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Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

ij_iZjZlubijh^mdpby

10.1

<ha^_ckl\b_obfbq_kdbonZdlhjh\gZq_eh\_dZ

ObfbdZlu_klvih\kx^m

<kh\j_f_gghfbg^mkljbZevghfh[s_kl\_obfbdZlu\klj_qZxlky

ih\k_f_klghFgh]b_j_r_gbyl_ogbq_kdboijh[e_fbfgh]b_gh\u_

ijh^mdlu\dexqZxljZajZ[hldmbbkihevah\Zgb_gh\uoobfbq_kdbo

ij_iZjZlh\bebbkihevah\Zgb_ba\_klguoij_iZjZlh\\gh\uoh[eZklyo

Kh]eZkghbf_xsbfkyhp_gdZf\>ZgbbgZjugd_ij_^klZ\e_gh

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\obfbq_kdboijh^mdlh\b

lh\Zjh\ijhfure_gguoba^_ebc>:HHK]

Ihwlhfmbklhqgbdb

\ha^_ckl\byobfbq_kdboij_iZjZlh\ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hch[u^_ggmxbg_

\k_]^ZjZkihagZ\Z_fmxqZklvih\k_^g_\ghc`bagb

ObfbdZludZd_kl_kl\_ggh]hijhbkoh`^_gbylZdbbkdmkkl\_ggu_fh]ml

hdZau\ZlvhljbpZl_evgh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZG_dhlhju_bagbo

fh]mlhdZau\Zlvqj_a\uqZcghk_jv_agh_\ha^_ckl\b_\dexqZylZdb_

ihke_^kl\bydZddZgp_jh]_ggh_j_ijh^mdlb\ghlhdkbq_kdh_beb

fmlZ]_ggh_^jm]b_ojhgbq_kdb_aZ[he_\Zgbybeb^Z`_kf_jlvIhwlhfm

ijbeZ]Zxlky[hevrb_mkbeby^eymf_gvr_gby\ha^_ckl\bywlbob^jm]bo

\uau\Zxsbolj_\h]mobfbdZlh\

<gbfZgb_dkn_jZf\uau\ZxsbfhaZ[hq_gghklv

Bkihevah\Zgb_obfbdZlh\^eyijhba\h^kl\Zkbgl_lbq_kdbofZl_jbZeh\b

ijh^mdlh\ZlZd`_\dZq_kl\_dhfihg_glh\obfbq_kdboijh^mdlh\^ey

jZaghh[jZaguop_e_chagZqZ_lqlhobfbdZluijbkmlkl\mxl\_a^_

G_\hafh`gh^Zlvihegh_hibkZgb_\k_o\hafh`guoghkbl_e_c

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\dhlhju_fh]mlbf_lvihl_gpbZevgh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

a^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

Kihkh[bkihevah\ZgbybkhklZ\ijh^mdlZkh^_j`Zs_]hobfbdZlu^Z_l

hkgh\Zgby^eyhkh[hchaZ[hq_gghklblZf]^_

•

Ijbf_g_gb_\dexqZ_lhiZkgu_\_s_kl\Z

ObfbdZludhlhju_bf_xlk\hckl\ZhiZkgu_^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ

y\eyxlkyhq_\b^gufnZdlhjhfjbkdZIjbf_g_gbydhlhju_

\dexqZxli_klbpb^ubeb[bhpb^uhj]Zgbq_kdb_jZkl\hjbl_eb

ZdjbeZlub^jm]b_\_s_kl\Zkyjdh\ujZ`_ggufb[bheh]bq_kdbfb

\ha^_ckl\byfb

>:HHK (1996) Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbij_iZjZlu – Khklhygb_bi_jki_dlb\u.

<u^_j`dbbafZl_jbZeh\^ey^bkdmkkbc>:HHK, DjZldh_kh^_j`Zgb_gZ

Zg]ebckdhfyaud_bKibkhdg_`_eZl_evguo\_s_kl\.

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Bobkihevah\Zgb_ijb\h^bld\ukhdhckl_i_gb\ha^_ckl\bygZ

