Encyclopedia of Russian History

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beard tax, 133, 1104

chancelleries, 225

collective responsibility, 283

Copper Riots, 328–329

food tax, 1232–1233

households as basis of, 530

Jews, 704

middle peasants, 1365

Old Believers, 1104

Peter I, 915

soul tax, 458, 811, 1367,

1432–1433, 1522

tax collection, 1522–1523

vodka, 1646

Tax-farming system, 30

Taymyr, 406

Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich, 986, 999,

1525–1526

Technology. See Science and technol-

ogy

Techpromfinplan, 460, 1526–1527

Tehran Conference, 1527

Telegraph Agency of the USSR

(TASS), 1519

Telengits, 55

Teleological planning, 1527–1528

Teleologists, 543

Telescope (journal), 223

Teleuts, 55

Television and radio, 1206,

1528–1531, 1529

Temperance campaigns, 29, 30

Temporary Instructions on Depriva-

tion of Freedom, 616

Temporary Laws of May 1882,

701–702

Temporary regulations, 1531–1532

Tenant farmers, 1244

Terem, 1532

Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 81,

1532–1533

Territorial-administrative units,

1533–1534

Terrorism, 1534–1535

anarchistic, 58

Civil War of 1917–1922,

267–268

communist bloc, 300–301

Kaplan, Fanya, 722–723

Nechayev, Sergei Geradievich,

1032–1033

People’s Will, 154, 1162

Socialist Revolutionary Party,

1470

Spiridonova, Maria Alexandrovna,

1446–1447

Testament, 752

Textbooks

Filaret Drozdov, metropolitan,

498

Leichoudes, Ionnaikiosand

Sophronios, 843

Short Course, 1387

Thaden, Edward C., 1330

The Thaw, 1535–1536

Khrushchev, Nikita, 748

motion pictures, 976–977

Pasternak, Boris, 1146

samizdat, 1347

socialist realism, 1418

theater, 1538–1539

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny Alexan-

drovich, 1711

The Thaw (Ehrenburg), 441

Theater, 1536–1540

Elizabeth, 447

Korsh Theater, 775

Meyerhold, Vsevolod Yemilievich,

919

Moscow Art Theater (MAT),

966–968

Romen Theater, 620

Shchepkin, Mikhail Semeonovich,

1381

Silver Age, 1394

Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeye-

vich, 1460

Taganka, 1512

The Thaw, 1535

See also Opera

Theaters for Working Youth

(TRAM), 1538

Theft, 1115, 1357

Theodosius, 214, 623, 955

Theology

Orthodoxy, 1118

Soloviev, Vladimir Sergeyevich,

1422–1423

See also Religion

Theophanes the Greek, 649, 1540

Theosophy, 1083

The Theotokos (Dionisy), 396

Thick journals, 709, 1077–1078,

1540–1541

TOLSTAYA, TATIANA NIKITICHNA

N

INDEX

1817

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Thin journals, 711, 1541–1542

