Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.



AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hkljZg?K(8OHJLVODWLRQ

>bj_dlb\Z?WK'LUHFWLYH((&³HaZsbl_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uhkh[_gghihq\u\k\yabkbkihevah\Zgb_f

h[jZ[hlZggh]hhkZ^dZkhhjm`_gbcihhqbkld_klhqguo\h^^ey

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguop_e_cª





Iblv_\Zy\h^Z

Ijbf_jghiblv_\h]h\h^hkgZ[`_gby\>Zgbbhkgh\ZghgZ

bkihevah\Zgbbih^a_fguo\h^IhwlhfmhojZgy_fu_ih^a_fgu_aZiZku

\h^ug_kh^_j`Zs_caZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\bbf_xs_cohjhrb_

\dmkh\u_dZq_kl\Z\Z`gu^eya^hjh\vy\k_]hgZk_e_gby\p_ehf

Bkihevah\Zgb_ih^a_fguo\h^k\yaZghkjy^hfh]jZgbq_gbcdZd

dhebq_kl\_gguolZdbdZq_kl\_gguoDhebq_kl\_ggu_h]jZgbq_gby±wlh

h]jZgbq_gbyk\yaZggu_kg_h[oh^bfufmq_lhfb\hafh`ghklyfb^jm]bo

\h^guobklhqgbdh\dZgZeh\[hehlbl^DZq_kl\_ggu_h]jZgbq_gby

qZklbqghgZdeZ^u\Zxlkyijbjh^gufbmkeh\byfblZdbfbdZdkhe_gZy

\h^Z\ijb[j_`guojZchgZobfbg_jZebah\ZggZy\h^Z\g_dhlhjuo

]_heh]bq_kdboieZklZoH^gZdhgZgbolh`_\agZqbl_evghckl_i_gb

hdZau\Z_l\ebygb_\ha^_ckl\b_aZ]jyag_gbykih\_joghklbihq\ub

mom^r_gb_dZq_kl\Z\h^ugZijbf_j\j_amevlZl___bgl_gkb\ghc

^h[uqb

LZdbfh[jZahfwdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju\h^ghckj_^u\dexqZxl\k_[y

_kl_kl\_ggu_ijbjh^gu_we_f_gluiZlh]_ggu_bZgljhih]_ggu_

\_s_kl\ZMjh\_gvbodhgp_gljZpbb\\h^hijh\h^ghc\h^_hij_^_ey_l

kl_i_gvbo\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZ<wlhc]eZ\_[m^_lb^lbj_qvh[

hojZg_a^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZklhqdbaj_gby__hljZ`_gby\ghjfZlb\guo

^hdmf_glZoZlZd`_h[Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghcijZdlbd_k\yaZgghckiblv_\hc

\h^hc

7.1

<ha^_ckl\b_wdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\gZq_eh\_dZ

7.1.1

Wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhju

Hkgh\gu_nZdlhju\uau\Zxsb_lj_\h]mdjZldhi_j_qbke_gu\LZ[ebp_

7.1.

LZ[ebpZ7.1 BgnhjfZpbyhijhbkoh`^_gbboZjZdl_jbklbdZobihl_gpbZevghf

\ha^_ckl\bbgZa^hjh\v_g_dhlhjuogZb[he__hiZkguoaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\kh^_j`Zsboky

\iblv_\hc\h^_

Wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhj Ijhbkoh`^_gb_boZjZdl_jbklbdb Ihl_gpbZevgh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

a^hjh\v_

GbljZlu K_evkdh_ohayckl\h

JZkkj_^hlhq_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

]jmglh\u_\h^uijbbo

bkihevah\Zgbb^eyhjhr_gby

hij_^_e_gguok_evkdhohayckl\_gguo

dmevlmj

Hkljh_lhdkbq_kdh_

<uau\Z_l

f_lZ]_fh]eh[bgbx

kgb`_gb_kihkh[ghklb

]_fh]eh[bgZi_j_ghkblv

dbkehjh^hkh[_gghm

^_l_c\feZ^_gq_kdhf

\hajZkl_



Wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhj Ijhbkoh`^_gb_boZjZdl_jbklbdb Ihl_gpbZevgh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

a^hjh\v_

I_klbpb^ubf_lZ[heblu Bkihevah\Zgb_i_klbpb^h\\

k_evkdhfohayckl\_b]hjh^Zo

Lhq_qgu_bjZkkj_^hlhq_ggu_

bklhqgbdb\j_amevlZl_

bkihevah\Zgbyml_qdbbklhdZgZ

n_jfZobl^ZlZd`_\j_amevlZl_bo

ijbf_g_gby^ey

k_evkdhohayckl\_gguodmevlmj

Bkihevah\Zgb_ml_qdZbklhd\

h[s_kl\_gghfbqZklghfk_dlhjZo

Z\lhklhygdb\^hevZ\lhfh[bevguo

b`_e_aguo^hjh]