a^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ

Kihkh[uijbf_g_gby\dexqZxsb_[hevrb_dhebq_kl\Zijh^mdlZ\

dZdhfeb[h[bheh]bq_kdb^hklmighf\b^_]ZaZbeb`b^dhklbeb[h

ijbf_g_gb_\_^ms__dbgl_gkb\ghfmb^he]h\j_f_gghfm

\ha^_ckl\bxgZq_eh\_dZ

•

Boijbf_g_gb_\dexqZ_l]jmiiujbkdZ

Ijbf_g_gby\dexqZxsb_\k_[y]jmiiujbkdZy\eyxlkyij_^f_lhf

hkh[h]h\gbfZgbyWlhfh`_l[ulvgZijbf_jijh^mdlbkihevam_fuc

[_j_f_ggufb`_gsbgZfb^_lvfbjZagh]h\hajZklZ[hevgufbb

ij_klZj_eufbex^vfb

Jy^ijh^mdlh\bf__lkihkh[uijbf_g_gbydhlhju_hlghkylbod]jmii_

³bgl_gkb\gh]h´\ha^_ckl\byGb`_j_qvb^_lbf_gghhlZdboijh^mdlZo

<^Zgghc]eZ\_wdheh]bq_kdb_nZdlhjujZkkfZljb\Zxlkyklhqdbaj_gby

nhjfubokms_kl\h\Zgby\\b^_obfbdZlh\bobklhqgbdh\ijbf_g_gbyb

kihkh[h\j_]eZf_glZpbbbobkihevah\Zgby<g_clZd`_^Z_lkyhibkZgb_

gZb[he__\Z`guobgkljmf_glh\mqZklgbdh\bkljZl_]bbj_r_gbywlhc

ijh[e_fu\>Zgbb

Hkgh\gh_\gbfZgb_m^_e_ghobfbdZlZfbkihkh[Zfboijbf_g_gbylZf

]^_hgbj_]mebjm_lky>:HHKWlhij_`^_\k_]hkZfbdZdlZdh\u_

obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zbij_iZjZluijh^Z\Z_fu_gZjugd_ZlZd`_kn_ju

ijbf_g_gby]^_wlbobfbdZlu\oh^yl\g_ihkj_^kl\_ggucdhglZdlk

g_ijhn_kkbhgZevgufbihevah\Zl_eyfbgZijbf_jij_iZjZlu[ulh\hc

obfbbZlZd`_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_ij_^f_lublh\Zju

G_dhlhju_kn_ju]^_fh`_lgZ[ex^ZlvkyagZqbl_evgh_

g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_obfbdZlh\g_j_]mebjmxlky>:HHKHgb

\dexqZxlmkeh\by\jZ[hq_cahg_gZijhba\h^kl\_ijh^mdluiblZgbyb

f_^bpbgkdb_ij_iZjZluG_jZkkfZljb\ZxlkylZd`_dhk\_ggu_

\ha^_ckl\byk\yaZggu_kihlj_[e_gb_fhl^_evgufq_eh\_dhflZ[Zqguo

ba^_ebcZedh]heygZjdhlbdh\h[sbfh[jZahf`bagbb__mkeh\byfb

;he__ih^jh[gh_hibkZgb_nmgdpbc^Zlkdbo\eZkl_c\kn_j_

j_]mebjh\ZgbynZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_bhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m

ijb\_^_gh\=eZ\Zob

10.1.1

Obfbq_kdb_nZdlhju

<^Zgghc]eZ\_]h\hjblkyhijh^mdlZo\dhlhju_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

[ueb\g_k_gu\kZfijh^mdlij_^gZf_j_ggheb[hhijh^mdlZo]^_hgb

ijhy\eyxlk_[ydZdaZ]jyagbl_ebkh^_j`Zsb_ky\bkihevah\Zgghfkujv_

Ihwlhfml_jfbg³wdheh]bq_kdbcnZdlhj´a^_kvihgbfZ_lkydZd

³obfbq_kdbcnZdlhj´ihkdhevdm\ha^_ckl\b_ijhbkoh^bl

g_ihkj_^kl\_gghbai_j\hgZqZevgh]hbklhqgbdZbg_ih^jZamf_\Z_l

\ebygbynZdlhjh\hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u<ha^_ckl\b_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

jZkkfZljb\Z_lky\dZ`^hcba]eZ\ihk\ys_gguojZaebqguf__we_f_glZf

<^Zlkdhf:dl_hobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\Zobijh^mdpbb^_eZ_lkyjZaebqb_

f_`^mobfbq_kdbfb\_s_kl\Zfbbij_iZjZlZfb



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Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zy\eyxlky_kl_kl\_ggufbwe_f_glZfbbbo

hj]Zgbq_kdbfbbg_hj]Zgbq_kdbfbkh_^bg_gbyfb\lhf\b^_\

dhlhjhfhgbh[jZamxlky\ijbjh^_bebijhba\h^ylky\

ijhfure_gghklb

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Obfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZludhlhju_y\eyxlkykf_kyfb[hevr_]h

dhebq_kl\Z\_s_kl\lZdb_dZddjZkdbfhxsb_kj_^kl\Zdhkf_lbdZb

l^bgh]^ZkqblZxlkyobfbq_kdbfbijh^mdlZfb

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<^hiheg_gb_dobfbq_kdbfij_iZjZlZf\lhf\b^_\dhlhjhfhgb