Third Lithuanian Statute in 1588,

135

Third Rome, 1542–1543

Third Section, 37, 635–636, 1469

Thirteen Years’ War, 1543–1544

dvorianstvo, 420

monetary policy, 328

new-formation regiments, 1042

Peace of Andrusovo, 62–63

Thon, Constantine, 72

Thoughts of a Modern Pole

(Dmowski), 1008

Three Conversations on War, Progress,

and the End of History

(Soloviev), 1423

Three Emperors, Battle of, 99–100

Three Emperors’ League, 556,

1544–1545

Three-field system, 1545

Thyroid cancer, 240

Tiflis, 548–549, 1545–1547, 1546

Tiflis Municipal Council massacre,

1287

Tikhii Don (Sholokhov), 1386

Tikhon, Patriarch, 65, 866–867,

1148, 1547

Tilsit, Treaty of, 33, 176, 992–993,

993, 1547–1548

Time of Troubles, 1548–1553

Dmitry of Uglich, 404

enserfment, 457

Kirillov Monastery, 757

Moscow patriarchate, 1147

Platonov’s study of, 1184

Poland interference, 1192–1193

Tale of Avraamy Palitsyn,

1515–1516

Tithe Church, 1553

Tito, Josip Broz, 275, 1714–1715

Titov, Gherman, 1442

Titulescu, Nicolae, 1293

Tkachev, Petr Nikitich, 1209,

1553–1554

Togan, Ahmed Zeki Validov,

1554–1555

Togo, Heihachiro, 1333, 1335

Tokamak, 95

Tokhtamish, 796

Tokyo Declaration, 700

Tolstaya, Tatiana Nikitichna,

1555–1556

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Tolstov, Sergei, 470

Tolstoy, Alexei Konstaninovich,

1556

Tolstoy, Dmitry, 40

Tolstoy, Fyodor, 1037

Tolstoy, Leo Nikolayevich,

1556–1560, 1557

anarchism, 57–58

chapbooks, 227

idealism, 652

nationalism, 998

realism, 570

Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich, 1140,

1289, 1560

Ton, Karl, 84

Ton, Konstantin, 786, 1303

Toporkov, Dosifey, 707

Torky, 1560–1561

Total factor productivity, 430

Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autoc-

racy (Freidrich and Brzezinski),

1561

Totalitarianism, 1561–1562

Tourism, 1562–1563

See also Travel

Town Cossacks, 332

Townsmen, 830

Trade, foreign, 515–518

Alaskan fur trade, 288

Alexei Mikhailovich, 48

Astrakhan, 92–93

Central Asian trade routes, 219

Commonwealth of Independent

States, 296

Council for Mutual Economic As-

sistance (COMECON), 334–335

customs books, 353

Danish, 382, 383

Evenki, 471

Foreign Trade Organizations

(FTOs), 947

German-Soviet Trade Agreement

of 1939, 1435–1436

grain trade, 594–597

Greece, 1106

Hanseatic League, 625–626

imperial era, 435

Japan, 700–701

Kievan Rus, 916

Korea, 770–771

Ministry of Foreign Trade, 947

Muscovy, 983

New Statute of Commerce,

1044–1045

Nikitin, Afanasay, 1055

Norway, 1067–1068

Novgorod, 1071–1072

Peter I, 915–916

Polovtsy, 1202

price determination, 517

Route to Greeks, 1305–1306

Russia Company, 1314

Russian Far East, 481

Russo-Bukharan, 178

Sweden, 1508

Tatars, 1520

Trade Statutes of 1653 and 1667,

1565–1566

Turkey, 1587–1588

United States, 389, 697,

1615–1617

Winius, Andries Dionyszoon,

1666–1667

Yugoslavia, 1715

See also Commerce

Trade routes, 1563–1564

Kievan Rus, 754

Route to Greeks, 1305–1306

Trade Statutes of 1653 and 1667,

1565–1566

Trade unions, 1566–1567

Gapon, Georgy Appollonovich,

539

imperial era, 435

Jewish Bund, 185–186

Shlyapnikov, Alexander

Gavrilovich, 1384

Solidarity Movement, 1422

Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich, 1560

Trade Union Controversy, 1575

Workers’ Opposition, 1675

TRAM (Theaters for Working

Youth), 1538

Transcaspia, 1590

Transcaucasia, 80, 832

Transcaucasian federations, 994,

1567–1568

Trans-Dniestria, 146, 952–953,

1568–1569

Transferable ruble price, 335

Transition economies, 1569–1571

Transliteration, 355

INDEX

N

TOLSTOV, SERGEI

1818

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Transnistria. See Trans-Dniestria

Transportation

Aeroflot, 12–13

Baikal-Amur Magistral Railway

(BAM), 110–111

boats, 1306

grain trade, 595–596

roads, 595–596

subway systems, 1492–1493

workers, 716

See also Railways

Trans-Siberian Railway, 53, 1267,

1571

Trauberg, Leonid, 973, 975

Travel, 522

See also Tourism

Travels through Various Provinces in

the Russian Empire (Pallas),

1132

Treasury bills, 558–559

Treaties and international agree-

ments

Agreement of Friendship, Cooper-

ation and Mutual Assistance,

502

Akkerman Convention, 24

Andrusovo treaty, 1113

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM)

Treaty, 66–67, 86

Anti-Comintern Pact, 67

Belovezh Accords, 137–138, 296,

1608

Blue Stream natural gas agree-

ment, 1588

Congress of Vienna, 1637

Conventional Forces in Europe

(CFE) Treaty, 23, 86–87,

326–327

Convention of Berlin, 144

Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide, 544–545

Federation Treaties, 489,

490–491, 1281

Final Act, 390, 1637

first and second Treaties of Paris,

1136, 1637

Helsinki Accords, 631–632

Holy Alliance, 639

Hot Line Agreement, 279

Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces

Treaty, 23, 672–673

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Jackson-Vanik Agreement, 697

