Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.



i_klbpb^h\gZk_evoham]h^byokqblZ_lkyijh[e_fhcbaaZjbkdZ

\us_eZqb\Zgbyih\_joghklbbijhgbdgh\_gbyaZ]jyag_gby\]jmglh\u_

\h^uGZdhie_gb_ly`_euof_lZeeh\\\_jog_fkeh_ihq\ufh`_l[ulv

ijyfufbebdhk\_ggufbklhqgbdhfm]jhau^eyq_eh\_q_kdh]ha^hjh\vy

JZkijhkljZg_gb_aZ]jyag_gbyh[jZah\Zggh]h\\ha^mrghckj_^_

DZq_kl\hihq\\hkh[_gghklb\]hjh^kdboahgZogZoh^blkyih^

\ha^_ckl\b_fjZkijhkljZg_gbyaZ]jyag_gbyhl\u[jhkh\\Zlfhkn_jguc

\ha^mohlljZgkihjlguokj_^kl\bhlk`b]Zgbyhloh^h\b\ijhp_kk_

k`b]Zgbylhieb\ZgZl_ieh\uobwe_dljhklZgpbyo<ha^_ckl\b_

aZ]jyag_gby\ha^mrgh]h[Zkk_cgZh[mkeZ\eb\Z_lky^bnnmab_c

aZ]jyagbl_e_cgZh[rbjguol_jjblhjbyo]hjh^kdboahgG_dhlhju_ba

wlboaZ]jyagbl_e_cij_^klZ\eyxljbkd^eyq_eh\_q_kdh]ha^hjh\vy\

qZklghklb^eya^hjh\vy^_l_cbaaZgZebqby\gboly`_euof_lZeeh\\

hkgh\ghfk\bgpZZlZd`_ihebpbdebq_kdboZjhfZlbq_kdbo

m]e_\h^hjh^h\I:M\ih\_joghklghfkeh_ihq\Ij_^iheZ]Z_lkyqlh

l_jjblhjbyiehsZ^vxihjy^dZdf

ih^\_j`_gZ\ha^_ckl\bx

aZ]jyag_gbyZddmfmebjm_fh]hba\ha^mrghckj_^uBawlhciehsZ^bih

hp_gdZfijb[ebabl_evghdf

bkihevam_lkygZkhpbZevghagZqbfu_

gm`^u^ey`bebsgh]hkljhbl_evkl\Z^_lkdbokZ^h\bh[s_kl\_ggu_

kihjlb\ghjZa\e_dZl_evgu_iehsZ^db

;_kdhgljhevgh_jZaf_s_gb_aZ]jyag_gghcihq\u

<dhg_qghfkq_l_[_kdhgljhevgh_bkihevah\Zgb_bjZaf_s_gb_

aZ]jyag_gghcihq\uijb\h^bldjZkijhkljZg_gbxaZ]jyag_gbyhkh[_ggh\

f_klZojZaf_s_gbydZjv_jh\ih^h[uq_]jZ\byZlZd`_gZ

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguoa_feyob]hjh^kdbol_jjblhjbyo

6.1.3

<ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ

Kl_i_gv\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\

ijbkmlkl\mxsbo\ihq\_b]jmgl_\j_^gu_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

aZ\bkblhlbkihevah\Zgbya_febdhgp_gljZpbbaZ]jyag_gby\ihq\_b

]jmgl_bkl_i_gbjbkdZaZ]jyag_gby^jm]bodhfihg_glh\kj_^u

]jmglh\u_\h^ub\ha^mo

Imlb\ha^_ckl\bywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\ihq\ufh]ml[ulvjZa^_e_gu

gZ^\Z\b^Z\ha^_ckl\b_ijyfh_b\ha^_ckl\b_hihkj_^h\Zggh_beb

dhk\_ggh_

Ijyfh_\ha^_ckl\b_aZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\ihq\ub]jmglh\q_j_a

•

IhiZ^Zgb_\kbkl_fmibs_\Zj_gbyqZklbpihq\uiueb

•

Dh`gu_dhglZdlu

•

IhiZ^Zgb_\kbkl_fm^uoZgbyqZklbpihq\uiueb

•

<^uoZgb_\_s_kl\bkiZjyxsbokybaihq\u\hkh[_gghklb\gmljb

ihf_s_gbc

Hihkj_^h\Zggh_dhk\_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_q_j_a

•

Mihlj_[e_gb_aZ]jyag_gguoa_jgh\uodmevlmj\ujZsb\Z_fuogZ

aZ]jyag_gguoihq\Zo

•

Mihlj_[e_gb_aZ]jyag_gguoijh^mdlh\`b\hlgh\h^kl\Zihemq_gguo

ba`b\hlguo\u\h^bfuogZaZ]jyag_gguoihq\Zo



•

Mihlj_[e_gb_aZ]jyag_gghciblv_\hc\h^ug_ihkj_^kl\_ggh_iblv_

dh`gu_dhglZdlu\^uoZgb_Zwjhahe_ckf]eZ\m

•

Mihlj_[e_gb_aZ]jyag_gghcju[u

•

Q_j_a\h^u^eydmiZgbykf]eZ\m

•

Bkihevah\Zgb_l_dklbeyijhba\h^bfh]hbak_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]h

kujvylZdh]hdZde_gboehihd\>ZgbblZdh]hijhba\h^kl\Zg_

bf__lky

<>Zgbbj_]mebjmxsb_f_jhijbylbygZijZ\e_guijhlb\gZb[he__

k_jv_aguoiml_c\g_rg_]h\ha^_ckl\bydhlhjufbkqblZxlky

•

IhiZ^Zgb_ihq\u\kbkl_fmibs_\Zj_gby^_lb

•

Dh`gu_dhglZdlukihq\hc

•

<^uoZgb_\ha^mrguobkiZj_gbcbkiZj_gb_\h\gmlj_ggbo

ihf_s_gbyo

•

IhiZ^Zgb_kiblv_\hc\h^hc

•

Mihlj_[e_gb_k_evkdhohayckl\_gghcijh^mdpbbkaZ]jyag_gguoihq\

MijZ\e_gb_jbkdZfbjZkkfZljb\Z_lky\i_j\mxhq_j_^vi_j_qbke_ggu_

\ur_imlb\g_rgbo\ha^_ckl\bcbdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zihq\u