hij_^_e_gu\ghjfZlb\ghfZdl_fgh]hqbke_ggu_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_

ijh^mdlu\\b^_ij_^f_lh\blh\Zjh\g_dhlhju_ijbf_julhfm

b]jmrdbldZgbkljhcfZl_jbZeufh]mllZd`_ijb\_klbd

\ha^_ckl\bxj_]mebjm_fhfm^_ckl\mxsbfbghjfZlb\gufbZdlZfb

Lbibqgu_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_ijh^mdlu[m^mljZkkfhlj_gu\wlhc]eZ\_

hl^_evgh

Kh]eZkghbf_xsbfkyhp_gdZf\?Kijh^Z_lky±

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\bijbf_jghbagboy\eyxlkylZdgZau\Z_fufb

³obfbdZlZfbijhba\h^bfufb\[hevrboh[t_fZo´ijh^Z\Z_fuo\

h[t_fZo!lhgg\]h^ihdhlhjuf^he`guijb\h^blvky

hij_^_e_ggu_^Zggu_hijbkmsbobfk\hckl\Zo>Zggu_h[wlbo

\_s_kl\ZoZlZd`_^Zggu_hijbf_jgh³\_s_kl\ijhba\h^bfuo\

kj_^gboh[t_fZo´hl^hlhggbf_xlky\[Za_^ZgguogZ

dhfivxl_jguo^bkdZo³;ZaZ>ZgguoF_`^mgZjh^ghcObfbq_kdhc

BgnhjfZpbb´,8&/,'kha^Zgghc?\jhi_ckdbf[xjhihobfbdZlZf

(&%,8&/,'<_jkby

>jm]b_\_s_kl\Zijh^Zxlky\f_gvrboh[t_fZog_dhlhju_\hq_gv

fZeuodhebq_kl\ZoKj_^bgbo_klv\_s_kl\Zg_\uau\Zxsb_y\ghc

haZ[hq_gghklbgZijbf_jh[sb_khebm]e_\h^u\hlghr_gbbdhlhjuo

ihlj_[ghklv\bgnhjfZpbbg_lZdZyhkljZyghlZd`__klv\_s_kl\Z\

hlghr_gbbdhlhjuolj_[mxlkyijbeZ]Zlvp_e_gZijZ\e_ggu_mkbeby<

hlghr_gbb\ha^_ckl\bbgZa^hjh\v_bwdheh]bq_kdbok\hckl\[hevrh]h

qbkeZobfbdZlh\djZcg_fZehbebgbq_]hg_ba\_klgh

Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z\j_^gh_\ha^_ckl\b_

Dhebq_kl\hihl_gpbZevguof_kldhglZdlZq_eh\_dZkobfbdZlZfb

h]jhfghQlh[uhij_^_eblvjbkdobfbq_kdh]h\ha^_ckl\bym`_

gZoh^ysb_ky\h[jZs_gbbbgh\u_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z^he`gu[ulv

deZkkbnbpbjh\Zgukmq_lhfhiZkghklb^eyq_eh\_dZbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

gZhkgh\Zgbbbf_xs_ckybgnhjfZpbbhijbkmsbobfk\hckl\Zo

Lhevdhh]jZgbq_ggh_dhebq_kl\h\_s_kl\bf_xsbokygZjugd_[ueh

hnbpbZevghdeZkkbnbpbjh\Zgh\eZklyfbb\dexq_gh\kibkhdhiZkguo

>:HHK]H^gZdhijhba\h^bl_ebbbfihjl_juh[yaZgu^Z\Zlv

hp_gdml_fobfbdZfdhlhju_hgbijhba\h^ylbbfihjlbjmxl;he__lh]h

qlh[ubo\j_f_gghdeZkkbnbpbjh\ZlvbfZjdbjh\ZlvwlbobfbdZlu

^he`gukhhl\_lkl\h\Zlvlj_[h\ZgbyfghjfZlb\guoZdlh\h

deZkkbnbdZpbbmiZdh\d_fZjdbjh\d_ijh^Z`_bojZg_gbbobfbq_kdbo

\_s_kl\bijh^mdlh\



LZ[ebpZ10.1

Ijbf_juobfbq_kdbonZdlhjh\dhlhjufm^_ey_lkygZb[hevr__\gbfZgb_klhqdbaj_gbybo

\hafh`gh]h\ha^_ckl\bygZa^hjh\v_q_eh\_dZ\ghjfZlb\guoijZ\h\uoZdlZohobfbq_kdbo

\_s_kl\Zoobfbq_kdboij_iZjZlZoZlZd`_ihlj_[bl_evkdboij_^f_lZoblh\ZjZo>:HHK

]