Japanese Peace Treaty, 700

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 733

Khasavyurt Treaty, 234–235

Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT),

279

Litvinov Protocol, 733

Moscow treaty of 1562, 382

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,

389

OSLO peace agreements, 684

Peace of Andrusovo, 62–63

Peace of Noteborg, 500

Peace of Riga, 1195

Pereyaslav Agreement, 742

Portsmouth Peace Treaty, 1671

Racconigi Agreement, 685

Rapallo Treaty, 544

Reinsurance Treaty, 556

Soviet-Finnish Non-Aggression

Pact, 502

Soviet-German Trade Agreement

of 1939, 1435–1436

Straits Convention, 1624

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties

(SALT), 86, 389, 1486

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

(START), 87–88, 88,

1486–1487

Strategic Offensive Reductions

Treaty (SORT), 88

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 80

Tartu Peace Treaty, 466

Tashkent Treaty on Collective Se-

curity, 296–297

Tokyo Declaration, 700

Treaties of Friendship and Cooper-

ation, 466, 676, 770, 1639

Treaty of Adrianopole, 1292

Treaty of Aigun, 19–20

Treaty of Amity and Commerce,

Russo-Korean, 770

Treaty of Andrusovo, 1428

Treaty of Berlin, 144, 960

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 52,

168–169, 266–267, 599, 1447

Treaty of Bucharest, 24,

176–177, 1293

Treaty of Chaumont, 1259

Treaty of Commerce, 1616, 1618

Treaty of Deulino, 1408

Treaty of Georgievsk, 550

Treaty of Golestan, 1336

Treaty of Jassy, 701

Treaty of Karasu Bazaar, 341

Treaty of Kiakhta, 247

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, 793,

1292

Treaty of Kücük, 341

Treaty of London, 116

Treaty of Nerchinsk, 247,

1037–1038

Treaty of Nystadt, 500, 601–602,

1078–1079

Treaty of Paris, 36, 599, 1135,

1294

Treaty of Peking, 1157

Treaty of Portsmouth, 700, 800,

1210–1211, 1334, 1335

Treaty of Pruth River, 1243

Treaty of Rapallo, 1268–1269

Treaty of Saint Germain, 180

Treaty of San Stefano, 38, 143,

584, 960, 1349–1350

Treaty of Shimoda, 699, 800

Treaty of St. Petersburg, 800

Treaty of Stolbovo, 500, 1480,

1552

Treaty of Tilsit, 33, 176,

992–993, 993, 1547–1548

Treaty of Torkamanchay, 1336

Treaty of Turkmanchai, 106

Treaty of Turku, 500, 501

Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi,

1623–1624

Treaty of Yazhelbitsy, 1069, 1071

Treaty on Forming a Commu-

nity, 1313

Truce of Altmark, 465

Two plus Four Treaty, 554

Union Treaty, 1280, 1607–1608,

1608, 1612–1614

Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Co-

operation, and Mutual Assis-

tance, 1661–1662

Washington Treaty, 1062

See also Foreign policy; Nazi-So-

viet Pact of 1939

Treaties of Paris, first and second,

1136, 1637

Treaty of Adrianopole, 1292

Treaty of Aigun, 19–20

Treaty of Amity and Commerce,

Russo-Korean, 770

TREATY OF YAZHELBITSY

N

INDEX

1819

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Treaty of Berlin, 144, 960

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 168–169

Allied intervention, 52

British reaction, 599

Left Socialist Revolutionaries,

266–267

Spiridonova’s repudiation of,

1447

Treaty of Bucharest, 176–177, 1293

Treaty of Chaumont, 1259

Treaty of Commerce, 1616, 1618

Treaty of Deulino, 1408

Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation,

and Mutual Assistance, 770

Treaty of Friendship and Coopera-

tion, 466, 676

Treaty of Friendship and Coopera-

tion (Vietnam/USSR), 1639

Treaty of Georgievsk, 550

Treaty of Golestan, 1336

Treaty of Jassy, 701

Treaty of Karasu Bazaar, 341

Treaty of Kiakhta, 247

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, 793,

1292

Treaty of Küçük, 341

Treaty of London, 116

Treaty of Nerchinsk, 247,

1037–1038

Treaty of Nystadt, 500, 601–602,

1078–1079

Treaty of Paris, 36, 599, 1135,

1294

Treaty of Peking, 1157

Treaty of Portsmouth, 700, 800,

1210–1211, 1334, 1335

Treaty of Pruth River, 1243

Treaty of Rapallo, 1268–1269

Treaty of Saint Germain, 180

Treaty of San Stefano, 38, 143,

584, 960, 1349–1350

Treaty of Shimoda, 699, 800

Treaty of St. Petersburg, 800

Treaty of Stolbovo, 500, 1480

Treaty of Tilsit, 33, 176, 992, 993,

1547–1548

Treaty of Torkamanchay, 1336

Treaty of Turkmanchai, 106

Treaty of Turku, 500, 501

Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi,

1623–1624

Treaty of Yazhelbitsy, 1069, 1071

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Treaty on Forming a Community,