Hkljh_lhdkbq_kdh_

G_cjhlhdkbq_kdh_

<hafh`gh

dZgp_jh]_ggh_

J_ijhlhdkbq_kdh_

$jhfZlbq_kdb_

m]e_\h^hjh^u

<hkgh\ghf]hjh^kdb_l_jjblhjbb

Lhq_qgu_bklhqgbdb\j_amevlZl_

l_dms_c^_yl_evghklb

ijhfure_gghklvZ\lhaZijZ\hqgu_

klZgpbbbl^ZlZd`_^_yl_evghklb

bf_\r_cf_klh\ijhrehfgZij

[u\rb_ijhfure_ggu_iehsZ^db

:jhfZlbq_kdb_dhfihg_glu\

fhlhjghflhieb\_dhlhju_

h[jZah\Zebkvijbg_nl_i_j_]hgd_

Ml_qdbbaf_klojZg_gbyb

bkihevah\Zgbylhieb\ZZlZd`_

ml_qdbk\yaZggu_kijhba\h^kl\hf

de__\djZkhdjZkl\hjbl_e_cbl^

Ba\_klgudZd

dZgp_jh]_gu^ey

q_eh\_dZ[_gahe

G_cjhlhdkbq_kdh_

<ebygb_gZaZiZob

\dmkh\u_dZq_kl\Zijb

gbadhcdhgp_gljZpbb

F_lbelj_lwlbeh\ucwnbj

FL;W

IjbkZ^dZ\[_gabg_Ml_qdZk

Z\lhaZijZ\hqguoklZgpbc

Ihl_gpbZevguc

dZgp_jh]_ggucwnn_dl

ijb\ukhdhc

dhgp_gljZpbb

<ebygb_gZaZiZob

\dmkh\u_dZq_kl\Zijb

gbadhcdhgp_gljZpbb

Oehjkh^_j`Zsb_

jZkl\hjbl_eb

l_ljZoehjwlbe_g

l_ljZoehjf_lZg

ljboehjwlZg

ljboehjwlbe_g

=hjh^kdb_l_jjblhjbbLhq_qgu_

bklhqgbdb\hkgh\ghfklZju_

ijhfure_ggu_iehsZ^db

Bkihevamxlky^eyh[_a`bjb\Zgby

ijbh[jZ[hld_f_lZeeh\b^eykmohc

obfbq_kdhcqbkldbLZd`_

bkihevamxlkyijb^m[e_gbbdh`

ijhba\h^kl\_djZkhdbl^

G_cjhlhdkbq_kdh_

<hafh`gh

dZgp_jh]_ggh_

F_lZeeu

Gbd_ev

F_^v

K\bg_p

<j_amevlZl_hdbke_gbyibjblZijb

ihgb`_gbbmjh\gy\h^ueb[h\

j_amevlZl_^_ckl\byaZ]jyagyxsbo

\_s_kl\lZdbodZdgbljZlu\

[hevrbohleh`_gbyoibjblZ

Hlf_^guoljm[hijh\h^h\

HlmklZgh\hd

:ee_j]bygZgbd_ev

<ha^_ckl\b_gZ

`_em^hqghdbr_qguc

ljZdl

G_j\ghlhdkbq_kdh_kf

=eZ\m



Wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhj Ijhbkoh`^_gb_boZjZdl_jbklbdb Ihl_gpbZevgh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

a^hjh\v_

;Zdl_jbbijbf_ju

Dheb[Zdl_jbb(dheb

DZfnbeh[Zdl_jbb

>jm]b_[Zdl_jbb

<bjmkuijbf_ju

Wgl_jh\bjmk

<bjmk]_iZlblZ:

Ijhkl_crb_ijbf_ju

Eyf[ebb>*LDUGLDLQWHVWLQDOLV

(doudenalis)]

Djbilhkihjb^bb

(Cryptosporidium parvum)

