he`gZkh^_j`Zlvg_[he__

[Zdl_jbcdhebnhjfbg_[he__l_jfhmklhcqb\uo[Zdl_jbc

n_dZevguodheb(dhebgZfe>eyhp_gdbihemq_gguoj_amevlZlh\

ZgZebaZijbf_gy_lkyklZlbklbq_kdZyf_lh^bdZjZajZ[hlZggZy>:HHK

Djhf_lh]h\h^Z^eydmiZgbyg_^he`gZbf_lvhj]Zghe_ilbq_kdbo

g_^hklZldh\gZijbf_jbaf_g_gbyp\_lZaZiZofZeZyijhajZqghklv

Kms_kl\m_llj_[h\Zgb_qlh[udbkehlghs_ehqghc[ZeZgk\h^u^ey

dmiZgbyagZq_gb_jGgZoh^beky\ijhf_`mld_S+ S+ 



<l_q_gb_k_ahgZ[_j_lkydZdfbgbfmfijh[^eyZgZebaZdZq_kl\Z

\h^ugZqbgZyaZf_kyp^hgZqZeZdmiZevgh]hk_ahgZbxgy±hdly[jy

Ijh[u[_jmlky\f_klZo]^_h[uqghijhbkoh^bldmiZgb_=hjh^kdb_b

hdjm`gu_\eZklbkh\f_klghijbgbfZxlj_r_gb_]^_bdh]^Z[m^ml

[jZlvkyijh[u

Qbkehijh[^eyZgZebaZfh`_l[ulvmf_gvr_ghk^h_keb\h^Z^ey

dmiZgby\dZdhflhhij_^_e_gghff_kl_^\Z]h^Zih^jy^bf__lkhklZ\b

dZq_kl\hkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_djbl_jbyfdZq_kl\Zijb\_^_gguf\ur_?keb

\h^Z^eydmiZgbybf__lklZlbklbq_kdb]hjZa^hom^r__dZq_kl\hq_f

ijb\_^_ggu_\ur_djbl_jbbqbkehijh[m\_ebqb\Z_lky^h\]h^

H]jZgbq_gbygZdmiZgb_

?kebdZq_kl\h\h^u^eydmiZgby\fhj_bha_jZog_khhl\_lkl\m_l

djbl_jbyfdZq_kl\Zbbf_xlkyijbagZdb_]hagZqbl_evgh]hmom^r_gby

fmgbpbiZevguckh\_l\khljm^gbq_kl\_khdjm`gufb\eZklyfbb

hl\_lkl\_ggufkhljm^gbdhfhj]Zgh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbybgbpbbjm_l

ijh\_^_gb_^hihegbl_evguofbdjh[bheh]bq_kdboZgZebah\\h^u^ey

dmiZgby

?kebdZq_kl\h\h^ug_evayg_f_^e_gghmemqrblvh[yaZgghklv]hjh^kdbo

\eZkl_c±aZij_lblvdmiZgb_<lZdbokemqZyowlb`_\eZklbbgnhjfbjmxl

gZk_e_gb_h[h]jZgbq_gbyogZdmiZgb_\khhl\_lkl\mxsbokj_^kl\Zo

fZkkh\hcbgnhjfZpbbgZijbf_j]Za_lZoZlZd`_h[_ki_qb\Zxl

jZaf_s_gb_\khhl\_lkl\mxsbof_klZo^eydmiZgbyij_^mij_^bl_evguo

agZdh\

8.5

MqZklgbdbijhp_kkZ

Fhgblhjbg]bdhgljheviey`_cbdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgbyy\ey_lky

