Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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g_^he`gujZaf_sZlvkybebojZgblvkygZih\_joghklba_febbeb

•

g_^he`guaZohjhgylvky\]jmglbg_^jZ

GhjfZlb\gucZdlh[h[jZs_gbbkgZ\hahf

GhjfZlb\gucZdlhl^_dZ[jy]\uims_gguc

Fbgbkl_jkl\hfhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^umklZgZ\eb\Z_ldhgdj_lgu_ebfblu

gZijhba\h^kl\hbbkihevah\Zgb_gZ\haZ^eym^h[j_gby

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguodmevlmjgZk_evkdhohayckl\_gghfij_^ijbylbb

Wlbebfbluk\yaZgug_ihkj_^kl\_gghk\b^hfbih]heh\v_fkdhlZWlhl

ghjfZlb\gucZdlkhhl\_lkl\m_liheh`_gbyf>bj_dlb\uhgbljZlZo

(91/676/EEC).

7.4

Bgkljmf_glu

<^ZgghfjZa^_e_^Z_lkyhibkZgb_xjb^bq_kdboZ^fbgbkljZlb\guob

wdhghfbq_kdbobgkljmf_glh\hojZguih^a_fguo\h^ij_^mkfhlj_gguo

ijbjh^hhojZggufaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf>Zgbb



7.4.1

Bgkljmf_gluj_]mebjh\Zgby

Ghjfu

Fbgbkljhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdbmklZgZ\eb\Z_liheh`_gby

hlghkbl_evghdhgljheybkh[ex^_gbydZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u^eyhj]Zgh\

]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby

KlZg^ZjludZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^ukhhl\_lkl\mxliheh`_gbyf

^bj_dlb\u?KhdZq_kl\_iblv_\hc\h^uWlZ^bj_dlb\Zij_^mkfZljb\Z_l

fbgbfZevgu_lj_[h\ZgbyddZq_kl\miblv_\hc\h^ukfIjbeh`_gb_Z

gZpbhgZevgufaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hffh]mlmklZgZ\eb\Zlvky[he__`_kldb_

klZg^ZjludZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^uDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u

hkgh\Zggu_gZj_dhf_g^Zpbyohj]Zgh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyhij_^_eyxlkygZ

gZpbhgZevghfmjh\g_Ijbeh`_gb_

Kms_kl\m_l^hklZlhqghh]jZgbq_ggh_qbkehdhgdj_lguodjbl_jb_\

dZq_kl\Zih^a_fguo\h^H[uqghijbhp_gd_dZq_kl\Z\h^uba

ih^a_fgh]hbklhqgbdZbkihevamxlkydjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u

dhlhju_^he`gum^h\e_l\hjylvklZg^ZjlZfgZiblv_\mx\h^mihke_

h[uqghc\h^hih^]hlh\db<>ZgbbhgZ\dexqZ_l\k_[yZwjZpbxb

nbevljZpbx

>:HHKba^ZgumdZaZgbyihhp_gd_jbkdZkh^_j`Zgbyobfbq_kdbo

\_s_kl\\iblv_\hc\h^_>:HHK]

Djhf_wlh]h>:HHKhim[ebdh\Zeh]b]b_gbq_kdb_djbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z

iblv_\hc\h^u^eyg_kdhevdboobfbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbcb]jmii

kh_^bg_gbcgZijbf_jly`_euof_lZeeh\pbZgb^h\bn_gheh\>:HHK

]Ijbeh`_gb_kh^_j`blhibkZgb_f_lh^h\bijbgpbih\hp_gdb

ihkZgblZjghwib^_fheh]bq_kdbfdjbl_jbyfZlZd`_h[ahjkh\j_f_gguo

djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u

Fhgblhjbg]