AZ]jyag_gb_kd\Z`bg_fdhkl_cb

\h^hijh\h^guok_l_c

@_em^hqghdbr_qgu_

kbfilhfu^bZj_yj\hlZ

>bZj_y`Zjj\hlZb

[heb\h[eZklb`b\hlZ

=_iZlbl

>bZj_y

;hev\h[eZklb`b\hlZ

Djhf_wlh]h[Zdl_jbb©e_]bhg_jh\ªdhlhju_h[uqgh\klj_qZxlky\

kbkl_fZo]hjyq_]h\h^hkgZ[`_gbyfh]mljZafgh`Zlvky\ih^h]j_lhc\h^_

bi_j_^Z\Zlvbgn_dpbxijb\^uoZgbbZwjhahe_c\h\j_fyijbgylby^mrZ

Wlhfh`_lijb\_klbd[he_agb©e_]bhg_jh\ªbebdZmqmdh\hcebohjZ^d_

Hkh[hkeh`gu_bjZa\_l\e_ggu_kbkl_fu]hjyq_]h\h^hkgZ[`_gbyfh]ml

^Z\Zlv[hevrh_\j_fy^eykms_kl\h\Zgbywlbo[Zdl_jbcbl_fi_jZlmjm

f_`^mb

&qlh[eZ]hijbylkl\m_lbojhklm

7.1.2

BklhqgbdbaZ]jyag_gby

Ijbf_gbl_evghd

]jmglh\uf\h^Zf

\>Zgbbfh`gh]h\hjblvhlj_o

hkgh\guowdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjZobklhqgbdZoij_^klZ\eyxsbojbkd

ihl_gpbZevgh]h\ha^_ckl\byZbf_ggh

•

AZ]jyag_gb_hllhq_qguobklhqgbdh\

•

AZ]jyag_gb_hljZkkj_^hlhq_gguobklhqgbdh\aZ]jyag_gbyb

•

AZ]jyag_gb_\hagbdZxs__ijb^h[uq_\h^u

Ijbf_gbl_evghd

iblv_\hc\h^_

hqbs_ggZy\h^Zbaih^a_fguo

bklhqgbdh\\^hiheg_gb_dmihfygmluf\ur_fh`gh]h\hjblvh

ke_^mxsbowdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjZobklhqgbdZoij_^klZ\eyxsbokh[hc

jbkd\j_f_ggh]h\ha^_ckl\byZbf_ggh

•

AZ]jyag_gb_gZh[t_dl_\h^hkgZ[`_gby

•

;Zdl_jbZevgh_aZ]jyag_gb_\kd\Z`bgZo_fdhklyob\h^hijh\h^ghc

k_lb

•

AZ]jyag_gb_\j_amevlZl_kemqZcgh]hihiZ^Zgbyklhqguo\h^\

kbkl_fm\h^hkgZ[`_gby\j_amevlZl_Z\Zjbcgh]hi_j_iheg_gby



Lhq_qgu_bklhqgbdbaZ]jyag_gby

•

Lhq_qgucbklhqgbdaZ]jyag_gbyhij_^_ey_lkydZdbklhqgbd

h]jZgbq_ggh]hihl_jjblhjbbaZ]jyag_gbyghh[uqghk[he__

\ukhdbfbihdZaZl_eyfbaZ]jyag_gbygZ_^bgbpml_jjblhjbbq_f

jZkkj_^hlhq_ggucbklhqgbdaZ]jyag_gby

•

FmgbpbiZevgu_iheb]hguhloh^h\biheb]hgulhdkbqguohloh^h\

dhgljhebjm_fu_]hkm^Zjkl\hf

•

Ijhfure_ggu_iehsZ^dbbk\Zedbhloh^h\obfbq_kdboijh^mdlh\

•

?fdhklb^eyg_nlbb[_gabgZbl^

•

Ml_qdbbakbkl_fdZgZebaZpbb

<p_ehfkqblZ_lkyqlhbawlbolhq_qguobklhqgbdh\aZ]jyag_gbyklZju_

ijhfure_ggu_iehsZ^dbbg_bf_xsb_^hklZlhqghcaZsbluk\Zedb

hloh^h\obfbq_kdboijh^mdlh\ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcgZb[hevrmx