1313

Tretyakov, Pavel, 998

Trezzini, Domenico, 71, 1175

Trial of the Twenty-One, 180

Triandafillov, Viktor Kiriakovich,

1571–1572

Triandafillov, Vladimir, 925

Trifon, Abbort, 757

Trinity St. Sergius Monastery, 624,

1370, 1572–1574, 1573

Triple Alliance, 685

Troika, 617

Trotsky, Leon Davidovich,

1574–1577, 1575, 1576

Bolshevism, 160

fellow travelers, 492

Frunze and, 526

industrialization policy, 661

July Days of 1917, 713

Kremlinology, 787

Left Opposition, 837–838

Lenin’s break with, 852

Lenin’s Testament, 848

military doctrine, 926

murder, 838

party congresses, 1139–1140

Permanent Revolution, 1165, 1415

Preobrazhensky’s alliance with,

1219

Red Army, 267

socialism, 1414

Soviet-German armistice negotia-

tions, 168–169

Stalin’s rivalry with, 1455–1456

triumvirate, defeat by, 720

United Opposition, 1615

Trotskyites, 1249

Trubetskoy, Sergei, 368

Truce of Altmark, 465

True Orthodox Church, 1361

Truman, Harry, 1215–1216, 1687

Trusts, Soviet, 1040, 1577–1578

Tsar and tsarina, 1580

Tsarina. See Tsar and tsarina

Tsar’s Archive, 73

Tsarskoye Selo, 1036, 1578–1580,

1579

Tsereteli, Irakli, 485, 902

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Ed-

uardovich, 1440, 1580–1581

Tsitsianov, Paul, 1335

TsSU, 223

Tsushima, Battle of, 1335, 1581

Tsvetaeva, Marina Ivanovna, 22,

1581–1582, 1582

Tsvibak, M. M., 497

Tsyganshchina, 621–622

Tugan-Baranovsky, Mikhail

Ivanovich, 1583

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Niko-

layevich, 927, 936, 1437,

1583–1584

Tupolev, Andrei Nikolayevich, 1584

Tur, Yevgenia, 1592

Tura River, 1392

Turchin, Valery, 1303

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich,

1584–1586, 1585

golden age of Russian literature,

569–570

intelligentsia, 669

A Month in the Country, 1537

nationalism, 998

nihilism, 1053

Turkestan, 1586–1587

Basmachis, 129–130

colonialism, 288–289

Kaufman, Konstantin Petrovich,

727–728

Skobelev’s military triumph,

1401

Turkey

Akkerman Convention, 24

Armenia, relations with, 79–82,

1533

Armenian genocide, 80, 83, 366

Balkan Wars, 115–116

Congress of Berlin, 143–144

Crimean Tatars, 342

Crimean War, 343–344

dvorianstvo captivity, 420

genocide, 545

nationalism, 981–982

Nesselrode, Karl Robert, 1039

relations with, 1587–1588

Togan, Ahmed Zeki Validov,

1554–1555

Treaty of Bucharest, 176

Treaty of Jassy, 701

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, 793

Treaty of San Stefano, 38,

1349–1350

INDEX

N

TREATY ON FORMING A COMMUNITY

1820

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi,

1623–1624

World War I, 1677, 1678–1679

See also Ottoman Empire; Russo-

Turkish Wars

Turkmenistan and Turkmen, 1589,

1589–1592, 1590

Turnover tax, 1523–1524, 1525

Tuva and Tuvinians, 1593,

1593–1594

Tvardovsky, Alexander, 1077

Tver, 41

Tveritinov, Dmitry, 1476

Twelfth International Congress of

Physicians, 29

Twenty-Five Thousanders,

1594–1595

Twenty-One points, 302–304

“The Two Ivans” (Gogol), 567–568

Two plus Four Treaty, 554

Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the

Russian Revolution (Lenin), 852

Typography Chronicle, 255

Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich, 1406,

1595

U

Udarny prison, 1228

Udmurts, 1597–1598

Uezd, 1598–1599

Ugra River, Battle of, 1599

Ukaz, 1599–1600

Uklein, Semen, 1361

Ukraine and Ukrainians,

1600–1605

annexation by Russia, 1001

Baptists, 1361

Borotbisty, 165

Bukovina, 180

Carpatho-Rusyns, 199

Chernobyl, 238–240, 239

Civil War of 1917–1922, 270

Cossacks, 332

Crimea, 339

Crimean Tatars, 341

Cyril and Methodius Society,

353–354

dissidents, 400

famine, 478, 479, 545

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Hurshevsky, Mikhail Sergeyevich,