Fhgblhjbg]aZiZkh\ih^a_fguo\h^\gZpbhgZevghffZkrlZ[_[ue

ijh\_^_gihke_ml\_j`^_gbyiZjeZf_glhf]IeZgZ^_ckl\bc^ey

]b^jhkn_juIjh]jZffZfhgblhjbg]Zhkgh\ZgZgZkd\Z`bgZo

jZkiheh`_gguo\jZchgZodhlhju_jZ\ghf_jghjZkij_^_e_guih

l_jjblhjbbkljZguijbwlhfgZdZ`^ucjZchgijboh^blkykd\Z`bg

Djhf_wlh]h\ijh]jZffmfhgblhjbg]Z[ue\dexq_gZgZeba\h^uba

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo\h^hijh\h^guokhhjm`_gbcbkd\Z`bg

>eyZgZebaZklZg^ZjlguoiZjZf_ljh\dZq_kl\Z\h^u_kl_kl\_ggh

\klj_qZxsb_kydhfihg_gluZlZd`_nbabdhobfbq_kdb_ihdZaZl_eb

lZdb_dZdjG\dmk[Zdl_jbheh]bq_kdb_ZgZebauke_^ug_hj]Zgbq_kdbo

\_s_kl\hj]Zgbq_kdb_fbdjhaZ]jyagbl_ebbi_klbpb^uIjh[uba

kd\Z`bg[_jmlky_`_]h^ghIjh]jZffZfhgblhjbg]Ziha\hey_l

=_heh]bq_kdhcwdki_^bpbb>Zgbbb=j_geZg^bbij_^klZ\eylv\eZklyfb

h[s_kl\_gghklb_`_]h^guch[ahjkhklhygbyj_kmjkh\iblv_\hc\h^uZ

lZd`_ih^]hlh\blvgZmqgh_h[hkgh\Zgb_^eyiheblbq_kdbobgbpbZlb\

_kebwlhg_h[oh^bfh

Ijbgm^bl_evgu_ij_^ibkZgby^eyaZ]jyagbl_e_c

Ijbjh^hhojZggh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h>Zgbbhkgh\ZghgZijbgpbi_

³aZ]jyagbl_evieZlbl´Hl\_lkl\_gghklvaZaZ]jyag_gb_a_febfh`_l



jZkkfZljb\ZlvkybdZdZ^fbgbkljZlb\gucbdZdwdhghfbq_kdbc

bgkljmf_gl

:dlhaZ]jyag_gbba_f_evhij_^_ey_ljy^ijZ\beZ^fbgbkljZlb\gh]h

\ha^_ckl\bygZhj]ZgbaZpbbbebebpZaZ]jyagyxsb_a_fexIj_^ibkZgb_

h[mkljZg_gbbaZ]jyag_gbyfh`_l[ulvba^ZghfmgbpbiZebl_lZfbbeb

hdjm]Zfb

Dhgdj_lgh_ij_^ibkZgb_dZkZxs__kymkljZg_gbylZdh]haZ]jyag_gby

\jmqZ_lkyhj]ZgbaZpbbbebebpmaZ]jyagyxsbfa_fexwlhij_^ibkZgb_

fh`_l[ulv\jmq_ghg_aZ\bkbfhhllh]hdZdijhbahrehaZ]jyag_gb_

;he__lh]hg_bf__lagZq_gbyy\ey_lkyebihemqZl_evij_^ibkZgby

\eZ^_evp_faZ]jyag_gghcl_jjblhjbb?keb\aZ]jyag_gbbmqZkl\h\Zeh

[he__h^gh]hebpZbebhj]ZgbaZpbbij_^ibkZgb_hijb\_^_gbb

l_jjblhjbb\khhl\_lkl\b_klj_[h\Zgbyfb\jmqZ_lkybf\k_f

=hkm^Zjkl\_gguchj]Zg\eZklbdhlhjucijh\_ehqbkldmfh`_l\

km^_[ghfihjy^d_\aukdZlvk\bgh\guoebpbdhfiZgbcklhbfhklv

wdheh]bq_kdhcj_dmevlb\Zpbb;he__ih^jh[gmxbgnhjfZpbxh[wlhf

fh`ghihemqblv\=eZ\_

H]jZgbq_gbygZa_fe_ihevah\Zgb_

<ij_^_eZol_jjblhjbc]^_bf_xlkyaZiZkuiblv_\hc\h^ubdhlhju_

h[hagZq_gudZdmya\bfu_ihhlghr_gbxdgbljZlZfFbgbkl_jkl\h

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ufh`_lgZeh`blvh]jZgbq_gbygZm^h\e_l\hj_gb_