hiZkghklv^eydZq_kl\Z]jmglh\uo\h^QZklhljm^gh[hjhlvkyk

aZ]jyag_gb_fg_\ihke_^gxxhq_j_^vbaaZf_gyxs_]hkykhklZ\Z

i_j\hgZqZevguoobfbq_kdboijh^mdlh\dhlhju_\aZ\bkbfhklbhl

]_hobfbq_kdhckj_^ufh]mljZkiZ^ZlvkyjZaebqgufh[jZahfij_`^_q_f

hgbihiZ^Zxl\\h^hghkgu_kehbIjbf_jZfbhkgh\guoaZ]jyagyxsbo

\_s_kl\\gZb[he__rbjhdhjZkijhkljZg_gguo\ijhrehfhljZkeyo

ijhfure_gghklby\eyxlkyke_^mxsb_

•

=Zah\u_bZknZevlh[_lhggu_aZ\h^un_gheupbZgb^ube_lmqb_

ZjhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby

•

EZdhdjZkhqgZyijhfure_gghklvem`_gb_f_lZeehh[jZ[Zlu\ZxsZy

ijhfure_gghklvbkmoZyobfqbkldZoehjkh^_j`Zsb_jZkl\hjbl_eb

•

>_j_\hh[jZ[Zlu\ZxsZyijhfure_gghklv^m[e_gb_b

]Zev\Zghihdjulb_ly`_eu_f_lZeeu

LZdb_\_s_kl\Zhlghkysb_kyd]jmii_hj]Zgbq_kdbofbdjh

aZ]jyagbl_e_cdZdoehjkh^_j`Zsb_m]e_\h^hjh^uZjhfZlbq_kdb_

m]e_\h^hjh^ubn_gheu[uebh[gZjm`_gukhhl\_lkl\_ggh\b

ijh[\ayluobakd\Z`bgbkihevam_fuo^ey\h^hkgZ[`_gbyih\k_c

kljZg_*(86QlhdZkZ_lkyly`_euof_lZeeh\lh\kdheveb[h

agZqbfuodhebq_kl\Zo[ueh[gZjm`_gebrvgbd_eyijb\aylbb

ijh[ba\h^hijh\h^guokd\Z`bgIjhbkoh`^_gb_gbd_ey±

_kl_kl\_ggh_Kh^_j`Zgb_gbd_ey\hleh`_gbyog_y\ey_lkyj_amevlZlhf

\ha^_ckl\bylhq_qguoijhfure_gguobklhqgbdh\kfgb`_

AZ]jyag_gb_hljZkkj_^hlhq_gguobklhqgbdh\

AZ]jyag_gb_hljZkkj_^hlhq_gguobklhqgbdh\k\yaZghk\g_k_gb_f\

ihq\mm^h[j_gbcZlZd`_ijbf_g_gb_fi_klbpb^h\\k_evkdhfohayckl\_

b\uau\Z_ljbkdaZ]jyag_gbyih^a_fguo\h^

Ih\ur_ggu_mjh\gbkh^_j`ZgbygbljZlh\\]jmglh\uo\h^Zo\>Zgbb

[uebijbagZgum]jh`Zxsbfb^eydZq_kl\Z\h^uijbf_jgh\]<



j_amevlZl_wlh]h[ueb\u^_e_gukj_^kl\ZgZijh\_^_gb_bkke_^h\Zgbc\

p_eyoemqr_]hij_^klZ\e_gbyijbqbgghke_^kl\_gguok\ya_c

dZkZxsbokygbljZlgh]haZ]jyag_gby<khq_lZgbbkihklhyggufjhklhf

ihgbfZgby^Zgghcijh[e_fuiheblbq_kdbfbdjm]Zfbbkj_^kl\Zfb

fZkkh\hcbgnhjfZpbbZlZd`_klbfmeZfbh[_ki_q_ggufbijbgylb_f

khhl\_lkl\mxs_c^bj_dlb\u?Kwlbbkke_^h\ZgbyklZebh^gbfba

]eZ\guobgkljmf_glh\gZimlbjZajZ[hldbkh\j_f_gghcghjfZlb\ghc