Obfbq_kdbc

nZdlhj

Ijhbkoh`^_gb_boZjZdl_jbklbdb <ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_

F_lZeeugZijbf_j

k\bg_pojhf

dZ^fbcbjlmlv

F_lZeeubkihevamxlky\jZaebqguo

p_eyo\dexqZyhdjZkdm

klZ[bebaZpbxb\dZq_kl\_

dhfihg_glh\\[ZlZj_cdZoF_lZeeu

lZd`_\klj_qZxlky\ijbjh^_\h

fgh]boijh^mdlZobadhlhjuohgb

fh]ml[ulvihl_gpbZevgh\u^_e_gu

H]jZgbq_ggh_\ha^_ckl\b_GZijbf_jk\bg_pb

jlmlvgZdZieb\Zxlky\hj]Zgbaf_DZd

hj]Zgbq_kdZylZdbg_hj]Zgbq_kdZynhjfZ

y\eyxlkylhdkbqgufb

DZ^fbcgZdZieb\Z_lkybhdZau\Z_l

ojhgbq_kdh_hljbpZl_evgh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZ

nmgdpbxihq_d

Ojhf\hdbke_gghfkhklhygbbhdZau\Z_l

dZgp_jh]_ggh_b\hafh`ghj_ijh^mdlb\gh_

\ha^_ckl\b_

Gbd_ev Rbjhdhbkihevam_lky\kieZ\Zob

x\_ebjguoba^_ebyo

Gbd_evy\ey_lkyh[sbfZee_j]_ghf

I_klbpb^u Bkihevamxlky\k_evkdhfbe_kghf

ohayckl\_ZlZd`_\^hfZrg_f

ohayckl\_^ey[hjv[ukkhjgydZfb

Ijbg_ijhn_kkbhgZevghf

bkihevah\Zgbbfh]mlhdZaZlvkbevgh_

\ha^_ckl\b_gZa^hjh\v_

Fgh]hjZaebqguo\ha^_ckl\bchlrbjhdh]h

djm]Z\_s_kl\

NlZeZlu

IeZklbnbdZlhju\I<Obl_gab^Zo

\klj_qZxsb_ky\fhxsbokj_^kl\Zo

bdhkf_lbd_

J_ijh^mdlb\gh_\ha^_ckl\b_

GZjmr_gb_wg^hdjbgghckbkl_fu

E_lmqb_

hj]Zgbq_kdb_

kh_^bg_gbyEHK

DjZkdbbeZdbde_bkj_^kl\Z^ey

h[_a`bjb\Zgbyb\hh[s_

jZkl\hjbl_eb

HkljZylhdkbqghklv

G_cjhlhdkbqghklv

:ee_j]_gu

:jhfZlbaZlhju Kj_^kl\Zebqghc]b]b_gub^jm]b_

ZjhfZlbabjh\Zggu_ijh^mdlu

:ee_j]_gu

IhebZjhfZlbq_kdb_

m]e_\h^hjh^ug_nlb

Ml_qdZbhleh`_gby]m^jhgguo

ijh^mdlh\ijhba\h^kl\h]m^jhgZb

ZknZevlZ]Zah\u_aZ\h^uijhibldZ

^ey\_j_\hdbju[heh\guok_l_c

ij_^hojZg_gb_^j_\_kbgu

ijhba\h^kl\hlhebbl^

<oh^_bkke_^h\ZgbcgZ`b\hlguomklZgh\e_gh

qlh[_gahibj_gbg_dhlhju_^jm]b_

ihebZjhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^ug_nlb

y\eyxlkyihl_gpbZevgufbdZgp_jh]_gZfb?klv

^hdZaZl_evkl\Zk\yaZggh]hk\ha^_ckl\b_fwlbo

\_s_kl\dZgp_jh]_ggh]hwnn_dlZ^eyq_eh\_dZ

>:HHK (1996) Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z – Khklhygb_bi_jki_dlb\u. <u^_j`dbba

fZl_jbZeh\^ey^bkdmkkbc>:HHK, DjZldh_kh^_j`Zgb_gZZg]ebckdhfyaud_b

Kibkhdg_`_eZl_evguo\_s_kl\.