aZijhkh\h[m\_ebq_gbbih]heh\vykdhlZdhlhjh_fh`_lih\ukblvjbkd

aZ]jyag_gbyih^a_fguobgZa_fguo\h^

Fbgbkljfh`_llZd`_gZeh`blvh]jZgbq_gbygZh[t_fugZ\haZdhlhju_

fh]ml[ulvijbf_g_gu^eyk_evkdhohayckl\_gguop_e_c

Bgkljmf_gluieZgbjh\Zgby

Hkgh\ghcp_evxj_]mebjh\Zgbyy\ey_lkyij_^hl\jZs_gb_mom^r_gby

dZq_kl\Zih^a_fguo\h^hkgh\gu_bgkljmf_glu^eywlh]h±wlh

bgkljmf_gluieZgbjh\Zgby

H[hagZq_gb_l_jjblhjbckaZiZkZfbiblv_\hc\h^u

<eZklbhdjm]h\\>Zgbbh[hagZqbebl_jjblhjbblj_[mxsb_hkh[h]h

\gbfZgbydijh[e_f_iblv_\hc\h^uWlbl_jjblhjbbho\Zlu\Zxl

l_jjblhjbbkljZguHklZevgu_l_jjblhjbbh[hagZq_gudZd\Z`gu_b

f_g__\Z`gu_jZchguihemq_gbyiblv_\hc\h^uIhke_^gb_khklZ\eyxl

g_[hevrhcijhp_glh[hagZq_gguol_jjblhjbcbjZkiheh`_gu\hkgh\ghf

\g_dhlhjuoijb[j_`guojZchgZob\]hjh^kdboijhfure_gguop_gljZo

Wlbh[hagZq_ggu_jZchgub]jZxldexq_\mxjhev\hij_^_e_gbb

ijbhjbl_lh\^eyh[ke_^h\Zgbybj_dmevlb\ZpbbaZ]jyag_gguo

l_jjblhjbc



Jbkmghd7.1 H[hagZq_ggu_jZchgudhlhju_bf_xlhkh[h_agZq_gb_^ey\h^hkgZ[`_gby

gZNxg_g_

Lhq_qgu_bklhqgbdbaZ]jyag_gby

Kh]eZkgh:dlmhaZ]jyag_gbba_f_evkh\_lhdjm]Z\khljm^gbq_kl\_k

fmgbpbiZevgufkh\_lhfgZhkgh\_l_ogbq_kdh]hh[ke_^h\Zgby^he`_g

ijh\_klbdZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgb_aZ]jyag_gguol_jjblhjbckf=eZ\m

AhguaZiZkh\

iblv_\hc\h^u

GZijZ\e_gb_ihlhdh\

<h^hjZa^_e]jmglh\uo\h^

Ahguhkh[h]hagZq_gby

^eyiblv_\h]h







JZkkj_^hlhq_ggu_bklhqgbdbaZ]jyag_gby

Ihke_ijbgylbyi_j_kfhlj_ggh]h:dlZh\h^hkgZ[`_gbb\]hdjm]Z

bgbpbbjh\ZebkhklZ\e_gb_dZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgbykl_i_gbaZsbs_gghklb

aZiZkh\iblv_\hc\h^uHghij_^mkfZljb\Z_ldZdkhklZ\e_gb_hkgh\guo

]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdbodZjllZdbdZjlaZ]jyag_gbydhgdj_lgufb