mklZgZ\eb\Zxlkykmq_lhfijyfh]h\ha^_ckl\byihq\uihiZ^Zgb_q_j_a

kbkl_fmibs_\Zj_gbybbebdh`gu_dhglZdlukihq\hcZdjbl_jbb

dZq_kl\Z\ha^moZ[ZabjmxlkygZbkiZj_gbbaZ]jyag_gbyka_feb\\ha^mo

\gmljbihf_s_gbyZdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^uk\yaZguk

mihlj_[e_gb_fiblv_\hc\h^uLhevdhg_kdhevdhdjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zihq\

Zbf_gghkh^_j`Zgb_>>LbdZ^fby[uebijbgylu\h\gbfZgb_^ey

hij_^_e_gbykl_i_gbaZ]jyag_gghklbk_evkdhohayckl\_gguodmevlmjb

ihke_^mxsbo\ha^_ckl\bcaZ]jyag_gbyihke_bomihlj_[e_gby

Hkgh\gu_gZijZ\e_gby\ha^_ckl\byh[h[s_gugZjbk

Jbkmghd6.1Imlb\ha^_ckl\bywdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\ihq\ub]jmglZgZq_eh\_dZ

MqZklhdkaZ]jyag_gghcihq\hc

A_jdZeh]jmglh\uo\h^

ImlbjZkijhkljZg_gbyaZ]jyag_gby

Imlb\ha^_ckl\byaZ]jyag_gby



6.2

Mjh\_gvaZsblu

Mjh\_gvaZsblu\hkgh\ghfhij_^_ey_lkyMdZaZgbyfbihhp_gd_jbkdh\b

bkihevah\Zgb_fdjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\ZmklZgh\e_gguogZhkgh\_nZdlhjh\

hojZgua^hjh\vygZk_e_gbyP_evkhklhbl\ij_^hl\jZs_gbbex[hc

hiZkghklb^eya^hjh\vygZk_e_gby\uau\Z_fhcobfbq_kdbfb

\_s_kl\Zfbdhlhju_y\eyxlkyaZ]jyagbl_eyfb>ey\uiheg_gbywlhc

aZ^Zqbijbgpbiij_^hklhjh`ghklbbmij_`^_gbybkihevam_lkyijb

hp_gd_jbkdh\hij_^_e_gbbhkgh\ZgguogZihdZaZl_eyoa^hjh\vy

gZk_e_gbydjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zkj_^ugZjy^mknZdlhjZfb[_ahiZkghklbZ

lZd`_ijbjZkq_l_mjh\gyaZsblu^eygZb[he__mya\bfhcp_e_\hc]jmiiu

fZe_gvdbo^_l_cBlh]h\ucmjh\_gvaZsblukqblZ_lky\_kvfZ\ukhdbfih

kjZ\g_gbxkf_`^mgZjh^gufbihdZaZl_eyfbdZdwlhbij_^klZ\e_gh\

ihke_^mxsbojZa^_eZo

6.2.1

Hp_gdZjbkdZ

<ghy[j_]h^Z[ueb\uims_guki_pbZevgu_MdZaZgbyihf_jZf

hqbkldbb\hkklZgh\e_gbyaZ]jyag_gguol_jjblhjbc>:HHK<

wlboMdZaZgbyoijb\h^blkyih^jh[gh_hibkZgb_h[jZs_gbyk

aZ]jyag_ggufbl_jjblhjbyfb\dexqZymdZaZgbyihijh\_^_gbxhp_gdb

jbkdZf_lh^Zfihe_\uobkke_^h\Zgbcf_lh^bd_hl[hjZijh[

oZjZdl_jbklbd_mqZkldZZlZd`_mdZaZgbyihj_ZebaZpbbbdhgljhex

f_jhijbylbcihhqbkld_b\hkklZgh\e_gbx

MdZaZgbyihhp_gd_jbkdZy\eyxlky\Z`gufbgkljmf_glhfhp_gdb

aZ]jyag_gbyihq\ulZddZdimlb\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZij_^klZ\eyxl

kh[hcp_eucdhfie_dk\hafh`guoijhp_kkh\Hp_gdbjbkdZhlghkysb_ky

daZ]jyag_gbxihq\u\i_j\mxhq_j_^vgZijZ\e_gugZhp_gdm

•

JbkdZihiZ^ZgbyaZ]jyag_gghcihq\u\kbkl_fmibs_\Zj_gbybbeb

dh`guodhglZdlh\

•

JbkdZaZ]jyag_gby]jmglh\uo\h^iblv_\hc\h^u

•

JbkdZbkiZj_gbyaZ]jyag_gbybaihq\u\\ha^mo\gmljbihf_s_gbc

H[uqghhp_gdbjbkdh\[ZabjmxlkygZhij_^_e_gbbdhgp_gljZpbb

aZ]jyagbl_e_ciml_fkjZ\g_gbybokdjbl_jbyfbdZq_kl\Zihq\u

]jmglh\uo\h^iblv_\hc\h^ub\ha^moZ?kebh[gZjm`_ghqlhmjh\_gv

dhgp_gljZpbbhij_^_e_ggh]haZ]jyagbl_eyij_\urZ_lkhhl\_lkl\mxsbc

mklZgh\e_ggucdjbl_jbclhaZ]jyag_gghklvl_jjblhjbbkqblZ_lky

g_^himklbfh\ukhdhc\jy^_kemqZ_\ijh\h^blky^Zevg_crZyhp_gdZ

^Z`__kebdhgp_gljZpbyaZ]jyagyxs_]h\_s_kl\ZgZoh^blkygZmjh\g_

mklZgh\e_gguodjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Z<dhg_qghfj_amevlZl_