10.1.2

Bklhqgbdbbih^\_j`_gghklv\ha^_ckl\bx

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zij_iZjZluij_^f_lublh\Zjuijh^Z\Z_fu_

ijhn_kkbhgZevgufki_pbZebklZfbg_ki_pbZebklZfy\eyxlky

bklhqgbdhffgh]hqbke_gguog_ihkj_^kl\_gguo\ha^_ckl\bcobfbq_kdbo

nZdlhjh\gZex^_c<jhagbqghcijh^Z`_gZoh^blky[hevrh_dhebq_kl\h

jZaebqguolh\Zjh\ihwlhfmk_jv_agh_\gbfZgb_m^_ey_lkykgZ[`_gbx

obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\wlbd_ldZfbkbgnhjfZpb_chjbkd_^eya^hjh\vyb

ijZ\beZo[_ahiZkghklbP_evkhklhbl\h]jZgbq_gbbh`b^Z_fh]h

\ha^_ckl\byiml_fh]jZgbq_gbybkihevah\Zgbybebij_^ibkZgby

bkihevah\Zlvki_pbZevgu_aZsblgu_kj_^kl\Z

Hl^_evgu_\_s_kl\ZlZdb_dZdhij_^_e_ggu_jZkl\hjbl_ebf_lZeeu

fZkeZdbkehlubs_ehqbIjbf_j10.lZd`_ijh^Zxlkybgh]^Z\uau\Zy

kbevgu_\ha^_ckl\bybk\yaZggu_kgbfb\j_^gu_ihke_^kl\by

Ijbf_j10.1 BklhqgbdbobfbdZlh\

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z

•

JZkl\hjbl_eb

•

0HlZeeu

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FZkeZ

Ij_^f_lublh\Zju

•

B]jmrdb

•

H^_`^Z

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Kljhbl_evgu_fZl_jbZeu

Obfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZlu

•

Fhxsb_kj_^kl\Z

•

DjZkdbbeZdb

•

Dhkf_lbdZ

•

I_klbpb^u

Obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z\u^_eyxsb_kybebfb]jbjmxsb_baij_^f_lh\b

lh\Zjh\lZd`_ij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcbklhqgbd\ha^_ckl\bydhlhjucqZklh

lj_[m_lijh\_^_gby^_lZevgh]hZgZebaZkp_evx\uy\e_gbyb

dhebq_kl\_gghchp_gdbnZdlbq_kdh]h\ha^_ckl\byWlhijhbkoh^bl

hkh[_gghqZklhdh]^Z\u^_eyxsb_kyobfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zy\eyxlky

j_amevlZlhfaZ]jyag_gbykujvyZg_^h[Z\e_gu\ijh^mdlu

ij_^gZf_j_gghG_^Z\gb_ijbf_julZdbo\ha^_ckl\bch[gZjm`_gb_

ke_^h\ljb[mlbeZ\kZen_ldZo^ey^_l_cbZk[_klZ\p\_lguodZjZg^ZrZo

Obfbq_kdb_ij_iZjZlu

QbkehjZaebqguoobfbq_kdboijh^mdlh\kf_k_c\_s_kl\gZijbf_j

djZkdbeZdbbfhxsb_kj_^kl\Z[hevr_q_fqbkehobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\

bdZ`^h_bagbofh`_lkZfhihk_[_klZlvbklhqgbdhfwdheh]bq_kdbo

nZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\mxsbogZa^hjh\v_\h\j_fy_]hojZg_gby

bkihevah\ZgbybmlbebaZpbbKlhqdbaj_gbyh]jZgbq_gbybo\ha^_ckl\by

ijh\h^blkylZ`_iheblbdZqlhb^eyobfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\

MklZgh\e_ghqlhg_dhlhju_obfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zhkh[_gghhiZkgu

k\bg_ppbZghZdjbeZlubahpbZgZluwihdkb^gu_kh_^bg_gbyZdlb\guc

oehjbdZ^fbc>eyg_dhlhjuoij_iZjZlh\kh^_j`Zsbowlb\_s_kl\Z

lj_[m_lky^hihegbl_evgZyfZjdbjh\dZ

<_s_kl\Zkh^_j`Zsb_ky\ij_^f_lZoblh\ZjZorbjhdh]h

ihlj_[e_gby

Fgh]b_ihlj_[bl_evkdb_ijh^mdlug_\hkijbgbfZxlkydZd\hafh`guc

bklhqgbdobfbq_kdbonZdlhjh\\ha^_ckl\byh^gZdhobfbdZlu



bkihevamxlky\ijhba\h^kl\_ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\Zjh\Hgb

bkihevamxlky\dZq_kl\_dhfihg_glh\kljmdlmjguofZl_jbZeh\

^_dhjZlb\guobeblhfmih^h[guodhfihg_glh\eb[hhkZ`^Zxlky\\b^_

hklZlhqghcdhgp_gljZpbbbebaZ]jyag_gby\]hlh\hcijh^mdpbbFh`gh

ijb\_klblZdb_ijbf_judZdk\bg_pbdZ^fbckh^_j`Zsb_ky\]eZamjbb

wfZebieZklbnbdZlhju\kde_b\Zxs_cie_gd_bebZglbibj_gu\

we_dljhgghcZiiZjZlmj_

<u[hjkljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeh\fh`_lhdZaZlvkms_kl\_ggh_\ebygb_gZ