obfbq_kdbfbkh_^bg_gbyfbi_j\hgZqZevghgbljZlZfZ\[eb`Zcr_f

[m^ms_flZd`_bi_klbpb^Zfb

P_ev]b^jh]_heh]bq_kdh]hdZjlh]jZnbjh\ZgbyaZdexqZ_lky\h[_ki_q_gbb

k_jv_agh]hl_ogbq_kdh]hh[hkgh\Zgbyklhqdbaj_gbyihgbfZgby

ijhp_kkh\bgnbevljZpbb]_heh]bbihlhdh\]jmglh\uo\h^bl^^ey

khklZ\e_gbydZjlkp_evxhij_^_e_gbykl_i_gbaZsbs_gghklbaZiZkh\

iblv_\hc\h^u

Wdheh]bq_kdb_kh]eZr_gby

Ijb\k_[he__\hajZklZxs_f\gbfZgbbd\hijhkmhojZguih^a_fguo\h^

bdmf_gvr_gbx\ha^_ckl\bybklhqgbdh\jZkkj_^hlhq_ggh]hblhq_qgh]h

aZ]jyag_gbygbljZlZfbhkh[_ggh\gZklhys__\j_fyhdjm]Zb

fmgbpbiZebl_luk_cqZkbf_xl\hafh`ghklvaZdexqZlvwdheh]bq_kdb_

kh]eZr_gbyih\hijhkZfa_fe_ihevah\Zgbybkihkh[h\\_^_gbyk_evkdh]h

ohayckl\Zij_^iheZ]Zxsb_wdhghfbq_kdmxdhfi_gkZpbxihl_jv^hoh^Z

GZk_]h^gyj_dhf_g^m_lkybf_gghlZdhcih^oh^dhlhjuc[_amkeh\gh

ij_^ihqlbl_evg__[_amkeh\guof_jxjb^bq_kdh]hijbgm`^_gbyb

wdkijhijbZpbb

7.4.2

Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgkljmf_glu

GZeh]bbkihevamxlky\^\mokemqZyo

IeZl_`baZ\h^m

:dlh\h^hkgZ[`_gbb\j_^Zdpbb]iha\hey_lhdjm]Zfdhlhju_

hl\_qZxlaZhp_gdmhojZgmbmijZ\e_gb_j_kmjkZfbiblv_\hc\h^u

nbgZgkbjh\Zlvwlm^_yl_evghklviml_fmklZgh\e_gbyieZl_`_caZ^h[uqm

\h^uEx[Zy^h[uqZ\h^ugZl_jjblhjbbhdjm]Zijhba\h^blkygZ

hkgh\Zgbb\u^Z\Z_fh]hwlbfhdjm]hfjZaj_r_gby\dhlhjhfmklZgh\e_g

fZdkbfZevguc]h^h\hcebfblaZ[hjZih^a_fguo\h^HieZlZ

jZkkqblu\Z_lky\jZkq_l_gZf

gZhkgh\ZgbbfZdkbfZevgh

jZaj_r_ggh]hh[t_fZba\e_q_gby\h^ug_aZ\bkbfhhllh]hba\e_dZ_leb

\eZ^_e_pkd\Z`bgu\h^m\iheghfh[t_f_mklZgh\e_ggh]hebfblZbeb

g_l>eyjZaj_r_gbcgZ^h[uqm\h^u^eyijhfure_gghklbbk_evkdh]h

ohayckl\ZgZijbf_j^eyhoeZ`^_gbybebbjjb]Zpbb

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguodmevlmjieZl_`b[_jmlkybajZkq_lZhl

fZdkbfZevghjZaj_r_ggh]hh[t_fZ^h[uqb\h^u\]h^

<>ZgbbwlZieZlZ\abfZ_lky\^hiheg_gb_dh[uqghfmieZl_`maZ

ihlj_[e_gb_\h^u\ghkbfhfmohayckl\Zfbb^jm]bfbkh[kl\_ggbdZfb

lZd`_\jZkq_l_gZf

ihlj_[ey_fhc\h^u

GZeh]bgZi_klbpb^u

Kp_evxmf_gvr_gbybkihevah\Zgbyi_klbpb^h\\k_evkdhfohayckl\_b

ijbijh\_^_gbb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufbbqZklgufbij_^ijbylbyfbjZ[hlih

hqbkld_^hjh]bkZ^h\mklZgh\e_gugZeh]bgZi_klbpb^u



>hoh^uihemqZ_fu_hlwlbogZeh]h\b^mlgZnbgZgkbjh\Zgb_gZmqgh

bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhcijh]jZffuihbamq_gbx\ha^_ckl\byi_klbpb^h\gZ