[ZauWlZ[ZaZ\qZklghklb\dexqZ_lhij_^_e_gb_\eZklyfbhdjm]h\

ijbhjbl_lguojZchgh\iblv_\h]h\h^hkgZ[`_gbybk\yaZggu_kwlbf

aZdhgh^Zl_evgu_h]jZgbq_gbygZa_fe_ihevah\Zgb_JZchguiblv_\h]h

\h^hkgZ[`_gby±wlhjZchgu]^_\hkgh\ghfijhbkoh^blbgnbevljZpby\

ih^a_fgu_\h^h_fubebjZchgudhlhju_hp_gb\ZxlkydZd[m^msb_

jZchgubgnbevljZpbbkfJZa^_e

<>Zgbbkh^_j`Zgb_gbljZlh\\ur_dhgljhevgh]hmjh\gydhgp_gljZpbb

f]eh[gZjm`_gh\kd\Z`bgkbkl_fu\h^hkgZ[`_gbyZ\ur_

fZdkbfZevgh^himklbfhcdhgp_gljZpbbf]e±\

AZ]jyag_gb_]jmglh\uo\h^i_klbpb^Zfb\_]h^uklZehhkgh\ghc

ijh[e_fhch[_ki_q_gbydZq_kl\Z\h^uIZjZee_evgZyjZajZ[hldZ[he__

kh\_jr_gguoZgZeblbq_kdboijb[hjh\ih\urZxsboihjh]h[gZjm`_gby

ZlZd`_[hevr__qbkehijh[bZgZebah\ij_^klZ\beh^hdZaZl_evkl\Z

hiZkghklbdhlhjmxi_klbpb^uij_^klZ\eyebbijh^he`Zxlij_^klZ\eylv

^eydZq_kl\Z\h^uHlqZklb\j_amevlZl_wlh]h>Zlkdh_Z]_glkl\hih

hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u>:HHKy\behkvbgbpbZlhjhfij_djZs_gby

bkihevah\Zgbyi_klbpb^h\bgZeh`_gbyhq_gvkljh]boh]jZgbq_gbcgZ

bkihevah\Zgb_fgh]b_\b^ui_klbpb^h\h[gZjm`_gguo\iblv_\hc\h^_

;uehim[ebdh\Zg\lhjhch[gh\e_ggucieZg^_ckl\bcIeZg^_ckl\bc\

h[eZklbh[jZs_gbyki_klbpb^Zfb,,]>Zlkdbc

k_evkdhohayckl\_ggucdhgkmevlZlb\gucp_gljg_^Z\ghjZkijhkljZgbe

hibkZgb_³gZbemqrbokihkh[h\ijbf_g_gbyi_klbpb^h\´<p_ehf

mf_gvr_ghdhebq_kl\hijbf_gy_fuoobfbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbcZlZd`_

h[sZyqZklhlZboijbf_g_gby<wlhch[eZklb\_^mlkybgl_gkb\gu_

bkke_^h\Zgbykp_evxdhebq_kl\_gghchp_gdbhiZkghklbi_klbpb^h\^ey

dZq_kl\Z\h^u

I_klbpb^ubijh^mdlubojZkiZ^Zh[gZjm`_gu\bakd\Z`bg

kbkl_fu\h^hkgZ[`_gbybadhlhjuo[jZebkvijh[uFZdkbfZevgh

^himklbfZydhgp_gljZpby

]e[ueZij_\ur_gZ\kd\Z`bg

<>Zgbb^hdmf_glZevghaZnbdkbjh\Zgh\ha^_ckl\b_i_klbpb^h\gZ

a^hjh\v_\mkeh\byoijhn_kkbhgZevghc^_yl_evghklbH^gZdh\ha^_ckl\b_

i_klbpb^h\gbljZlh\beb^jm]boobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\aZ]jyagbl_e_cgZ