hij_^_ey_lkyijh^he`Zlveb^Zevg_crb_bkke_^h\Zgbyihmlhqg_gbx

i_j\hgZqZevghhp_g_ggh]hjbkdZbebijbf_gblvh]jZgbq_gbygZ

bkihevah\Zgb_a_febbebij_^ijbgylvdZdb_eb[hf_jhijbylbyih

hqbkld_b\hkklZgh\e_gbxmqZkldZ

Hp_gdZjbkdZihiZ^ZgbyaZ]jyag_gbybaihq\u\kbkl_fmibs_\Zj_gby

q_j_adh`gucdhglZdlbqZklbpiueb\^uoZl_evgmxkbkl_fm

hkgh\u\Z_lkygZlhfdZdbf_gghbkihevam_lkyihq\ZbgZ^hklmighklb

q_eh\_dZdh[jZs_gbxkaZ]jyag_gghcihq\hcgZijbf_jbf__lkyeb

ijyfhc^hklmidaZ]jyag_gghcihq\_bebhgZijbdjulZqbkluf]jmglhf

bf__lkyebljZ\yghcihdjh\^hjh`gh_ihdjulb_bli



Ex^bih^\_j`_gug_[eZ]hijbylghfm\ha^_ckl\bxihq\u\hkh[_gghklb

ijbbkihevah\Zgbb__^eylZdbokhpbZevghagZqbfuop_e_cdZd

h[mkljhckl\hkihjlb\ghha^hjh\bl_evguobb]jh\uoiehsZ^hd^_lkdbo

kZ^h\byk_evba_e_guo]hjh^kdbohldjuluoiZjdh\\dexqZyqZklgu_

ijbmkZ^_[gu_mqZkldbJbkdmih^\_j`_guhkh[_ggh^_lbdhlhju_qZs_

\klmiZxl\dhglZdlkihq\hcfZeurZfk\hckl\_gghaZghkblv

g_ihkj_^kl\_gghkZfmihq\m\jhlbebih^\_j]Zxlky\ha^_ckl\bxq_j_a

]jyagu_b]jmrdbbjmdb;he__lh]hg_dhlhju_aZ]jyagyxsb_\_s_kl\Z

gZoh^ysb_ky\ihq\_ijhy\eyxlk\hxlhdkbqghklviml_fijhgbdgh\_gby

q_j_adh`m

L_jjblhjbbaZj_]bkljbjh\Zggu_\Bg\_glZjbaZpbhgghfj__klj_

aZ]jyag_gguol_jjblhjbc>ZgbbjZkiheh`_guihijbhjbl_lghklb

hkms_kl\e_gbyf_jhijbylbcihbo\hkklZgh\e_gbxIhkdhevdm\>Zgbb

bklhqgbdhfihqlb\k_ciblv_\hc\h^uy\eyxlky]jmglh\u_\h^ulhb

khojZgghklvbobf__lkZfuc\ukhdbcijbhjbl_lDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z

]jmglh\uo\h^lZdbfh[jZahf^he`guh[_ki_qb\Zlvkhhl\_lkl\b_

djbl_jbyfdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^uihiZ^Zxs_cdihlj_[bl_exH[uqgh

[he__gbadbcijbhjbl_lhl\h^blkyih\_joghklguf\h^Zf

Hp_gdZjbkdZaZ]jyag_gby]jmglh\uo\h^[Zabjm_lkygZjZkq_lZo

i_j_f_s_gbyaZ]jyag_gby\ke_^kl\b_bgnbevljZpbbGZb[he__

agZqbfufbnZdlhjZfbijbjZkq_l_y\eyxlky

•

Kp_gZjbcaZ]jyag_gbygZijbf_j\b^\_s_kl\Zfh[bevghklv

jZaeZ]Z_fhklvb^jm]b_oZjZdl_jbklbdbZlZd`_dhgp_gljZpby

aZ]jyagbl_eybiehsZ^vaZ]jyag_gghcl_jjblhjbb

•

=_heh]byb]b^jh]_heh]bygZijbf_jlbiuhkZ^dZ]ebgZi_khd

ba\_klvhj]Zgbq_kdb_\dexq_gby]b^jhijh\h^bfhklvwnn_dlb\gZy

ihjbklhklvnZdlbq_kdb_hkZ^dbnhjfZpbb]jmglh\uo\h^mdehg

iZ^_gb_^Z\e_gbyf_`^m\lhjbqgufbbi_j\bqgufb\h^hghkgufb

ieZklZfbZlZd`_hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_mkeh\by

Hp_gdZjbkdZ[Zabjm_lkygZlhfijbgpbi_qlhahgZ]jmglh\uo\h^

kh^_j`ZsZygZb\ukrmxdhgp_gljZpbxaZ]jyagbl_e_c^he`gZ

khhl\_lkl\h\Zlvdjbl_jbyfdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u]jmglh\hc\h^u