641

independence, 783–784, 1613

Ivashko, Vladimir Antonovich,

692–693

Khmelnitsky, Bohdan, 741–742

Khruschev, Nikita, 745–746

Kievan Rus, legacy of, 1190

Kravchuk, Leonid Makarovich,

783–784

language policy, imperial era, 824

map, 1601

nationalism, 1002

nationalities policy, 1015–1016

pogroms, 1190–1191

Poland, alliance with, 1437

populism, 1006

Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovich,

1310

Russification, 1331

Shevchenko, Taras Gregorevich,

1383–1384

Shtundists, 1361

Skrypnyk, Mykola Oleksyovych,

1401

Thirteen Years’ War, 62–63

tsarist nationalities policy,

1019–1020

Ukrainization, 1401

Uniate Church, 1605–1606

war with Poland, 47–48

Ukrainian Catholic Church,

1605–1606

Ukrainian Communist Party,

692–693

Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolu-

tionaries. See Borotbisty

Ukrainian Scientific Society, 641

Ulama, 680–682

Ulbricht, Walter, 553–554

Ulmanis, Karlis, 828

Ulozhenie law code. See Law Code of

1649

Ulyanova, Maria, 1217, 1217–1218

The Unfading Light (Bulgakov), 182

Uniate Church, 135, 1605–1607

Unifed State Political Directorate

(OGPU), 948

Unification Congress at Stockholm,

914

Unified Energy Systems (UES), 256,

445

Unified State Political Administra-

tion (OGPU), 616, 948,

1471–1472

Union of Cinematogrpahers, 977

Union of Contemporary Architects,

325

Union of Lublin, 863

Union of Railwary Workers, 1095

Union of Right Forces, 1200, 1330,

1606–1607

Union of Russia’s Women, 1671

Union of Salvation, 367

Union of Science and Industry,

1648

Union of Social Democrats Abroad,

432

Union of Societies of Physicians’ As-

sistants, 492

Union of Sovereign States,

1607–1608

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,

1608–1609

formation, 1001, 1012

territorial-administrative units,

1533

See also Soviet era

Union of Soviet Writers, 1610–161 1

Akhmatova, Anna Andreyevna,

22

Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigorovich, 441

fellow travelers, 492

Pasternak, Boris, 1145, 1146

Russian Association of Proletarian

Writers, replacement of, 1315

Simonov, Konstantin

Mikhailovich, 1397

Slutsky, Boris Abromovich, 1407

Solzhenitsyn’s criticism of, 1425

Union of Struggle for the Emanci-

pation of Labor, 1611–1612

Union of the Russian People,

151–152, 711

Union of Unions, 495, 941

Union of Welfare, 367

Union of Women of the Navy,

1672

Union-Republican Ministry, 946

Union Treaty, 1280, 1607–1608,

1612–1614

United Council of Work Collectives,

1569

United front policy of Comintern,

303

UNITED STATES

N

INDEX

1821

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

United Nations, 1614–1615

Iraq weapons inspections,

676–677

Molotov, Vyacheslav

Mikhailovich, 954

South Korea, defense of, 769

Yalta Conference, 1699

United Opposition, 720, 838, 1615

United States

Afghanistan, war in, 14

Alaska, purchase of, 27

Alliance, 1686–1687

Allied intervention, 52–54, 267

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 66

arms control, 85–88

boycott of Moscow Olympics, 971

Cuba, relations with, 347

Cuban Missile Crisis, 345, 347

détente, 172–173, 389–390

famine relief, 478

German/U.S. relations, 142–143

grain trade, 596

Grand Alliance, 597

International Space Station,

673–674

Iran, relations with, 675–676

Iraq, sanctions against, 677

Japan, relations with, 700

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 733

Khrushchev’s foreign policy, 749

Korean War, 769, 770

League of Armed Neutrality, 833

lend-lease, 844–845

Litvinov’s ambassadorship, 866

Malta Summit, 890–891

Nicaragua, relations with, 1045

Olympic boycotts, 1451–1452

Pakistan, relations with, 1129

Persian Gulf War, 1166–1167

Putin, relationship with, 1256

relations with, 1615–1619

Revolutionary War, 833

Reykjavik Summit, 1288–1289

Russian culture, 1617

Shevardnadze, Eduard, 1382

Shuttle-Mir mission, 950

Solzhenitsyn’s residency, 1426

Soviet-American Trade Bill, Jack-

son-Vanik Amendment, 697

Soviet containment, 301

space program, 1442

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties

(SALT), 1486

Strategic Arms Reducation Talks

(START), 1486–1487

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),

1486, 1487

Tajikistan, relations with, 1515

United Nations, 1614

U-2 spy plane incident, 1597

Vietnam War, 1638–1639

See also Cold War

United Team, 1452

Unity and Fatherland, 483

Unity Party, 1201, 1620

Universal Conscription Act, 936

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 642

Universities, 1620–1623

University Statute, 336

Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of,

1623–1624

Unplanned Russification,

1330–1331

Upper Svanetia, 1504

Urartu, 77–78

Urban administration, 229

Urbanization

Armenia, 80–81

command administrative econ-

omy, 292

migration, 921

sports, 1448

Urban life

marriage and family, 897, 898

parks, 1322

passport system, 1143–1144

Russians, 1322

Urban registration system,

1143–1144

Urban Statute of 1846, 944

Urban stratification, 830

Urozhai Collective Farm, 282

U.S. Board of Geographic Names,

355

Ushakov, Simon Fyodorovich, 84,

1624–1625

U-2 spy plane incident, 1597

USSR in Construction (periodical),

1179

Ustinov, Dmitry Fedorovich, 927,

1625

Utopianism, 1354

Uvarov, Sergei Semenovich,

1625–1626

autocracy, 1047

education, 438

nationalism, 1005

nationality, 1098, 1099

Russification, 1331

Uvarov Codex, 255

Uzbekistan and Uzbeks, 1626–1629

Karakalpaks, 724

Khiva, 740–741, 741

map, 1627

Tashkent, 1517–1518, 1518

Uzbek woman and children, 1628

Uzbek Khan, 403

V

Vainakh languages, 213

Vakhtang, 548–549

Vakhtangov, Evgeny, 1538

Vakulenchuk, Grigory, 1214

Validov, Ahmed Zeki, 126

Value subtraction, 1631–1632

Valuev, Peter, 824

Vanik, Charles, 697

VAPP. See Russian Association of

Proletarian Writers (RAPP)

Vardøhus, 1067

Varennikov, Valentin Ivanovich,

1632

Varga, Eugene Samuilovich,

1632–1633

Varlaam, 214

Vasilevsky, Alexander Mikhailovich,

1633

Vasiliev, Alexander, 869–870

Vasiliev Brothers, 975

Vasily Tatishchev, 467

Vassian Patrikeyev, 707

Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1633–1634

Vazeh, Mirza Shafi, 23

Veche, 1634–1635

Vecher (Akhmatova), 22

Vegetables, 1325

Vekhi, 670, 1635–1636

Venetsianov, Alexei, 998

INDEX

N

UNITED TEAM

1822

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Venevitinov, Dmitry, 876

Vengeance justice, 1318

Verbitskaya, Anastasia Alexeyevna,

1636–1637

Verdun, Battle of, 1679

Verigin, Petr, 1360

Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich, 6, 7

Vertical succession, 1305, 1312

Vertov, Dziga, 973–974

Vesnin, Leonis, Viktor and Alexan-

der, 72

Vienna, Congress of, 1637–1638

Vietnam, 1638–1639

Vikings, 751, 1061, 1639–1640

Vikzhel, 1095

Village Messenger (newspaper), 711

Vilnius, 1640–1641

Vinius, Andrei Andreyevich,

1666–1667

Vinogradov, Viktor, 1400

Violence, anarchistic, 58

Virgin lands program, 1641–1642

Virgin Soil Upturned (Sholokhov),

1386

Virtual economy, 1642

Viskovaty, Ivan, 887

Visual Arts Section, People’s Com-

missariat for Enlightenment,

721

Vitae, 623

Vitebsk Popular Art School, 224

Vladikavkaz, 1122

Vladimir, St., 1643–1644

Andrei Yaroslavich, 58–59

Andrei Yurevich, 59

Byzantine Christianity, 190–191,

252–253, 605–606, 751, 1319

Donskoy, Dmitry Ivanovich, 408

Orthodoxy, 1119

rule of, 751–752

Rurikid dynasty, 1311

Svyatopolk, relationship with,

1505

Vladimir Monomakh, 980, 1506,

1642–1643, 1716

“Vladimir Mother of God,” 649

Vladimir Mother of God and the

Planting and Spreading of the

Tree of the Russian State

(Ushakov), 1624–1625

Vladimir Svyatoslavich, 1701

Vladivostok, 1127

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

United States (continued)