mkeh\byijh`b\Zgby\ihf_s_gbyo\ke_^kl\b_^ebl_evgh]h\ha^_ckl\by

[hevrboh[t_fh\bebiehsZ^_cbkihevah\ZgbyHkh[h_\gbfZgb_

m^_ey_lkye_lmqbfkh_^bg_gbyfihkdhevdmbkiZj_gb_kih\_joghkl_c

kl_gbihlhedh\fh`_lijb\_klbdboagZqbl_evghcdhgp_gljZpbb\

aZfdgmluog_ijh\_ljb\Z_fuoihf_s_gbyok[hevrbfbiehsZ^yfb

ih\_joghkl_cH^bgbaijbf_jh\±h]jZgbq_gb_ij_^_evgh^himklbfh]h

kh^_j`ZgbybkiZj_gbcnhjfZev^_]b^Zba>KI>jm]Zyk_jv_agh

jZkkfZljb\ZxsZykyk_cqZkijh[e_fZ±wlhbkiZj_gbyieZklbnbdZlhjh\ba

fZl_jbZeh\ihdjulbc^eyiheZba]hlh\e_gguobaI<O

BkiZj_gb_obfbdZlh\bakljhcfZl_jbZeh\ijbagZghhkgh\guf

dhfihg_glhfmom^r_gbydebfZlZ\gmljbihf_s_gbyWlbfZl_jbZeu

\dexqZxlgZijbf_jde_bgZihegbl_ebi_gmb^jm]b_ihebf_jgu_

fZl_jbZeulZdb_dZddjZkdbeZdbbkhklZ\u^eyihebjh\db;hevr_\k_]h

\ha^_ckl\b_ijhbkoh^blq_j_a\^uoZgb_bwnn_dl^eya^hjh\vyk\yaZgk

e_lmqbfbhj]Zgbq_kdbfbkh_^bg_gbyfbbkihevam_fufb\dZq_kl\_

jZkl\hjbl_e_c

JZkl_l\gbfZgb_bd^jm]bfobfbdZlZfdhlhju_\u^_eyxlkyba

kljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeh\ijbbobkihevah\ZgbbdZddbklhqgbdZf

ihl_gpbZevguo\ha^_ckl\bcgZa^hjh\v_Bkihevah\Zgb_ZdjbeZlh\b

^jm]boih^h[guofhghf_jh\fh`_lijb\_klbd\ha^_ckl\bxgZdh`m

G_^Z\ghklZeblZd`_aZgbfZlvkyijh[e_fhc\u^_e_gbybihke_^mxs_]h

dhk\_ggh]h\ha^_ckl\bybahdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ugZijbf_j

ieZklbnbdZlhjh\baI<O

Qbklysb_bfhxsb_kj_^kl\Z

;ulh\u_qbklysb_bfhxsb_kj_^kl\Zfh]mlkh^_j`ZlvhiZkgu_

obfbdZlugZijbf_j_^db_jZa^jZ`Zxsb_ZlZd`_lhdkbqgu_^ey

q_eh\_dZbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uWlbijh^mdlufh]mlih^jZa^_eylvkygZ

fgh]hdZl_]hjbcDqbkemjZaghh[jZaguoqbklysbobfhxsbokj_^kl\

hlghkylkykj_^kl\Z^eyfulvyihkm^uZ\lhfh[be_cqbkldbdZgZebaZpbb

kj_^kl\Zihebjh\dbbkmohcobfqbkldbfhxsb_kj_^kl\Z^ey^\b]Zl_e_c

hdhgaZsblgu_ihdjulbykj_^kl\Z^eym^Ze_gbyiyl_gki_pbZevgu_

kj_^kl\Z^eyqbkldbf_lZeeZkj_^kl\h^eym^Ze_gbyhleh`_gbcdZevpby

ObfbdZlubkihevam_fu_\qbklysbobfhxsbokj_^kl\Zo]eZ\guf

h[jZahfhj]Zgbq_kdh]hijhbkoh`^_gbybp_eucjy^bagboij_^klZ\ey_l

kh[hcg_`_eZl_evgu_\_s_kl\ZZedben_ghewlhdkbeZlunlZeZlub

fgh]b_^jm]b_jZkl\hjbl_eb

Qbklysb_bfhxsb_kj_^kl\Zbkihevamxlky\[hevrbodhebq_kl\Zob

g_dhlhju_kbevgu_\ha^_ckl\byjy^Zwlboijh^mdlh\lZd`_fh`gh

ij_^\b^_lv\hkh[_gghklbbokbevgh_\ha^_ckl\b_gZdh`mFgh]b_

qbklysb_bfhxsb_kj_^kl\Zkh^_j`Zsb_^_l_j]_glubkihevamxlkyk

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Zwjhahe_cb]Zah\>ey]jmiiujbkdZlZdhcdZd^_lbke_^m_lh`b^Zlv