Hp_gdZjbkdh\ihe_lmqbfaZ]jyagbl_eyfihq\uaZ]jyagyxsbfijb

bkiZj_gbb\ha^mo\gmljbihf_s_gbc[Zabjm_lkygZjZkq_lZo

i_j_f_s_gbyaZ]jyag_gby\ke_^kl\b_^bnnmabbq_j_aihju\

g_gZkus_gghcahg_bdhg\_gpb_c\a^ZgbyobaaZ^bnnmabbbs_e_c\

[_lhgguoiheZo?kebh[gZjm`b\Z_lkyqlhdhgp_gljZpbyaZ]jyagyxs_]h

\_s_kl\Zij_\urZ_lij_^_evgh^himklbfmxdhgp_gljZpbx^ey

\gmlj_ggboihf_s_gbclhaZ]jyag_gb_kqblZ_lkyg_^himklbfuf

6.2.2

Djbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z

<dZq_kl\_mdZaZgbc^eyijbjh^hhojZgguohj]Zgh\bhj]Zgh\mijZ\e_gby

>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u>:HHKjZajZ[hlZeh

ghjfZlb\uihdZq_kl\mihq\u\ha^moZb\h^u>eyhojZgua^hjh\vy

q_eh\_dZdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zihkh^_j`Zgbxobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\

mklZgh\e_gugZlZdhfmjh\g_ijbdhlhjhf\ha^_ckl\b_gZhij_^_e_ggmx

kj_^mg_\e_q_lg_[eZ]hijbylguoihke_^kl\bc^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZWlh

hagZqZ_lqlhmjh\gbdjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zij_^klZ\eyxlmjh\_gv

[_ahiZkghklbLZdbfh[jZahfdh]^Zdjbl_jbcdZq_kl\Zij_\urZ_lky



g_agZqbl_evghlhwlhg_hagZqZ_lg_f_^e_ggh]h^hklb`_gbyhiZkgh]h

mjh\gyaZ]jyag_gbykdhj__wlh^he`ghbgl_jij_lbjh\ZlvkydZd

g_`_eZl_evgh_kgb`_gb_mjh\gy[_ahiZkghklbDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zihq\u

ij_^gZagZq_gu^eyij_^hl\jZs_gby\j_^gh]h\ha^_ckl\byijbijyfhf

\ha^_ckl\bbaZ]jyag_gbyihq\IZjZee_evghkwlbfdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z

\ha^moZij_^gZagZq_gu^eymq_lZkh^_j`Zgbye_lmqboaZ]jyagbl_e_c

bkiZjy_fuobaihq\u\\ha^mo\gmljbihf_s_gbcZdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z

]jmglh\uo\h^dZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^ubkihevamxlky\k\yabk\hafh`ghc

bgnbevljZpb_caZ]jyag_gbybaihq\ubaZ]jyag_gb_f]jmglh\uo\h^

Mjh\_gvaZ]jyag_gbykqblZ_lky^himklbfuf_kebgbh^bgbadjbl_jb_\

dZq_kl\ZmklZgh\e_gguo^eykhhl\_lkl\mxsbokj_^g_ij_\ur_g?keb

gZijbf_jaZ]jyag_gb_gZoh^blkygZmjh\g_mklZgh\e_ggh]hdjbl_jby

dZq_kl\Zihq\ubebgb`__]hlhl_jjblhjbyfh`_l[ulvbkihevah\ZgZ^ey

m^h\e_l\hj_gbykhpbZevguogm`^gZb[he__mya\bfuo]jmiigZk_e_gby

?keb`_\lh`_\j_fymjh\_gvaZ]jyag_gby\]jmglh\uo\h^Zo

ij_\urZ_ldjbl_jbcdZq_kl\Z^ey]jmglh\uo\h^lhaZ]jyag_gb_

kqblZ_lkyg_^himklbfuf\hlghr_gbbaZsblu]jmglh\uo\h^LZdbf

h[jZahfkhhl\_lkl\b_djbl_jbxdZq_kl\Z\hlghr_gbbihq\ug_hagZqZ_l

Z\lhfZlbq_kdhcaZsbluhlaZ]jyag_gby\^jm]bokj_^ZogZijbf_jijb

bkiZj_gbbaZ]jyag_gbybaihq\u\\ha^mo\gmljbihf_s_gbcbeb

bgnbevljZpbbaZ]jyag_gby\]jmglh\u_\h^u<_ebqbguwlbodjbl_jb_\

[uebhim[ebdh\Zgu\mdZaZgbyoihF_jZfhqbkldbb\hkklZgh\e_gby

aZ]jyag_gguol_jjblhjbc>:HHKbhlq_l_ihlhdkbeh]bq_kdbf

djbl_jbyfdZq_kl\Zkj_^u>:HHKH[gh\e_ggu_agZq_gby

ihdZaZl_e_cdjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zijb\_^_gu\Ijbeh`_gbb

Djbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zihq\u

Djbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zihq\ujZajZ[hlZgukmq_lhf\ha^_ckl\bygZhkh[h

mya\bfu_bqm\kl\bl_evgu_]jmiiuihevah\Zl_e_ca_febZbf_ggh^ey

qZklgh]hkZ^h\h^kl\Zbh]hjh^gbq_kl\Z^_lkdbokZ^h\bebkihjlb\gh

ha^hjh\bl_evguobb]jh\uoiehsZ^hdGZijZ\e_gghklvgZaZsblm

fZeur_ch[mkeh\e_gZl_fqlh^_lbkqblZxlkygZb[he__mya\bfhc

]jmiihcdhlhjZyih^\_j`_gZ\ha^_ckl\bxihq\ug_ihkj_^kl\_ggh_

ihiZ^Zgb_ihq\u\hj]ZgbafdhglZdluq_j_ajmdbbjhlZlZd`_ihlhfm

qlh\ha^_ckl\b_g_dhlhjuoobfbq_kdboaZ]jyagbl_e_cfh`_lk

[bheh]bq_kdhcklhjhguhdZaZlvky[he__qm\kl\bl_evgufq_fgZ

\ajhkeh]hq_eh\_dZJZkq_ldjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zihq\u[Zabjm_lkygZ

klZg^Zjlguobkoh^guo^ZgguoZbf_ggh\_kj_[_gdZijbgyld]b

kj_^gyy^haZihiZ^Zgbyihq\u\hj]ZgbafkhklZ\ey_l]jZffZ\^_gv

>ey\ukhdhlhdkbqguo\_s_kl\ijbgylZ^haZihlj_[e_gbyihq\u\

]jZffKj_^gyy\_ebqbgZdh`gh]hdhglZdlZmklZgh\e_gZ\]jZff^ey

\_s_kl\k\ukhdhcdh`ghcijhgbpZ_fhklvx>jm]bfnZdlhjhfijb

mklZgh\e_gbbdjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zihq\uihkem`beZkihkh[ghklvd