Vlasov, Yuri, 1450

Vlasov Movement, 1644–1645

Vodka, 29–30, 1645–1647

Voguls. See Mansi

Voice (newspaper), 710

Vokrug sveta (journal), 1542

Volga Bulgars, 1519–1520, 1653

Volga Germans, 555

Volga region

Kazan, 732–733

Khazars, 739

Razin Rebellion, 1271–1272,

1476–1477

Volga Tatars

nationalities policy, 1019–1020

Russification, 1008

Volk, Ivan, 713

Volkogonov, Dmitry Antonovich,

1647–1648

Volkov, Fyodor, 1536

Volokolamsk Monastery, 707–708

Volsky, Arkady Ivanovich, 1648

Voltaire, 522

Voluntary cooperatives, 327–328

Vonifatiev, Stefan, 104

Von Krudener, Julie, 34

Voronikhin, Andrei, 71–72

Vorontsov, Mikhail Semnovich,

211–212, 1648–1649, 1649

Vorontsov-Dashkov, Illarion

Ivanovich, 1649–1650

Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich,

67–68, 1650

Voskhod, 1442

Voskresenk Chronicle, 256

Vospominaniia (Mandelshtam), 891

Vostok, 535, 1442

Votchina, 1650–1651

Votiaks. See Udmurts

Voucher privatization, 489

Voyevoda, 1651–1652

Voznesensky, Nikolai Alexeyevich,

846, 1652

Vrubel, Mikhail, 1394

Vsevlod I, 598, 1653

Vsevold Yurevich, 1716–1717

Vsevolod III, 1653

Vsevolozhsky, Ivan, 128

Vtoraia kniga (Mandelshtam), 891

Vuchetich, Yevgeny, 557

Vvedensky, Alexander, 867

VVER reactors, 95

Vvsevolod, 1643

Vyazemsky, Peter, 1302, 1303

Vyborg Manifesto, 1653–1654

Vydvizhentsy, 440

Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich, 7

Vyshinsky, Andrei Yanuarievich,

1378, 1654–1655

Vyshnegradsky, Ivan Alexeyevich,

515, 1655

Vysotsky Vladimir Semyonovich,

1655–1656, 1656

W

Wages

dyaks, 421

enterprises, 460

imperial era, 435

Soviet era, 1657–1658

Wahhabism, 715

Walesa, Lech, 1708

The Wanderers, 998

War and Peace (Tolstoy), 570, 1558

War communism, 1658–1660

Antonov Uprising, 68–69

cooperative societies, 328

economics, 178–179

industrialization, 660

monetary system, 959

policies, 269

prodrazverstka, 1233

wages, 1657

See also Civil War of 1917-1922

War economy, 927, 1660–1661,

1691

Warfare

Abkhazians, 2, 2

Bloch’s analysis, 156

European tactics, 1409

New Formation infantry, 1409

slaves, 1402

Triandafillov, Viktor Kiriakovich,

1571–1572

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Niko-

layevich, 1583–1584

War heroes, 777–778

War mobilization

World War I, 1676, 1680

WHAT IS TO BE DONE?

(CHERNYSHEVSKY)

N

INDEX

1823

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

World War II, 938, 1683–1685,

1688

See also War economy

War of Independence, Estonian, 466

War of Polish Succession, 64

War of the Third Coalition, 99–100,

1661

Warsaw, Battle of, 1437

Warsaw Pact. See Warsaw Treaty

Organization (WTO)

Warsaw Treaty Organization

(WTO), 326, 646, 1661–1662

See also Cold War

Washington Treaty, 1062

Waste, radioactive, 96

Weapons

manufacturing, 664

organized crime, 1115

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Niko-

layevich, 1583–1584

See also Nuclear weapons

Weber, Max, 197–198

Weitzman, Martin, 426

Welfare, 197

Western countries, trade with, 516

Western culture

Romanticism, 1302

Solzhenitsyn’s criticism of, 1426

stiliagi, 1478–1479

Western Europe, 279–280

Westernization

idealism, 652

intelligentsia, 668

Leichoudes, Ionnaikiosand

Sophronios, 843

Peter I, 1171–1172

Soloviev, Vladimir Sergeyevich,

1423

theater, 1536

Ukrainian influence, 48

Westernizers, 1663–1664

Western religion, 1361

West Front, 1421

West Georgia, 548

West Siberian Lowland, 547

We (Zamyatin), 1354

Whaling, 257

What Is Art? (Tolstoy), 570

“What Is Progress?” (Mikhailovsky),

923

What Is to Be Done? (Cherny-

shevsky), 244, 1354, 1664

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 850,

1414, 1664

White Army, 268, 1665

Alexeyev, Mikhail Vasilievich, 51

Allied intervention, 53, 267

Civil War of 1917–1922,

266–269

Denikin, Anton Ivanovich,

380–381

Kolchak, Alexander Vasilievich,

761–762

Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich,

1713

White Horde, 728–729

White House revolt. See October

1993 events

White Sea Canal, 1665–1666

“Why We are the Serapion Broth-

ers” (Lunts), 1363

Wiepolski, Aleksander, 1198

Wilhelm II, 556

William I (Prussia), 1544

Wilson, Woodrow, 52

Winius, Andries Dionyszoon,

1666–1667

Winter Palace, 71, 1667–1669,

1668

Winter War. See Soviet-Finnish War

Wireless telegraphy, 1206

Witchcraft, 1669

Within the Whirlwind (Ginzburg),

558

Witte, Sergei Yulievich, 1669–1671,

1670

alcohol policy, 30

censorship, 217–218

Council of Ministers, 194–195

Duma, establishment of the, 414

equality of rights, 289

Fudamental Laws, 527

Goremykin, replacement by, 585

industrialization, 434–435

October Manifesto, 1087

rapid industrialization, 1089

reform, 40, 65

trade, 515–516

Wladislaw, Prince, 499

Woe from Wit (Griboedov), 569,

608, 1537

Wolff, Cristian, 4

The Woman Worker (Krupskaya),

791

Women

abortion policy, 2–3

athletes, 1448–1449

babi bunty, 110

Chechen society, 233, 233

dishonor compensation, 145

education, 438

employment, 1323

equality, 475

family law, 474–475

feldshers, 491

gender roles, 1322–1324

Jews, 703

Komsomol, 313

Novgorod, 1073

prostitution, 1237–1238

roles, 897

Russian, 1322–1324

seclusion, 897

soldiers, 937

Soviet family policies, 899

status of, 1322–1324

terem, 1532

trafficking, 1115

working, 813

working-class, 495

zhenotdel, 1726–1728

zhensovety, 1728–1729

See also Feminism

Women of Russia, 1671–1672

Women’s Department, Communist

Party, 75, 496, 763,

1348–1349

Wooden architecture, 72–73

“Words to the Lovers of Icons”