h[yaZgghklvxf_klguobj_]bhgZevguo\eZkl_c

=eZ\gu_mqZklgbdbj_]mebjh\Zgby\h^ghckj_^u^eydmiZgby

i_j_qbke_gu\LZ[ebp_H[s__hibkZgb_nmgdpbcmdZaZgguohj]Zgh\

ijb\h^blky\=eZ\_



LZ[ebpZ8.1 <h^Z^eydmiZgby\fhjyobha_jZohj]ZgbaZpbbnmgdpbbb

hl\_lkl\_gghklv

MqZklgbdbijhp_kkZ Nmgdpbbbhl\_lkl\_gghklv\h[eZklbdhgljheyaZ]jyag_gby

\h^u^eydmiZgby

>Zlkdh_:]_glkl\hih

hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^u>:HHK

>:HHKhl\_qZ_laZih^]hlh\dmijh_dlh\aZdhgh\bghjfZlb\guo

Zdlh\ZlZd`_h[_ki_qb\Z_ljmdh\h^kl\hjZ[hlhcj_]bhgZevguob

f_klguo\eZkl_c>:HHKhl\_qZ_laZij_^hklZ\e_gb_j_amevlZlh\

fhgblhjbg]ZdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgby\Dhfbkkbx

Hdjm]Z Hdjm]ZbfmgbpbiZebl_luhl\_qZxlaZj_ZebaZpbxlj_[h\Zgbc

ghjfZlb\guoZdlh\blZdbfh[jZahfh[yaZguh[_ki_qb\Zlv

^hklb`_gb_p_e_c\h[eZklbdZq_kl\Z\h^umklZgh\e_gguo

aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hfZlZd`_boih^^_j`dm

FmgbpbiZebl_lu FmgbpbiZebl_luhl\_qZxlaZj_ZebaZpbxlj_[h\Zgbc

ghjfZlb\guoZdlh\gZijbf_jijh\_^_gb_dhgljheydZq_kl\Z

\h^u^eydmiZgby_`_f_kyqguchl[hjbZgZebaijh[

gZijZ\e_gb_j_amevlZlh\ZgZebaZhdjm`guf\eZklyfb

hl\_lkl\_gghfmkhljm^gbdmhj]Zgh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbybl^

Hl\_lkl\_gguc

kem`Zsbckbkl_fu

a^jZ\hhojZg_gby

FmgbpbiZevguckh\_ldhgkmevlbjm_lkykhl\_lkl\_gguf

khljm^gbdhfhj]Zgh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyih\hijhkZfk\yaZggufk

\h^hc^eydmiZgby_keb_klvdZdb_eb[hijbagZdbmom^r_gby

dZq_kl\Z\h^ubih^haj_gby__\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_f_klgh]h

gZk_e_gbyFmgbpbiZevguckh\_lfh`_lihkh]eZkh\Zgbxk

hl\_lkl\_ggufkhljm^gbdhfa^jZ\hhojZg_gbybhdjm`gufb

\eZklyfbaZij_lblvdmiZgb_

8.6

Hp_gdZ

P_evxghjfZlb\gh]hj_]mebjh\Zgby\hijhkh\dZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgby

klhqdbaj_gbya^hjh\vygZk_e_gbyy\ey_lkyijhnbeZdlbdZaZ[he_\Zgbc

dmiZevsbdh\ijbdmiZgbb\hij_^_e_gguo^eywlh]h\h^h_fZogZijbf_j

gme_\hcmjh\_gv\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_Bgkljmf_glZfb^ey

^hklb`_gbywlhcp_eby\eyxlkyieZgbjh\Zgb_\hdjm]Zob

fmgbpbiZebl_lZojZajZ[hldZkbkl_fdZgZebaZpbbjZkiheh`_gb_

\h^hk[jhkh\hij_^_e_gb_jZaf_jh\hlklhcgbdh\bl^\ujZ[hldZ

lj_[h\Zgbcdk[jhkmklhqguo\h^^eyhqbklguokhhjm`_gbc

ijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcbl^dhgljhevdZq_kl\Z\h^u^eydmiZgby

bbgh]^Zh]jZgbq_gbygZdmiZgb__kebdZq_kl\h\h^ug_^hklZlhqgh^h

l_oihjihdZg_gZklmiZ_l__memqr_gb_

<l_q_gb_fgh]boe_lg_[uehaZj_]bkljbjh\ZgguokemqZ_\

hljbpZl_evgh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_aZ]jyag_gghc\h^u^eydmiZgby

Z\l_q_gb_ihke_^gbo^_kylbe_lbf_ehf_klh^Zevg_cr__kgb`_gb_

\ha^_ckl\byklhqguo\h^gZ\h^gmxkj_^mmkh\_jr_gkl\h\ZggZy

l_ogheh]byhqbkldbklhqguo\h^m`_klhq_ggu_lj_[h\Zgbydk[jhkm

klhqguo\h^hij_^_e_gb_hilbfZevguojZaf_jh\hlklhcgbdh\^ey

k\_^_gbydfbgbfmfmi_j_eb\h\bl^H^gZdh\g_dhlhjuof_klZo

klhqgu_\h^u\k__s_hdZau\Zxl\ebygb_gZdZq_kl\h\h^u^eydmiZgby

Hkgh\gh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZdZq_kl\h\h^uijhbkoh^bl\h\j_fyi_j_eb\Z