[bhgZdhie_gbx\_s_kl\\ihq\_

>ey[hevrbgkl\Z\_s_kl\wlZkihkh[ghklvfZehba\_klgZblhevdh\

h^ghfdhgdj_lghfkemqZ_djbl_jbcdZq_kl\Zihkh^_j`Zgbxgbd_ey

[uebbkihevah\Zgu^Zggu_ih[bhgZdhie_gbxb\ebygbxwlh]hnZdlhjZ

gZdhg_qgmx\_ebqbgm;he__ih^jh[ghkfIjbeh`_gb_]^_hibkZgu

hkgh\gu_b^hihegbl_evgu_k\_^_gbyk\yaZggu_kjZkq_lhfdjbl_jb_\

dZq_kl\Zkj_^ukmq_lhfij_`^_\k_]haZsblua^hjh\vygZk_e_gby

>ey]hjh^kdbol_jjblhjbcdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zh[uqghij_\urZxlkyih

g_kdhevdbf\_s_kl\Zf\hkh[_gghklbihkh^_j`Zgbxk\bgpZb



ihebpbdebq_kdboZjhfZlbq_kdbom]e_\h^hjh^h\I:MIhwlhfm\

ghjfZlb\gu_mdZaZgbyihihq\_[ue\\_^_ggh\ucihdZaZl_ev^eykemqZ_\

bkihevah\Zgbya_f_ev^eyhkh[hqm\kl\bl_evguogm`^bmya\bfuo]jmii

gZk_e_gbylZdgZau\Z_fZy©ij_^_evgh_ihjh]h\h_agZq_gb_ª³FXWRII

value”).

?kebagZq_gb_ij_^_evghcihjh]h\hcdhgp_gljZpbbij_\ur_ghgZ

l_jjblhjbyobkihevam_fuo^ey`behcaZkljhcdb^_lkdbomqj_`^_gbc

beb^_lkdboiehsZ^hdbebkihjlb\ghha^hjh\bl_evguoiehsZ^hdlh

^he`gu[ulvij_^ijbgyluf_juihmkljZg_gbxaZ]jyag_gby?keb`_

dhgp_gljZpbyaZ]jyagbl_e_cgZoh^blkyf_`^mij_^_evghcihjh]h\hc

\_ebqbghcbihdZaZl_e_fdjbl_jbydZq_kl\ZZl_jjblhjbbbkihevamxlky

^eykhpbZevghqm\kl\bl_evgh]hbkihevah\Zgbylhf_klgu_\eZklb

bgnhjfbjmxlbjZatykgyxlkblmZpbx^eyh[s_kl\_gghklb

a_fe_\eZ^_evp_\ba_fe_ihevah\Zl_e_cl_jjblhjbb

P_evlZdh]hih^oh^Zkhklhbl\lhfqlh[uhij_^_eblvkZgblZjgh

wib^_fbheh]bq_kdb_lj_[h\Zgbybf_jhijbylbyihebd\b^Zpbb

\ha^_ckl\byaZ]jyag_gbyq_j_aihq\mbl_fkZfuf^hklbqvlh]h`_

mjh\gyaZsbludhlhjuch[uqghh[_ki_qb\Z_lkyijbkh[ex^_gbb

djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zihq\uJZkoh`^_gb_\ij_^_evghfihjh]h\hf

agZq_gbbdhgp_gljZpbbaZ]jyagbl_eybihdZaZl_e_fdjbl_jbydZq_kl\Z

ghkblgZa\Zgb_©bgl_j\ZeZm\_^hfe_gbyijh`b\Zxs_]hgZk_e_gbyªb

ijhbeexkljbjh\ZghgZjbkmgd_

Hkgh\ghcijbgpbikhklhbl\lhfqlh[uba[_`Zlvhldjuluo]heuo

mqZkldh\ih\_joghklb]jmglZdhlhju_\lZdhfkemqZ_fh]mlijb\_klbd

ijyfhfm\ha^_ckl\bxihq\ugZ^_l_cbm\_^hfe_gb_^Z_lkyihf_jZf

qlh^_eZlvklZdbfb]heufbbhldjulufbmqZkldZfbLZd`_wlhlijbgpbi

ijb\h^bldlhfmj_amevlZlmqlh^Z`_g_kfhljygZihdZaZgbyhgZebqbb

g_[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\ZaZ]jyagbl_e_c\h\hsZo\ujZs_gguogZkeZ[h

aZ]jyag_gghcihq\_^Zxlkym\_^hfe_gbybj_dhf_g^Zpbbhij_djZs_gbb

\ujZsb\Zgbyh\hs_cgZaZ]jyag_gguomqZkldZoihlhfmqlhihqlb

g_\hafh`gh\ujZsb\Zlvbo[_agZebqbymqZkldh\hldjulh]h]jmglZ

dhlhjucgZijyfmx\ha^_ckl\m_lgZex^_c\hkh[_gghklbgZ^_l_c

Bgl_j\Zehdhlhjhf©m\_^hfey_lkyijh`b\Zxs__gZk_e_gb_ª

Dhgp_gljZpby\ihq\_

Djbl_jbcdZq_kl\ZIj_^_evgh_

ihq\uihjh]h\h_agZq_gb_

JbkmghdKhhlghr_gb_f_`^mdjbl_jb_fdZq_kl\Zihq\ubij_^_evghcihjh]h\hc

\_ebqbghckh^_j`ZgbyaZ]jyagyxs_]h\_s_kl\Z

Ij_^_evgu_ihjh]h\u_agZq_gbyfh]ml[ulvbkihevah\Zgulhevdh^ey

g_ih^\b`guob^hklZlhqghklhcdboobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bhij_^_eyxlky

lhevdh^ey]jmiiubaf_lZeeh\bihebpbdebq_kdboZjhfZlbq_kdbo

m]e_\h^hjh^h\Ijbf_judjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zihq\ubij_^_evguo

ihjh]h\uoagZq_gbckh^_j`ZgbyaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\k\_^_gu\