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mba^hjh\v_

<h^gucnhg^

GZpbhgZevguc\h^gucnhg^ijbgbfZ_lhlqZklguoij_^ijbylbc

\h^hkgZ[`_gbyk_`_]h^gh^h[u\Z_fufh[t_fhf\h^uf_g__f

\

]h^aZy\dbgZnbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ijh\_^_gbyhp_ghdaZsbs_gghklb\jZchg_

^j_gZ`guokbkl_fwlboij_^ijbylbcZlZd`_gZ^jm]b_p_eb

<h^gucnhg^fh`_llZd`_nbgZgkbjh\Zlvg_dhlhju_jZ[hluihhqbkld_

bf_y\\b^m^hklb`_gb_^\hydhcp_ebhojZgu^_nbpblguo\h^guo

j_kmjkh\iml_fmf_gvr_gbyihlj_[e_gbyiblv_\hc\h^ub

nbgZgkbjh\ZgbyjZ[hlihhqbkld_gZaZ]jyag_gguokd\Z`bgZob

\h^haZ[hjZo

Ijh]jZffZjZa\blbyl_ogheh]bchqbkldbaZ]jyag_gbyihq\b]jmglh\uo

\h^

<][ueZijbgylZIjh]jZffZjZa\blbyl_ogheh]bchqbkldbhl

aZ]jyag_gbybj_dmevlb\Zpbba_febb]jmglh\uo\h^]eZ\gufh[jZahfk

p_evxklbfmebjh\Zgbyih^^_j`db\eZklyfbgh\uol_ogheh]bcbaZf_gu

bfbljZ^bpbhgguokihkh[h\m^Ze_gbybaZf_guaZ]jyag_gghcihq\ukf

^hihegbl_evgmxbgnhjfZpbx\JZa^_e_

7.5

MqZklgbdbijhp_kkZ

<h^hkgZ[`_gb_\>Zgbb^_p_gljZebah\Zghbhkms_kl\ey_lkydZdgZ

]hkm^Zjkl\_gguolZdbgZqZklguokbkl_fZo\h^hkgZ[`_gby

>_yl_evghklv\k_ckbkl_fu\h^hkgZ[`_gbyj_]mebjm_lky:dlhfh

\h^hkgZ[`_gbbijbgylufIZjeZf_glhfbbkihegy_fufhj]ZgZfb

]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gbyMijZ\e_gb_\h^gufbj_kmjkZfbb

\h^hkgZ[`_gb_fy\eyxlkyh[yaZgghklvxhdjm]h\bfmgbpbiZebl_lh\

Hkgh\gu_klhjhguqvb\aZbfhhlghr_gbyihih\h^maZ]jyag_gby

ih^a_fguo\h^j_]mebjmxlky^_ckl\mxsbfaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf

i_j_qbke_gu\LZ[ebp_H[s__hibkZgb_oZjZdl_jbklbdwlbo

km[t_dlh\ijZ\hhlghr_gbcijb\_^_gh\=eZ\_



LZ[ebpZ7.1 MqZklgbdbbonmgdpbbbh[yaZgghklb

MqZklgbdb Nmgdpbbbh[yaZgghklbdZkZxsb_kyaZ]jyag_gby

]jmglh\uo\h^

>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

>:HHK

>:HHKh[_ki_qb\Z_lijbf_g_gb_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zh

ieZgbjh\Zgbb\h^guoj_kmjkh\jmdh\h^kl\hjZ[hlZfb

ijh\h^bfufbj_]bhgZevgufbbf_klgufb\eZklyfbZlZd`_

ih^^_j`dmgZmqguobkke_^h\ZgbcbjZajZ[hlhd>:HHKg_k_l

hl\_lkl\_gghklvaZjZajZ[hldmbkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_