(Ushakov), 1624

Workers, 1672–1674

Comintern’s united front policy,

303

economism, 432

February Revolution, 483–484

July Days of 1917, 713

Kaganovich’s repression of, 716

kustar, 804

Lena Goldfields Massacre, 844

Red Guards, 1274

Shlyapnikov, Alexander

Gavrilovich, 1384

shockworkers, 1386

Stakhanovite movement,

1452–1453

INDEX

N

WHAT IS TO BE DONE?

(LENIN)

1824

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Union of Struggle for the Eman-

cipation of Labor, 1611

vodka, 1646

See also Labor

Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate,

1159

Workers’ control, 1674

Workers’ Militia. See Red Guards

Workers’ Opposition, 1384, 1675

Workers Temporary Committeeof

the State Duma, 484

World grain market, 596–597

World of Art, 1394–1395

The World of Art (Diagilev and

Benois), 570

World revolution, 1675–1676

World War I, 1676–1683, 1678,

1679, 1681

Alexeyev, Mikhail Vasilievich,

50–51

Allied intervention, 52–54, 267,

765, 1618

American Relief Administration

(ARA), 56–57, 1618

Armenia, 80

Austria, 101

aviation, 103

Battle of Tannenberg, 1516

Bolsheviks, 160

cooperative societies, 328

deportations, 384

Genoa Conference, 544

Great Britain, 599

Hungary, 645

Kola Peninsula, 1065

Lenin’s attitude toward, 852

Mensheviks, 914

military headquarters, 1475

Montenegro, 961

motion pictures, 972–973

Myasoedov Affair, 987

National Union of Zemstvos,

1723

Nicholas II, 1051, 1052

Poland, 1194

popular support for, 1089–1090

Provisional Government,

1240–1241

Romania, 1293

Russian military, 931, 931–932

Social Revolutionary Party, 1420

Soviet Germans, 555

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 52, 168,

266–267

Treaty of Rapallo, 1268–1269

Ukraine, 1602

United States, relations with,

1618

Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich,

1713

See also Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

World War II, 1683–1692

Akhromeyev, Sergei Fyodorovich,

23

aviation, 103

Azerbaijan, 106–107

Battle of Kursk, 802–803

Battle of Moscow, 969–970

Battle of Stalingrad, 1293,

1453–1455, 1454

Belarus, 136

Beria, Lavrenti, 141

Birobidzhan, 150

Black Sea Fleet, 154–155

Budenny, Semeon Mikhailovich,

177

Bulgaria, 184

Chuikov, Vasily Ivanovich, 257

Churchill, Winston, 677–678

civilian deaths, 1690–1691

Communist subbotniki, 1492

Cossacks, 334

deep battle concept, 1583

Denmark, 383

deportations, 386

economic policy, 1652

emigration, 656

Estonia, 466

extermination of Ukrainian Jews,

1604

Finland, 501–502, 1435

Five-Year Plans, 506

France, relations with, 519

German/Finnish relations,

501–502

German invasion of Soviet Union,

1683–1690, 1684, 1685

German/Japanese relations, 67

German soldiers march through

Latvia, 1689

Grand Alliance, 597, 1686–1687

Great Britain, 599

industrialization, 664

Italy, 685

Japan, 700

Jews, extermination of, 545, 612

Khrushchev, Nikita, 746

Komsomol, 313–314

Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 766

Kuznetsov, Nikolai Gerasimovich,

806

lend lease program, 513, 844–845

Lithuania, 863–864

mobilization, 927, 938, 1660

motion pictures, 975

nationalities policy, 1014

Northern Convoys, 1064

Northern Fleet, 1065

Operation Barbarossa,

1110–1111, 1429, 1435, 1684,

1686

Pavliuchenko, Lyudmila

Mikhailovna, 1150

Poland, 1195

Potsdam Conference, 717,

1215–1216, 1687

Romania, 1293

science and technology policy,

1353

Sevastopol, 1374

Siege of Leningrad, 846–848,

847, 985

Smodemyanskaya, Nazi capture

and hanging of, 777

socialist realism, 1418

Sokolovsky, Vasily Danilovich,

1421

Soviet-German Trade Agreement

of 1939, 1435–1436

Soviet military, 938–939

St. Petersburg, 1485

Stalin, Josef, 1457–1458

Stalingrad, siege of, 1293

State Defense Committee, 1464,

1466–1467

Stavka, 1475

Tehran Conference, 1527

Ukraine, 1603–1604

United Nations, creation of the,

1614

United States, relations with,

1618

Vasilevsky, Alexander

Mikhailovich, 1633

Vlasov Movement, 1644–1645

WRITERS

N

INDEX

1825

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

war economy, 1660

weapons manufacturing, 664

Western Fron, 766

Yalta Conference, 1698–1699

Zhukov, Georgy, 1731

Woronicz, Janusz, 1005

Worship, 1119

Wrangel, Peter Nikolayevich, 53,

269, 381, 1692–1693, 1693

The Wrath of Dionysus (Nagrod-

skaya), 990

“The Wrath of Ivan the Terrible

against His Son,” 636

Writers

Akhundov, Mirza Fath Ali, 23–24

Amalrik, Andrei Alexeievich,

55–56, 60

Babel, Isaac Emmanuyelovich,

109–110

Bely, Andrei, 138–139

Bryusov, Valery Yalovlevich,

175–176

Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasievich,

181

Bunin, Ivan Alexeyevich, 186

Charskaya, Lydia Alexeyevna,

228

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich,

235–237, 236