LZ[ebpm



LZ[ebpZDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z\_jog_]hkehyihq\u^eyhkh[hqm\kl\bl_evgh]h

a_fe_ihevah\Zgbybkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_ij_^_evgu_ihjh]h\u_agZq_gbydhgp_gljZpbb<k_

ihdZaZl_eb\f]d]kmoh]h\_kZ

AZ]jyagyxs__\_s_kl\h

Djbl_jbcdZq_kl\Z

Ij_^_evgZy

ihjh]h\Zy

\_ebqbgZ

Furvyd

1(2)

DZ^fbc

0.5

Ojhfh[sbc

Ojhf9,\Ze_glguc

500

1,000

F_^v 500

500

K\bg_p 40

400

Jlmlv 1

Gbd_ev

I:Mh[s__kh^_j`Zgb_

;_gabeZibj_g

>b[_gabeZKZgljZpbl

1.5

2,3

0.1

Pbgd

500

1,000

IhdZaZl_evhkgh\ZggZkbevghf\ha^_ckl\bb

;Zabjm_lkygZojhgbq_kdhf\ha^_ckl\bb

I:Mh[sZydhgp_gljZpbyhij_^_ey_fZydZdkmffZhl^_evguodhfihg_glh\

nemhjZgl_g[_gaheEMNnemhjZgl_g[_gabeZibj_g^b[_gabeZgljZpblb

b^_ghFGibj_g Bklhqgbd>:HHK

G_h[oh^bfhhlf_lblvqlhij_^_evgZyihjh]h\Zy\_ebqbgZbdjbl_jbc

dZq_kl\Zb^_glbqgu\l_okemqZyo]^_djbl_jbcdZq_kl\Z[uemklZgh\e_g

^eylh]hqlh[uij_^hl\jZlblvj_adh_lhdkbq_kdh_\ha^_ckl\b_b

ij_^_evgZyihjh]h\Zy\_ebqbgZfh`_l[ulv\^_kylvjZa\ur_q_f

djbl_jbcdZq_kl\Z^eyl_okemqZ_\]^_djbl_jbcdZq_kl\Zihq\u

mklZgh\e_g^eyij_^hl\jZs_gbylhdkbq_kdh]hojhgbq_kdh]h\ha^_ckl\by

Hkgh\gZyb^_ykhklhbl\lhfqlh\p_ehfhih\_s_gb_h[s_kl\_gghklbb

f_jukgb`_gbyjbkdZ^he`guijb\_klb\j_amevlZl_dkgb`_gbx

kj_^g_]hlhdkbq_kdh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZ^_l_cL_fg_f_g__wlbf_ju

g_h[yaZl_evghijb\_^mldh[_ki_q_gbxaZsbluijbjZah\uokemqZyo

kbevgh]h\ha^_ckl\byihq\uijbihiZ^Zgbb__\hj]Zgbafq_j_ajhlWlh

hagZqZ_lqlhij_^_evgZyihjh]h\Zy\_ebqbgZg_fh`_l[ulvm\_ebq_gZih

kjZ\g_gbxkhagZq_gb_fdjbl_jbydZq_kl\Z_kebaZhkgh\m^ey

mklZgh\e_gbydjbl_jbydZq_kl\Zihq\uijbgylhj_adh_kbevgh_

lhdkbq_kdh_\ha^_ckl\b_aZ]jyagbl_ey

Djbl_jbbdZq_kl\ZijbbkiZj_gbbaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\baihq\u\

\ha^mo

Hp_gdZjbkdh\ijbgZebqbbe_lmqboaZ]jyagbl_e_c\ihq\_\kemqZ_

bkiZj_gbybo\\ha^moihf_s_gbc[Zabjm_lkygZjZkq_l_i_j_ghkZ

aZ]jyag_gbyiml_f^bnnmabbq_j_aihju\g_gZkus_gguoahgZoihq\ub

dhg\_dpb_c\a^Zgbyoiml_f^bnnmabbbq_j_as_ebbaZahju\[_lhgguo

iheZo?kebnZdlbq_kdb_]_heh]bq_kdb_bkljhbl_evgu_iZjZf_lju

g_ba\_klgubkihevamxlkyklZg^Zjlgu_[Zah\u_iZjZf_lju>:HHK

1998).