]b]b_gbq_kdbodjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^uWlZjZ[hlZ

ijh\h^blky\khljm^gbq_kl\_kij_^klZ\bl_eyfbFbgbkl_jkl\Z

a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyFbgbkl_jkl\Zijh^h\hevkl\byk_evkdh]h

ohayckl\Zbju[heh\kl\Z

=_heh]bq_kdZywdki_^bpby>Zgbbb>Zlkdbc

L_ogbq_kdbcMgb\_jkbl_l

Bkke_^h\Zgby\h[eZklb]jmglh\uo\h^baZ]jyag_gby

]jmglh\uo\h^ZlZd`_jZajZ[hldZbgkljmf_glh\bf_lh^h\

ieZgbjh\Zgby\h^guoj_kmjkh\\hkgh\ghfkhkj_^hlhq_gu\

jZfdZo=_heh]bq_kdhcwdki_^bpbb>ZgbbbL_ogbq_kdh]h

Mgb\_jkbl_lZ>Zgbb

Hdjm]Z Kh]eZkgh:dlmh\h^hkgZ[`_gbbhdjm]Zg_kmlhl\_lkl\_gghklv

aZh[_ki_q_gb_\h^gufbj_kmjkZfb\^hklZlhqguoh[t_fZob

m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh]hdZq_kl\Zbj_ZebaZpbxf_jg_h[oh^bfuo

^ey\uiheg_gbywlbolj_[h\Zgbc<eZklbhdjm]Zg_kml

hl\_lkl\_gghklvaZjZkkfhlj_gb_aZy\hdgZ^h[uqm\h^u\

h[t_fZoij_\urZxsbof

\]h^<eZklbhdjm]Zih

kh]eZkh\ZgbxkfmgbpbiZevgufbkh\_lZfbijh\h^ylhp_gdmb

ieZgbjh\Zgb_j_kmjkh\khklZ\e_gb_dZjlhp_gdm

aZsbs_gghklbbieZgbjh\Zgb_^_ckl\bcihhojZg_\h^guo

j_kmjkh\

FmgbpbiZebl_lu FmgbpbiZebl_lug_kmlhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZ\h^hkgZ[`_gb_b

dhgljhevdZq_kl\Z\h^ugZk\h_cl_jjblhjbb\dexqZy

jZkkfhlj_gb_aZy\hdgZ^h[uqm\h^uhlqZklguob

]hkm^Zjkl\_gguodhfiZgbcijbh[t_f_^h[uqbf_g__f

\]h^dhgljhev]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^ijbylbc\h^hkgZ[`_gby

hkms_kl\eyxlieZgbjh\Zgb_bdhgljhev\h^hijh\h^guok_l_c

FmgbpbiZevguckh\_lfh`_lij_^eh`blvbij_^klZ\blvgZ

ml\_j`^_gb_kh\_lZhdjm]Zk\hckh[kl\_ggucieZg^_ckl\bc\

h[eZklbhojZgu\h^guoj_kmjkh\_kebhgmklZgh\blqlhh[s__

ieZgbjh\Zgb_bkihevah\Zgby\h^guoj_kmjkh\\klmiZ_l\

ijhlb\hj_qb_kbgl_j_kZfb^Zggh]hfmgbpbiZevgh]h

h[jZah\ZgbybbebfmgbpbiZevgh]h\h^hkgZ[`_gby

HnbpbZevguckem`Zsbckbkl_fua^jZ\hhojZg_gby ?kebihy\eyxlkydZdb_eb[hijbagZdbmom^r_gbydZq_kl\Z

\h^ubih^haj_gbyihih\h^m__\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_

f_klgh]hgZk_e_gbyfmgbpbiZevguckh\_ldhgkmevlbjm_lkyih

\hijhkZfk\yaZggufkiblv_\hc\h^hckhl\_lkl\_gguf

khljm^gbdhfhj]Zgh\a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyGZhkgh\Zgbb_]h

aZdexq_gbyfmgbpbiZevguckh\_lfh`_lba^ZlvihklZgh\e_gb_

h\j_f_gghfbeb\hkh[hly`_euokemqZyoiheghfaZdjulbb

kbkl_fu\h^hkgZ[`_gby

QZklgu_b]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_a_fe_\eZ^_evpu Kh]eZkgh:dlmh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uqZklgu_b