a^hjh\v_gZk_e_gbyg_bkke_^h\Zehkv

AZ]jyag_gb_\h^uijb__^h[uq_

>h[uqZ\h^ubaih^a_fguobklhqgbdh\fh`_l\ke_^kl\b_[ebahklb

fbg_jZebah\Zgguoih^a_fguo\h^dbklhqgbdmqbklhc\h^u\ua\Zlv

ijblhdkhe_cbaZ]jyag_gb_bklhqgbdZqbklhc\h^uKgb`_gb_mjh\gy

]jmglh\uo\h^\hdjm]kd\Z`bgu\jy^_kemqZ_\\uau\Z_laZ]jyag_gb_

qbklhc\h^ubgnbevljZlhfaZ]jyag_ggufgbd_e_f\ke_^kl\b_

]_hobfbq_kdboijhp_kkh\b_]h\ufu\Zgbybahleh`_gbcgZoh^ysboky

\[ebabih\_joghklb



;Zdl_jbZevgh_bobfbq_kdh_aZ]jyag_gb_\kbkl_f_\h^hkgZ[`_gby

JZaf_juljm[\kbkl_f_\h^hkgZ[`_gby\khq_lZgbbkhkdhjhklvxihlhdZ

\h^uy\eyxlkyhkgh\gufbnZdlhjZfbdhgljhey\j_f_gbgZoh`^_gby

hqbs_gghc\h^u\ljm[ZoG_kfhljygZ^hklZlhqgmxh[jZ[hldm\h^ugZ

klZgpbyo\h^hhqbkldb^Z`_hq_gvfZeh_kh^_j`Zgb_[Zdl_jbcfh`_l

[ulvijbqbghcmom^r_gbydZq_kl\Z\h^ubaaZkebrdhf[hevrh]h

\j_f_gbgZoh`^_gby\h^u\kbkl_f_\h^hkgZ[`_gbyhkh[_ggh_keb

ljm[uihdhlhjufihklmiZ_l]hjyqZyboheh^gZy\h^ZjZkiheh`_gu

[ebadh^jm]d^jm]m>ebl_evgh_gZoh`^_gb_\h^u\kbkl_f_

\h^hkgZ[`_gbyfh`_llZd`_\ua\Zlv\u^_e_gb_obfbq_kdbo

aZ]jyagbl_e_cbakl_ghd\h^hijh\h^guoljm[Ijh[e_fuaZ]jyagbl_e_c

dhlhju_ihy\eyxlky\j_amevlZl_^ebl_evgh]h\j_f_gbgZoh`^_gby\h^u

\\h^hijh\h^guoljm[Zo\qZklguo^hfZofh`ghmf_gvrblvkimkdZy

\h^m^hl_oihjihdZhgZg_klZg_loheh^ghcij_`^_q_fbkihevah\Zlv__

^eyiblv_\uogm`^

IhiZ^Zgb_klhqguo\h^\kbkl_fm\h^hkgZ[`_gby

KemqZcgh_ihiZ^Zgb_bebml_qdZklhqguo\h^\jy^_kemqZ_\ijb\_eZd

\j_f_gghfmaZ]jyag_gbx\h^hijh\h^h\g_[hevrbo]hjh^h\GZb[he__

k_jv_agucijbf_jlZdh]hjh^Z\>Zgbb±k_jv_agZy\kiurdZ

]Zkljhwgl_jblZ\g_[hevrhf]hjh^d_abfhc]dh]^ZihkljZ^Zeh

q_eh\_d<kiurdZaZ[he_\Zgby[ueZ\ua\ZgZi_j_iheg_gghc

dZgZebaZpbhgghckbkl_fhcbl_ogbq_kdbfb^_n_dlZfb\kbkl_f_

\h^hih^]hlh\dbgZoh^ys_cky\qZklghf\eZ^_gbb<^jm]hfkemqZ_\

]g_[hevrZyj_qdZaZlhibeZl_jjblhjbx\hdjm]f_klguo

\h^hijh\h^guokhhjm`_gbcbj_qgZy\h^Zkh^_j`ZsZydZdh_lh

dhebq_kl\hklhqguo\h^ihiZeZ\j_a_j\mZjkqbklhc\h^hc<j_amevlZl_

aZ]jyag_gbyijbf_jgh^hq_eh\_daZ[he_eh]Zkljhwgl_jblhfIjb

ieZgbjh\Zgbbbkihevah\Zgby\h^guoj_kmjkh\kms_kl\m_l^hklZlhqgh

\ukhdZykl_i_gvhkhagZgbyjbkdZaZ]jyag_gbyiblv_\hc\h^uihwlhfm

aZ]jyag_gb_iblv_\hc\h^uklhqgufb\h^Zfb\>Zgbbijhbkoh^bldjZcg_

j_^dh

<i_jbh^]]\>Zgbb[uehaZnbdkbjh\ZghkemqZ_\

fbdjh[bheh]bq_kdh]haZ]jyag_gbyiblv_\hc\h^uIhkljZ^Zeh

q_eh\_dkhh[sZehkvijbf_jghhkemqZyoaZ[he_\ZgbcLhevdh\

hq_gvg_fgh]bokemqZyo[ueZmklZgh\e_gZ^_ckl\bl_evgZyijbqbgZ

aZ]jyag_gby<_jhylghbf_ebf_klh_s_^jm]b_kemqZbhdhlhjuog_

khh[sZehkv

7.1.3

<ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZ

Kihkh[\ha^_ckl\by\j_^guo^eya^hjh\vy\_s_kl\kh^_j`Zsboky\

iblv_\hc\h^_aZdexqZ_lky\g_ihkj_^kl\_gghf\ha^_ckl\bbiblv_\hc

\h^uaZ]jyag_gghc\_s_kl\Zfbdhlhju_ijbkmlkl\mxl\g_c\

dhgp_gljZpbyoij_^klZ\eyxsbojbkd^eya^hjh\vy<ur_i_j_qbke_gu

jZaebqgu_bklhqgbdbaZ]jyag_gbyIhfbfhfbdjh[bheh]bq_kdh]h

\ha^_ckl\by\j_amevlZl_aZ]jyag_gbyklhqgufb\h^Zfb_^bgkl\_ggufb

^hdmf_glZevghaZnbdkbjh\ZggufbkemqZyfb\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_