?kebjZkq_lgu_ihdZaZl_ebih\ha^_ckl\bxbkiZj_gbyaZ]jyag_gbyba

ihq\ugZ\ha^mo\ihf_s_gbbij_\urZxlihdZaZl_ebdjbl_jbydZq_kl\Z

\ha^moZmklZgh\e_ggh]h^eyiZjh\ihq\ulhaZ]jyag_gb_kqblZ_lky

g_^himklbfuf

AgZq_gbydjbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Z\ha^moZijbbkiZj_gbbijbgylu_\>Zgbb

ijb\_^_gu\Ijbeh`_gbbWlbdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z\ha^moZlZd`_

bkihevamxlkyijbhp_gd_\u[jhkh\\Zlfhkn_jghf\ha^mo_\dZq_kl\_

ihdZaZl_e_c^eydhgljhey\u[jhkh\hlijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbckf

jZa^_e

Djbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z^ey]jmglh\uo\h^^eyiblv_\hc\h^u

P_evkhklhbl\lhfqlh[uaZsblblv]jmglh\u_\h^udZdbklhqgbd

iblv_\h]h\h^hkgZ[`_gby\g_aZ\bkbfhklbhljZkiheh`_gby\h^haZ[hjZ

kd\Z`bgu<]eZ\_jZkkfZljb\Zxlky\hijhkudZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u

Zdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z^ey]jmglh\uo\h^iblv_\hc\h^uijb\_^_gu\

Ijbeh`_gbb

KlZg^ZjludZq_kl\Z^eyhloh^h\

G_dhlhju_lj_[h\Zgby[uebhij_^_e_guihbkihevah\ZgbxhkZ^dZ

klhqguo\h^dhfihklZaheu[bhfZkkub^jm]bohloh^h\^ey

bkihevah\Zgby\k_evkdhfohayckl\_IhklZgh\e_gb_ihhkZ^dmhl

yg\Zjy]h^ZbIhklZgh\e_gb_ih[bhfZkk_hlyg\Zjy

]h^ZWlbj_]mebjmxsb_^hdmf_gluhij_^_eyxlkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_

klZg^ZjludZq_kl\Zhij_^_eyxsb_ij_^_evgh^himklbfmxdhgp_gljZpbx

hj]Zgbq_kdboaZ]jyagbl_e_cbly`_euof_lZeeh\\hloh^Zodhlhju_

gZf_j_gubkihevah\Zlv\k_evkdhfohayckl\_>Zlkdb_klZg^ZjludZq_kl\Z

agZqbl_evghmklmiZxlklZg^ZjlZfbaeh`_gguf\>bj_dlb\_?KihhkZ^dm

?WKdhlhjZy\[hevrhckl_i_gbihk\ys_gZlhevdhhkZ^dmb

mklZgZ\eb\Z_llhevdhklZg^ZjludZq_kl\Zihkh^_j`Zgbxly`_euo

f_lZeeh\

Nhgh\Zydhgp_gljZpbyly`_euof_lZeeh\\ihq\_b]jmglZog_fh`_l

ij_\urZlvhij_^_e_ggh]hmjh\gy_kebgZwlhcl_jjblhjbb

ij_^iheZ]Z_lkybkihevah\Zlvhloh^uDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z^ey

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguoihq\hij_^_e_guihk_fbly`_euff_lZeeZf

LZ[ebpZDjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z^eyk_evkdhohayckl\_gguoihq\gZdhlhjuobkihevamxlky

hloh^u<k_ihdZaZl_eb\f]d]kmoh]h\_kZ

AZ]jyagyxs__\_s_kl\h Djbl_jbcdZq_kl\Z

DZ^fbc

0,5

Jlmlv

0,5

K\bg_p

Gbd_ev

Ojhf

Pbgd

100

F_^v

BklhqgbdIhklZgh\e_gb_hlyg\Zjy]h^Zihbkihevah\Zgbx

hloh^h\\k_evkdhfohayckl\_bkhhl\_lkl\mxsbfp_eyfbkihevah\Zgby

IhklZgh\e_gb_ihhkZ^dm



6.3

J_]mebjh\Zgb_bkljZl_]by

6.3.1

P_ebbijbgpbiu

Hkgh\ghcp_evxj_]mebjh\Zgbyijh[e_fuaZ]jyag_gbyihq\ub]jmglh\

y\ey_lkyij_^hl\jZs_gb_mkljZg_gb_bebkgb`_gb_aZ]jyag_gbyihq\ub

]jmglZZlZd`_kgb`_gb_bebij_^hl\jZs_gb_\j_^gh]h\ha^_ckl\by

aZ]jyag_gghcihq\ugZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ]jmglh\u_\h^ub

hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m\p_ehfIjbgpbiij_^hklhjh`ghklbmij_`^_gby

bkihevam_lkyijbmklZgh\e_gbydjbl_jbydZq_kl\Zijbgpbiuh[tykg_gu

\Ijbeh`_gbbb\MdZaZgbyo^eyijh\_^_gbyhp_gdbjbkdh\

<gZqZe_ohnbpbZevgu_\eZklb\>ZgbbklZebijhy\eylv

[_kihdhckl\h\hlghr_gbbihl_gpbZevguoijh[e_fk\yaZgguokjy^hf

aZ]jyag_gguol_jjblhjbc\hkh[_gghklbkiheb]hgZfbgZdhlhjuo

kh^_j`Zebkvobfbq_kdb_hloh^uJy^kemqZ_\\o]h^Zodh]^Zihke_

k`b]Zgbyhloh^h\g_ijhba\h^behkv^he`gh]hbomdjulbyijb\_ed

\\_^_gbxi_j\h]haZdhgh^Zl_evgh]h^hdmf_glZhlghkys_]hkyd

mijZ\e_gbxaZ]jyag_ggufbl_jjblhjbyfb:dlihaZohjhg_gbx

obfbq_kdbohloh^h\]h^Z<l_q_gb_oklZehlZd`_ykghqlhgZ

iheb]hgZobf_xlky[ulh\u_hloh^ubhloh^uhlijhfure_gghc

^_yl_evghklbdhlhju_fh]mlij_^klZ\eylvjbkd^eyq_eh\_dZb

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u<^Zevg_cr_faZdhgh^Zl_evguc:dl[ue