[hevr_]hq_f\kj_^g_f\ha^_ckl\by\j_^guoobfbdZlh\hk_^ZxsbogZ

ihem^jm]boih\_joghklyoZlZd`_\j_amevlZl_\^uoZgby\ha^moZb

dhglZdlZkqZklbpZfbiueb

Dhkf_lbdZ

Dhkf_lbdZh[uqghbkihevam_lkyg_ihkj_^kl\_gghgZih\_joghklbdh`b

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dh`mG_dhlhju_dhkf_lbq_kdb_kj_^kl\Zbkihevamxlky\[ebabkebabkluo

f_f[jZggZijbf_j]eZabjlZqlhfh`_lm\_ebqblvZ[khj[pbxwlbo

\_s_kl\eb[hhgbj_]meyjghbkihevamxlkygZ[hevrbomqZkldZo

ih\_joghklbdh`bgZijbf_jehkvhgu^ey^_l_cjZagh]h\hajZklZ

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KqblZ_lkyqlhg_dhlhju_\_s_kl\ZljZ^bpbhgghbkihevam_fu_\

dhkf_lbd_\fZeuodhgp_gljZpbyoh[eZ^Zxl\j_^guf\ha^_ckl\b_fIjb

\ukhdhcdhgp_gljZpbbwlb\_s_kl\Zijhy\eyxlfmlZ]_ggmx

Zee_j]_ggmxbj_ijh^mdlb\gmxlhdkbqghklvgZijbf_jbahijhibeh\uc

kibjldkbehefmkdmku^bwlbe]_dkbenlZeZlu>W=N

:ee_j]byy\ey_lkygZb[he__qZklufj_amevlZlhfg_]Zlb\gh]h

\ha^_ckl\byk\yaZggh]hkdhkf_lbdhcqlhg_j_^dhhij_^_ey_lky

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jZkl_l

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\hafh`ghklbi_j_ghkZ\_s_kl\kijh^mdlh\q_j_afh^_ebjh\Zgb_

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\_s_kl\Z

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g_^Z\ghgZeh`_guh]jZgbq_gbylZddZdi_j_ghkbjbkdg_]Zlb\gh]h

\ha^_ckl\bywlbo\_s_kl\kh^_j`Zsbcky\mijm]boba^_ebyobaI<O

hdZaZekyg_ijb_fe_fuf^ey^Zlkdbo\eZkl_c

>eyjy^Zf_lZeeh\bkihevamxsboky\dZq_kl\_djZkysbowe_f_glh\\

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\ha^_ckl\h\ZlvdZdgZdh`mlZdbgZjhlh\mxihehklv

H^_`^ZldZgb

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aZdexqZ_lkyg_\kZfbofZl_jbZeZoZkdhj__\l_kghfdhglZdl_dhlhjuc

fh`_lbf_lvf_klhf_`^mfZl_jbZehfbagZqbl_evghcqZklvx

ih\_joghklbdh`bhlghkbl_evgh^ebl_evgh_\j_fy



I_klbpb^u

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aj_gbylhdkbqghklbwlbijh^mdluy\eyxlkyijh^mdlZfbhkh[h]hjbkdZ