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai

Gavrilovich, 244–245

Chukovskaya, Lydia Korneyevna,

258

Chukovsky, Kornei Ivanovich,

258–259

Custine, Astolphe Louis Leonor,

352–353

Cyril of Turov, 355

Daniel, Yuli Markovich, 363

Dashkova, Yekaterina Ro-

manovna, 365–366

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor

Mikhailovich, 409–412, 411

Durova, Nadezhda Andreyevna,

418

Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigorovich,

441–442

fellow travelers, 492

Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich,

511–512

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 538–539

Ginzburg, Evgenia Semenovna,

558

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich,

567–568

Goncharov, Ivan Alexandrovich,

576–577

Gorky, Maxim, 586, 586–587

Griboedov, Alexander Sergeyevich,

608–609

Grossman, Vasily Semenovich,

612

Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich,

632–633

intelligentsia, 670

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich,

725

Khomyakov, Alexei Stepanovich,

742–743

Korolenko, Vladimir Galak-

tionovich, 774–775

Kovalevskaya, Sofia Vasilievna,

781–782

Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich, 792

Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich,

856

Leskov, Nikolai Semenovich,

856–857

Lovers of Wisdom, 875–876

Makarov, Stepan Osipovich,

885–886

Mandelshtam, Nadezhda

Yakovlevna, 891–892

Mandelshtam, Osip Emilievich,

891, 892

manuscript collections, 1328

Mayakovsky, Vladimir

Vladimirovich, 908–909

Medvedev, Sylvester Aga-

fonikovich, 910

Medvedev, Zhores Alexandrovich,

910–911

Nagrodskaya, Evdokia Ap-

polonovna, 990

Natural School, 137

Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1073–1074

Odoyevsky, Vladimir Fyodor-

ovich, 1098

Okudzhava, Bulat Shalovich,

1101

Ostrovsky, Alexander Niko-

layevich, 1124–1125

Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich,

1144–1146, 1145

Pelevin, Viktor Olegovich,

1157–1158

Poets, 186

Proletkult, 1236

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich,

1251–1253, 1252

Radzinsky, Edvard Stanislavich,

1264–1265

Russian Association of Proletarian

Writers, 1314–1315

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail Yev-

grafovich, 1346–1347

samizdat, 560, 671, 1347–1348,

1425

Serapion Brothers, 1363–1364

Sholokhov, Mikhail Alexan-

drovich, 1386–1387

Simonov, Konstantin

Mikhailovich, 1397–1398

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isayevich,

1424–1427, 1425

Sumarokov, Alexander Petrovich,

1499–1500

Tkachev, Petr Nikitich,

1553–1554

Tolstaya, Tatiana Nikitichna,

1555–1556

Tolstoy, Alexei Konstaninovich,

1556

Tolstoy, Leo Nikolayevich,

1556–1560, 1557

Tur, Yevgenia, 1592

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich,

1584–1586, 1585

Verbitskaya, Anastasia Alex-

eyevna, 1636–1637

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny Alexan-

drovich, 1711–1712

See also Union of Soviet Writers

Writings of the Holy Fathers In Russ-

ian Translation (Filaret), 498

Y

Yabloko, 1200, 1695–1696

Yablokov, Alexei, 463

Yagoda, Genrikh Grigorevich, 1389,

1472, 1696–1697

Yakovlev, Alexander Nikolayevich,

96, 579, 978, 1697, 1697–1698

Yakovlev, Vladimir, 482, 1411,

1412

INDEX

N

WRITINGS OF THE HOLY FATHERS IN RUSSIAN

1826

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Yakutia, 1344–1345

Yakuts. See Sakha and Yakuts

Yalta Conference, 1698–1700

Yanayev, Gennady Ivanovich,

96–98, 1700

Yarlyk, 1700–1701

Yaropolk I, 751, 1701

Yaropolk Vladimirovich, 753

Yaroslavsky, Emilian, 835, 1387

Yaroslav Vladimirovich, 1701–1702

Cathedral of St. Sophia, 202

Hilarion, appointment of, 635

rota system, 1305

rules of, 752

succession, 1312, 1643

Vsevlod, 1653

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich,

1702–1703, 1717

Yaroslav Yaroslavich, 1703

Yasnaya Polyana School, 1558

Yavlinsky, Grigory Alexeyevich, 15,

1695, 1703–1704

Yazov, Dmitry Timofeyevich,

1704–1705

Yefremov, Ivan, 1354

Yefremov, Oleg, 967

Yekaterina of Lesna, 1448

Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich,

1705–1710, 1708, 1709

Alexei II, relationship with, 44

August 1991 Putsch, 97–99, 98

Barannikov, relationship with,

123

Belovezh Accords, 137–138, 1608

Cabinet of Ministers, dismissal of,

195

Chechnya War, 1377

Chernomyrdin, advancement of,

240–241

Communist Party of the Russian

Federation’s criticism of, 306

Congress of People’s Deputies,

315

Constitutional Court, suspension

of the, 318

Constitution of 1993, 324

corruption, 777

democratization, 375

Dyachenko, Tatiana, 420–421

economic policy, 1034–1035

economic reform, 294

Federation Treaty, 490

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Writers (continued)