]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_a_fe_\eZ^_evpufh]ml[ulvijb\e_q_gud

hl\_lkl\_gghklbaZmfure_ggh_aZ]jyag_gb_k\h_c

kh[kl\_gghklbZlZd`_kh[kl\_gghklb^jm]boebp\ua\Zggh_

^_yl_evghklvxgZa_fe_kh[kl\_ggbdZfbdhlhjhchgb

y\eyxlky



7.6

Hp_gdZ

<>Zgbbp_evghjfZlb\gh]hj_]mebjh\Zgbyk\yaZggh]hkiblv_\hc\h^hc

aZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh[ukgZ[`_gb_iblv_\hc\h^hchkgh\u\ZehkvgZ

g_aZ]jyag_gghcih^a_fghc\h^_h[eZ^Zxs_cohjhrbf\dmkhf

ijhajZqghklvxbg_kh^_j`Zs_caZiZoh\Ihlj_[bl_evfh`_liblvwlm

\h^mg_bkiulu\Zy[_kihdhckl\Zihih\h^m__aZ]jyag_gghklbIhwlhfm

aZsblZj_kmjkh\ih^a_fguo\h^aZ^ZqZhq_gv[hevrhc\Z`ghklbb

djbl_jbbdZq_kl\ZmklZgh\e_ggu_^eyih^a_fguo\h^y\eyxlky\

h[s_flZdbfb`_qlhb^eyiblv_\hc\h^ubeb^Z`_kljh`_b\

hkgh\ghfkhhl\_lkl\mxl^bj_dlb\_?Khiblv_\hc\h^_

Bf_xlky\_kvfZ\_kdb_hkgh\Zgby^eymklZgh\e_gbykljh]bolj_[h\Zgbc\

hlghr_gbbiblv_\hc\h^uihkdhevdmiblv_\mx\h^mg_evaye_]dh

aZf_gblv^jm]bfbgZibldZfb<k_fgZf^eyiblvybijb]hlh\e_gbyibsb

_`_^g_\ghgm`gh[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hiblv_\hc\h^u

KemqZb\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_\ua\Zggu_mihlj_[e_gb_fiblv_\hc

\h^u\_kvfZj_^db\>Zgbbh[uqghp_ebdhlhju_klZ\ylky

j_]mebjh\Zgb_f\wlhckn_j_^hklb]ZxlkyH^gZdhkemqZb\ha^_ckl\bygZ

a^hjh\v_\klj_qZxlkybqZs_\k_]h\\b^_aZ[he_\Zgbc\ua\Zgguo

fbdjh[gufaZ]jyag_gb_f\\h^hijh\h^ghck_lb<ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_

obfbq_kdbodhfihg_glh\kh^_j`Zsboky\iblv_\hc\h^_gZ[ex^Z_lky

ebrv\hq_gvj_^dbokemqZyolZdbodZdZee_j]bydgbd_exgbd_evba

hleh`_gbc[h]Zluoibjblhfbebf_lZ]_fh]eh[bgby\ua\ZggZy

gbljZlZfb

Djhf_lh]hba\_klgug_\k_aZ]jyagyxsb_\_s_kl\Zkh^_j`Zsb_ky\

ih^a_fguo\h^Zobiblv_\hc\h^_ihkdhevdmijh]jZffufhgblhjbg]Z

iha\heyxlh[gZjm`blvlhevdhl_hl^_evgu_\_s_kl\Z^eydhgljhey

kh^_j`Zgbydhlhjuohgbij_^gZagZq_guIhwlhfm^jm]b_\_s_kl\Z

dhlhju_g_jZkkfZljb\ZxlkydZdihl_gpbZevgu_nZdlhju\ha^_ckl\bygZ

a^hjh\v_hklZxlky[_a\gbfZgbyIhbf_xsbfkyk\_^_gbyf\>Zgbbg_

ijh\h^behkvbkke_^h\Zgbcihhp_gd_\ebygbygZa^hjh\v_

ijh^he`bl_evgh]h\ha^_ckl\bygbadhcdhgp_gljZpbbaZ]jyagyxsbo

\_s_kl\\iblv_\hc\h^_

>jm]hc\Z`ghcoZjZdl_jbklbdhcy\ey_lky\j_f_gghcjZaju\f_`^m

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