q_eh\_dZg_ihkj_^kl\_gghk\yaZggufbkiblv_\hc\h^hcy\eyxlky

g_kdhevdhkemqZ_\Zee_j]bbdgbd_exdh]^ZbklhqgbdaZ]jyag_gby

aZdexqZeky\ZghfZevguodhgp_gljZpbyogbd_ey\iblv_\hc\h^_

aZ]jyag_gb_\ijhp_kk_^h[uqb\h^ukf\ur_



<wlhfdhgl_dkl_ke_^m_lih^q_jdgmlvqlhj_]meyjgucdhgljhevdZq_kl\Z

kujhcbiblv_\hc\h^uy\ey_lkyg_hlt_fe_fhcbhq_gv\Z`ghcq_jlhc

kbkl_fu\h^hkgZ[`_gby>Zgbbihkdhevdmhgiha\hey_l[ukljhblhqgh

j_Z]bjh\ZlvgZmom^r_gb_dZq_kl\Z\h^uLZdohlybf_xlf_klhkemqZb

h[gZjm`_gbyi_klbpb^h\hj]Zgbq_kdbofbdjhaZ]jyagbl_e_cbl^\

kd\Z`bgZokbkl_fu\h^hkgZ[`_gbyihklhyggh_\gbfZgb_ddZq_kl\m

\h^ukhklhjhguf_klguobj_]bhgZevguo\eZkl_ch[_ki_qb\Z_l

\j_f_ggh_b^Z`_ihegh_aZdjulb_aZ]jyag_gguokd\Z`bgb\h^haZ[hjh\

_kebbf__lkyih^haj_gb_\ha^_ckl\by\h^ubagbogZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

Bf__lkyjy^ijbf_jh\ij_djZs_gbywdkiemZlZpbbkd\Z`bg\

hkh[_gghklb\]hjh^kdbojZchgZob\hdjm]gbo<g_dhlhjuokemqZyo

^h[uqZih^a_fguo\h^bakd\Z`bgb\h^haZ[hjh\ijh^he`Z_lky\p_eyo

\hkklZgh\e_gby^eyij_djZs_gbyjZkijhkljZg_gbyaZ]jyag_gghc

ih^a_fghc\h^ugZ^jm]b_\h^haZ[hju

Jbkmghd

7.1

Imlb\ha^_ckl\bygZq_eh\_dZwdheh]bq_kdbonZdlhjh\k\yaZgguok

iblv_\hc\h^hc

7.2

Mjh\_gvaZsblu

7.2.1

Djbl_jbbdZq_kl\Zghjfu

>eyf_klguo\eZkl_cFbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb

jZajZ[hlZehmdZaZgbyihdZq_kl\miblv_\hc\h^uHgb\dexqZxldZd

klZg^ZjludZq_kl\Zlj_[m_fu_^bj_dlb\hc?Kihiblv_\hc\h^_

((&lZdbjZajZ[hlZggu_gZpbhgZevgu_djbl_jbbdZq_kl\Z^ey

^jm]boqZklhj_]bkljbjm_fuo\_s_kl\KfIjbeh`_gb_kh^_j`Zs__

ijh_dlgZpbhgZevgh]hi_j_qgyklZg^Zjlh\iblv_\hc\h^u\khhl\_lkl\bb

k^bj_dlb\hc(&ZlZd`_gZpbhgZevgmxhp_gdmkhhl\_lkl\mxsbo

djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^u_s_g_ijbgyluF_lh^ub

ijbgpbiuijh\_^_gbyhp_gdb\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_bjZajZ[hldZ

djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^uij_^klZ\e_gu\Ijbeh`_gbb

<p_ehfdjbl_jbbdZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc\h^ubklZg^ZjludZq_kl\Ziblv_\hc