i_j_kfhlj_gqlh[u\dexqblv\k_lbiuaZ]jyagbl_e_c:dlih

jZaf_s_gbxhloh^h\DZdj_amevlZlhkhagZgbynZdlZqlh

aZ]jyag_gb_\ihq\_fh`_l\hagbdgmlv\j_amevlZl_^bnnmabb

aZ]jyagbl_e_c\ha^moZbdZdj_amevlZlbguo^bnnmabhgguoijhp_kkh\\

]h^m[ueijbgyl:dlihaZ]jyag_gbxihq\uLZdbfh[jZahf:dlih

aZ]jyag_gbxihq\uho\Zlu\Ze\k_lbiuaZ]jyagbl_e_c\ihq\_H^gZdh

wlhl:dlg_ho\Zlu\Zel_jjblhjbbhl\_^_ggu_ih^k_evkdhohayckl\_ggu_

m]h^vygZdhlhju_\ghkylkyhkZ^hdm^h[j_gbybi_klbpb^ubli

Ij_\_glb\gu_f_jhijbylbyh[hagZq_gu\i_j\mxhq_j_^v\jZaj_r_gbyo

ijbjh^hhojZgguohj]Zgh\dhlhju_lj_[mxlky^eyex[hc^_yl_evghklb

k\yaZgghckaZ]jyag_gb_fdZdwlhhij_^_e_gh\]eZ\_:dlZihhojZg_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uZlZd`_\f_jhijbylbyoih\\_^_gbxqbkluo

l_ogheh]bc:gZeh]bqgufh[jZahfmklZgZ\eb\Zxlkyj_]mebjmxsb_

iheh`_gby^eyojZg_gbybjZaf_s_gby`b^dh]hlhieb\Z

H[sb_ij_\_glb\gu_f_juj_Zebah\Zgub\ghjfZlb\guoZdlZo

j_]mebjmxsbobkihevah\Zgb_obfbq_kdblhdkbqguo\_s_kl\b

kh_^bg_gbck\bgph\u_^h[Z\db\[_gabgdZ^fbcbjlmlv\[ZlZj_cdZo

oehjkh^_j`Zsb_jZkl\hjbl_ebbliZlZd`_h[jZs_gb_khloh^Zfb

k`b]Zgb_khjlbjh\dZhloh^h\j_pbdebjh\Zgb_bi_j_jZ[hldZbli

6.3.2

AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h\h[eZklbaZ]jyag_gbyihq\ub]jmglh\

:dlihaZ]jyag_gbxihq\u



:dlihaZ]jyag_gbxihq\u

\klmibe\kbemyg\Zjy]h^Zgh

g_dhlhju_iheh`_gby\klmiyl\kbemg_kdhevdhiha`_Wlhl:dlaZf_gbe

:dlihojZg_gbxbjZaf_s_gbxhloh^h\

:dlihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$FW

j_]mebjm_lf_juihaZsbl_]jmglh\uo\h^Ihwlhfm:dlmaZij_sZ_lky

k[jhkaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\\ihq\m

L_fg_f_g__wlbof_jg_^hklZlhqghlZddZd\>Zgbbm`__klv

agZqbl_evgh_qbkehh[t_dlh\kjZaf_s_ggufbhloh^Zfbbl_jjblhjbck

aZ]jyag_gghcihq\hcaZqZklmxhgbjZkiheh`_gu\ahgZo]^_kms_kl\m_l

bebkms_kl\h\Zehijhfure_ggh_ijhba\h^kl\hbeb^jm]hc\b^

^_yl_evghklbk\yaZggZykaZ]jyag_gb_f:dlihaZ]jyag_gbxihq\u

ho\Zlu\Z_l\k_wlbijh[e_fu

P_eb:dlZihaZsbl_aZ]jyag_gbyihq\u

AZsblZ]jmglh\uo\h^AZsblZ]jmglh\uo\h^bf__lhq_gv

\ukhdbcijbhjbl_l\iheblbd_>ZgbblZddZd

\h^hkgZ[`_gby[Zabjm_lkygZ]jmglh\uo\h^Zo\ukhdh]hdZq_kl\Z

qlhh[uqghlj_[m_lfbgbfZevghc\h^hih^]hlh\dbb\h^hhqbkldb

i_j_^bkihevah\Zgb_flZdhc\h^u\dZq_kl\_iblv_\hc

Ij_^mij_`^_gb_ijh[e_fmom^r_gbya^hjh\vygZk_e_gby

\ke_^kl\b_bkihevah\ZgbyaZ]jyag_gguol_jjblhjbcHkh[h_

\gbfZgb_m^_ey_lky]jmii_ih\ur_ggh]hjbkdZ±fZe_gvdbf

^_lyf

Hkgh\gu_ijbgpbiu^hklb`_gbyp_e_c

H[_ki_q_gb_hkgh\u^eykdhhj^bgbjh\Zgguob

p_e_gZijZ\e_gguomkbebch[s_kl\Zihij_^hl\jZs_gbx

hiZkguoihke_^kl\bck\yaZgguok\ha^_ckl\b_faZ]jyag_gguo

ihq\b]jmglh\LZdZyhkgh\Z\hkgh\ghfkha^Z_lky

ihkj_^kl\hfb^_glbnbdZpbbbdZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgby

aZ]jyag_gguomqZkldh\

Ij_^hl\jZs_gb_^Zevg_cr_]haZ]jyag_gbyhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^uk\yaZggh]hkbkihevah\Zgb_fbh[jZs_gb_fkihq\hcb

]jmglhfihkj_^kl\hfkha^Zgbykbkl_fumijZ\e_gby

h[jZs_gb_fkihq\hcb]jmglhf

Hl\_lkl\_gghklvAZ]jyagbl_ev\i_j\mxhq_j_^v^he`_g

ijbgbfZlvf_julj_[mxsb_ky^ey[hjv[uk\ha^_ckl\b_f

aZ]jyag_gbyihq\ub\hkklZgh\e_gbyi_j\hgZqZevgh]h

khklhygbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

:dlhlbxgy]