<ha^_ckl\b_gZq_eh\_dZfh`_lijhbkoh^blv\h\j_fyboi_j_f_rb\Zgby

baZ]jmadbh[hjm^h\Zgby^ey\g_k_gbyi_klbpb^h\\ijhp_kk_bo

\g_k_gbygZiheyHgbhkh[_gghhiZkgu^eyihevah\Zl_ey

g_ijhn_kkbhgZeZdhlhjucfh`_lbkihevah\Zlvg_^hklZlhqgh

wnn_dlb\gu_aZsblgu_kj_^kl\Zeb[hg_bkihevah\Zlvbo\hh[s_b

ihwlhfmhdZau\Z_lkyg_aZsbs_ggufhl\ha^_ckl\bygZdh`mbijb

\^uoZgbbZZZDJUVFLGN

Jbkdm\ha^_ckl\by\ur_kj_^g_]hmjh\gyfh]mlih^\_j]Zlvky^_lb

dhlhju_b]jZxlgZem`Zcd_h[jZ[hlZgghci_klbpb^ZfbLhqghlZd`_

h[jZ[hldZdhfgZl^eyb]jba^Zgbc^_lkdbokZ^h\gZijbf_j^ey

mgbqlh`_gbygZk_dhfuob^jm]bo\j_^bl_e_cfh`_lhagZqZlv

ih\ur_ggucjbkd^ey^_l_c

;bhpb^u\klj_qZxlky\hfgh]boobfbq_kdboijh^mdlZo]^_hgb

bkihevamxlky^eydhgk_j\Zpbbgh[bhpb^ulZd`_bkihevamxlkyb\

kljhbl_evguofZl_jbZeZoldZgyob^jm]bofZl_jbZeZo^ey

ij_^hl\jZs_gbyijhp_kkh\[bheh]bq_kdh]hjZkiZ^Z

10.1.3

Jbkd^eya^hjh\vyq_eh\_dZ

HnZdlbq_kdhf\ha^_ckl\bb\dexqZydhf[bgbjh\Zggh_gZa^hjh\v_

gZk_e_gbyjZaebqguobklhqgbdh\k\yaZgguokijbf_g_gb_fobfbdZlh\

ba\_klghhlghkbl_evghfZehEbrvihg_dhlhjufbagbobf_xlky

hij_^_e_ggu_^Zggu_Kbevgu_\ha^_ckl\byjy^ZobfbdZlh\

hlghkbl_evghohjhrhba\_klguih^Zggufbah[eZklbhojZguljm^Zb

l_ogbdb[_ahiZkghklbbbo[ulh\h]hbkihevah\ZgbygZijbf_jba

klZlbklbdbhkljuohljZ\e_gbcih^Zggufhl^_e_gbchkljuohljZ\e_gbc

[hevgbpkdhjhcihfhsbbp_gljh\hljZ\e_gbcH^bgbaijbf_jh\±

obfbq_kdZyig_\fhgby\j_amevlZl_ihiZ^Zgby\hj]Zguibs_\Zj_gbyb

^uoZgbyd_jhkbgZ<hlghr_gbbkbevguo\ha^_ckl\bclZdbodZd

lhdkbq_kdh_\j_^gh_jZa^jZ`Zxs__bjZat_^Zxs__h[uqghe_]dh

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nZdlbq_kdbfihke_^kl\b_fihkdhevdmj_ZdpbygZklmiZ_lkjZamihke_

\ha^_ckl\by

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dhf[bgZpbcobfbdZlh\ZlZd`_h\ha^_ckl\bbobfbdZlh\\khklZ\_

ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\Zjh\

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nZdlhjh\k\yaZgguokh[jZahf`bagbdhlhju_ljm^ghbklhedh\Zlv\oh^_

wib^_fbheh]bq_kdbobkke_^h\ZgbcHl^Ze_ggu_ihke_^kl\byjZa\b\Zxlky

gZijhly`_gbb^ebl_evgh]hi_jbh^Z\j_f_gbbgh]^Zfgh]boe_lb

ko_fZ\ha^_ckl\byklZgh\blkyhq_gvkeh`ghc^eywib^_fbheh]bq_kdbo

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f_`^m\ha^_ckl\b_fb_]hihke_^kl\byfbH^gZdhbf__lkyjy^obfbdZlh\

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djhklmg_j\guojZkkljhckl\ZlZd`_kh_^bg_gby\uau\Zxsb_

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Zee_j]bq_kdboj_Zdpbc\dexqZywda_fubZklfmlZd`_fh`_l[ulv

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Dh]^Zj_qvb^_lh[hl^Ze_gguoihke_^kl\byo\ha^_ckl\bcobfbdZlh\gZ

gZk_e_gb_^Zgguo]hjZa^hf_gvr_ihkdhevdmhq_gvljm^ghk\yaZlv

bkihevah\Zgb_jZaebqguoobfbdZlh\khkemqZyfbjZdZj_ijh^mdlb\gh]h

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\ha^_ckl\b_fobfbdZlh\gZgZk_e_gb_

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bkihevah\Zgb_fobfbdZlh\Wlhijhbkoh^blihlhfmqlhhq_gvfZeh

ba\_klghh^_ckl\bl_evghfmjh\g_\ha^_ckl\byobfbdZlh\ZlZd`_

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Hlkmlkl\b_g_h[oh^bfuoagZgbc^_eZ_lhq_gv\Z`gufhij_^_e_gb_

kblmZpbcbkdexqbl_evgh]h\ha^_ckl\byk\yaZggh]hkhiZkgufb

obfbdZlZfbbgl_gkb\gh]hbih\lhjyxs_]hky\ha^_ckl\byb\ha^_ckl\by

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