\h^umklZgh\e_gugZ\ukhdhfmjh\g_ihkdhevdmihlj_[e_gb_iblv_\hc

\h^ug_^he`ghij_^klZ\eylvm]jham^eya^hjh\vygZk_e_gby;he__lh]h



\h^Z^he`gZ[ulv\bamZevghqbklZybg_bf_lvdZdh]heb[hg_ijbylgh]h

\dmkZbebaZiZoZ

WlhhlghkblkygZijbf_jdi_klbpb^Zf\dexqZy[bhpb^u\

khhl\_lkl\bbkhklZg^ZjlZfb?Kdhlhju_hij_^_eyxlij_^_evgmx

\_ebqbgmkh^_j`Zgbyi_klbpb^h\\iblv_\hc\h^_dZd

]^eyh^gh]h

\_s_kl\Zb

]^eyh[s_]hkh^_j`Zgbyi_klbpb^h\

<hlghr_gbbaZ]jyag_gbyihq\uk\yaZggh]hk]jmglh\ufb\h^Zfbp_ev

klZg^Zjlh\aZdexqZ_lky\aZsbl_ih^a_fguo\h^dZdj_kmjkZg_aZ\bkbfh

hllh]hgZoh^ylkyebkd\Z`bgubadhlhjuo^h[u\Z_lky\h^Z\^Zgghf

jZchg_bebg_lIjhp_^mjuhp_gdbjbkdZhibkZgu\JZa^_e_Hp_gdZ

djbl_jb_\dZq_kl\Zih^a_fguo\h^hkgh\ZgZgZklZg^ZjlZobdjbl_jbyo

dZq_kl\Z^eyiblv_\hc\h^uihkdhevdm\h^Zbaih^a_fguobklhqgbdh\

ihke_h[uqgh]hijhp_kkZ\h^hhqbkldb^he`gZm^h\e_l\hjylv

lj_[h\ZgbyfdZq_kl\Z^eyiblv_\hc\h^u

7.3

J_]mebjh\Zgb_bkljZl_]by

7.3.1

P_ebbijbgpbiu

Ih^a_fgu_\h^ukhklZ\eyxlijbf_jghaZiZkh\iblv_\hc\h^u\

>Zgbbb\k_]^ZjZkkfZljb\ZebkvdZdbklhqgbd\h^u\ukhdh]hdZq_kl\Z

khhl\_lkl\mxs_]hbf_`^mgZjh^gufklZg^ZjlZfH^gZdhk]b

^Ze__jhkehihgbfZgb_\eZklyfblh]hqlhhkgh\gu_aZiZkuiblv_\hc

\h^u\>Zgbb±ih^a_fgu_\h^ugZoh^ylkyih^\hajZklZxs_cm]jhahc

aZ]jyag_gby\j_amevlZl_^_yl_evghklbq_eh\_dZk\yaZgghc]eZ\guf

h[jZahfkijhfure_gghklvxbk_evkdbfohayckl\hf

P_evghjfZlb\guo^hdmf_glh\\h[eZklbhojZguih^a_fguo\h^

aZdexqZ_lkylZdbfh[jZahf\h[_ki_q_gbblh]hqlh[uaZiZkuiblv_\hc

\h^u[uebbhklZ\ZebkvaZsbs_ggufbhl^_yl_evghklbb\ha^_ckl\bc

dhlhju_ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcm]jham^eydZq_kl\ZgZrbohkgh\guo

aZiZkh\\h^u<>Zgbbhq_gvj_^dhbkihevam_lkyhqbkldZih^a_fguo\h^

^eyiblv_\uop_e_c

GZk_]h^gyrgbc^_gvghjfZlb\gufb^hdmf_glZfbj_]mebjmxsbfb

hojZgmaZiZkh\iblv_\hc\h^u\>Zgbby\eyxlky:dlh\h^hkgZ[`_gbb

:dlh[hojZg_a_f_evb:dlh[hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubk\yaZggu_k

gbfbghjfZlb\gu_ZdluFbgbkl_jkl\Zhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubwg_j]_lbdb

<wlhfdhgl_dkl_ke_^m_lmihfygmlvf_`^mgZjh^gucijhlhdheh\h^_b

a^hjh\v_ijbgyluc\Ehg^hg_\]Kh]eZkghwlhfmIjhlhdhem

hojZgZ\h^guoj_kmjkh\hkms_kl\ey_lkygZhkgh\_hij_^_e_gbyp_e_cb

jZajZ[hldbgZpbhgZevguobf_klguoieZgh\^_ckl\bcgZijZ\e_gguogZ

lhqlh[uba[_`Zlvg_]Zlb\gh]h\ha^_ckl\by\j_amevlZl_aZ]jyag_gbyb

hljbpZl_evguoihke_^kl\bcjZaebqguo\b^h\a_fe_ihevah\Zgby

7.3.2

AZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hihhojZg_iblv_\hc\h^u

:dlh\h^hkgZ[`_gbb

I_j\hgZqZevgh:dlh\h^hkgZ[`_gbbhl]kh^_j`Ze\hkgh\ghf

iheh`_gbyk\yaZggu_kebp_gabyfbgZ^h[uqm\h^ubaih^a_fguo

bklhqgbdh\h[yaZgghklyfbh[eZ^Zl_eyebp_gabbkh]eZr_gbyfbih