g_hqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^\h\j_fykbevgh]h^h`^ywlhijhbkoh^bl

lZd`_ijbklhd_\h^u\k_evkdbojZchgZobhlhl^_evguo^hfh\\

k_evkdhcf_klghklbg_ih^dexq_gguodhqbklgufkhhjm`_gbyf



Kbkl_fZlbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbb[he_ag_cdhlhju_i_j_^Zxlkyq_j_a\h^m

g_ijhba\h^blkybihwlhfmg_llhqguok\_^_gbchlZdhf\ha^_ckl\bbgZ

dmiZxsboky;he__lh]hbkdmkkl\_ggu_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zg_

ho\Zq_guijh]jZffZfbfhgblhjbg]Zbhl^Ze_ggu_ihke_^kl\by

\ha^_ckl\byobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\kh^_j`Zsboky\\h^_^eydmiZgby

g_ba\_klgu<_^_lkydhgljhevgZ^kh^_j`Zgb_ffbdjh[h\\\h^_^ey

dmiZgbyh^gZdhhklZxlkykhfg_gbygZkdhevdhlhqghhljZ`Zxl

ljZ^bpbhggu_fbdjh[gu_ihdZaZl_ebn_dZevgu_dhebnhjfudZq_kl\h

\h^ugZijbf_jgZebqb_[he__mklhcqb\uofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\lZdbodZd

\bjmkubijhkl_crb_Ihwlhfm^ZlkdZyijh]jZffZfhgblhjbg]Z\

gZklhys__\j_fyi_j_kfZljb\Z_lky\dexqZyiZjZf_ljubg^bdZlhjh\

qZklhlmgZ[ex^_gbyb\j_fyijbgylbyf_jihj_amevlZlZffhgblhjbg]Z

dh]^ZlZdb_f_jug_h[oh^bfu

LZdbfh[jZahfdqbkem\Z`g_crboaZ^Zqhlghkylkykh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_

fhgblhjbg]Z\dexqZyijbf_g_gb_khhl\_lkl\mxsboihdZaZl_e_cb

ij_^_evgh^himklbfuoagZq_gbcZlZd`_mf_gvr_gb_h[t_fh\k[jhkh\

g_hqbs_gguoklhqguo\h^ohlyhgbblZdm`_hq_gvg_agZqbl_evguih

kjZ\g_gbxkf_`^mgZjh^gufbihdZaZl_eyfb

G_h[oh^bfugh\u_agZgby\hfgh]boh[eZklyogm`guih^oh^ysb_

ihdZaZl_eb^eydhgljheyfbdjh[gh]hkh^_j`Zgby\\h^_^eydmiZgby

G_h[oh^bfu[he__]em[hdb_agZgbyh\ha^_ckl\bbgZq_eh\_dZ

fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdbobobfbq_kdbowdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\oZjZdl_jguo

^ey\h^u\\h^h_fZoij_^gZagZq_gguo^eydmiZgbybbf_xsbok\hbf

bklhqgbdhfdZdg_hqbs_ggu_lZdbhqbs_ggu_klhqgu_\h^uLZd`_

g_h[oh^bfu[he__]em[hdb_agZgby^eyhp_gdb\ha^_ckl\byklhdh\k

iZkl[bs]^_ijhba\h^blky\uiZkkdhlZDjhf_wlh]h_klvihlj_[ghklv\

^hihegbl_evguok\_^_gbyohkh^_j`Zgbb\bjmkh\bijhkl_crbo\

j_dj_Zpbhgguo\h^h_fZoWlbagZgbyg_h[oh^bfu^eyjZajZ[hldb

[m^msboghjfZlb\guoZdlh\

8.7

BklhqgbdbbgnhjfZpbb

Ebl_jZlmjZ

>:HHK<h^Z^eydmiZgbyFbdjh[bheh]bq_kdbchlq_l

>:HHKDhgljhev\h^u^eydmiZgbyMdZaZgby

Ijh_dlJ_dhf_g^Zpbc<HAih[_ahiZkghc^eya^hjh\vy\h^ghc

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_bkihevam_fhc^eyj_dj_Zpbhgguop_e_cfhjkdb_b

ij_kgu_\h^u

>Zlkdh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h

GhjfZlb\gucZdlhlbxgy]H\h^_^eydmiZgbybiey`Zo

AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h?K

>bj_dlb\Z((&MklZgh\e_gb_klZg^Zjlh\dZq_kl\ZgZ

\h^m^eydmiZgby\]hkm^Zjkl\ZomqZklgbdZo