Encyclopedia of Russian History
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Durova, Nadezhda Andreyevna, 418
Durov brothers, 263
Duties, customs, 1565
Dvenadtsat (Blok), 157
Dvoeverie, 418–419, 1129
Dvorianstvo, 419–420
Dyachenko, Tatiana Borisovna,
420–421, 1709
Dyak, 421
Dystopian novels, 1354
Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,
422, 422–423
Lenin’s tomb, 849
Lubyanka, 877, 877
state security, organs of,
1471–1472
Dzhirvelov, Ilya, 370
E
East-Central Europe, 276–280
Easter eggs, Fabergé, 473
Eastern Europe
Cold War, 275–276
Nazi-Soviet Pact Secret Protocol,
1029–1031, 1195, 1198
Stalin’s annexation, 1685
transitional economies, 1570
Warsaw Treaty Organization
(WTO), 1661–1662
Yalta Conference, 1699
Eastern Orthodox Christianity,
907–908
See also Byzantine Empire
Eastern religion, 1361
Eastern Slavs
Maslenitsa, 903–904
steppes, 1478
East Germany. See German Democ-
ratic Republic
East Prussia, 717
Ecclesiastical Regulation, 639–640
Ecclesiastical Regulation (Feofan),
639–640, 1235
Eco-Defense, 463
Ecology, 1478
Economic and Social History of the Ro-
man Empire (Rostovtsev), 1304
Economic and Statistical Research
Institute, 223
Economic assistance. See Foreign aid
Economic bureaucracy, 186–188
Economic development
agriculture, 17, 19, 434
Azerbaijan, 107–108
Bulgaria, 183
Emancipation Act, effect of the,
604
extensive, 425–426, 430
Feldman’s theory, 491
imperial, 426–428
index number relativity, 658
intensive, 428
Kazan, 733
Kondratiev, Nikolai Dmitrievich,
765
Kyrgyzstan, 808
Moscow, 965
Muscovy, 983
Nakhichevan, 991
Russian Far East, 481–482
Soviet era, 428–431, 429
Tajikistan, 1515
Turkmenistan, 1591
Tuva, 1594
Uzbekistan, 1628
See also Business and industry;
Commerce; Industrialization;
Trade, foreign
Economic planning
central planning, 430, 528
control figures, 325–326
fund holders, 511
geneticists, 543, 1527–1528
Goskomstat, 223, 589
indicative planning, 658–659
industrialization, 660
input-output analysis, 665–666,
946, 1207
Kornai, Janos, 773
Kosygin reforms, 779–780
market socialism, 895
material balances, 904–905
Material Product System (MPS),
905
military-economic planning, 927
ministries, economic, 946–947
planners’ preferences, 1183
ratchet effect, 1270–1271
Seven-Year Plan, 1374
sovnarkhozy system, 779–780
ECONOMIC POLICY
N
INDEX
1757
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich,
1490
techpromfinplan, 460, 1526–1527
teleological planning, 543,
1527–1528
value subtraction, 1631
See also Five-Year Plans; Gosplan
Economic policy
acceleration program, 15
Alexander III, 40
assortment plans, 91–92
banking system, Soviet, 120–121
banking system, tsarist, 121–122
black market, 152–153
blat, 155
Bulgaria, Soviet era, 184–185
Catherine II, 207
Central Control Commission, 222
chancelleries, 225
Civic Union, 264
command administrative econ-
omy, 291–293
commanding heights, 293, 1040
Committee for the Operational
Management of the National
Economy (COME), 294
Commonwealth of Independent
States, 296
Communist Party, 307
cooperatives, 327, 328
corporations, 330–331
Council for Mutual Economic As-
sistance (COMECON), 334–335
crony capitalism, 344–345
East-Central Europe, 276
East Germany, 553–554
edinonachalie, 436
Emancipation Act, 448–449,
603–604
enterprise, 459–460, 516–517
famine of 1891-1892, 477
famine of 1921-1922, 478
famine of 1932-1933, 479
Free Economic Society for the En-
couragement of Agriculture and
Husbandry, 520–521
French/Russian alliance, 40
full economic accounting, 526–5
27
funded commodities, 528, 562
fund holders, 511
GKOs, 558–559
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
glavki, 562
Godunov, Boris, 566
goods famine, 577
Grain Crisis of 1928, 593–594
grain trade, 594–597
guilds, 615–616
imperial era, 426–428, 434–436
indicative planning, 659
Interrepublican Economic Com-
mittee (IEC), 294
Kaliningrad, 718
Kasyanov, Mikhail Mikhailovich,
726
khozraschet system, 744–745
Khruschev, Nikita, 747
kormlenie, 772–773
Kornai, Janos, 773
Kritzman, Lev Natanovich, 788
labor allocation, 814–815
labor camps, 617–618
Law of the State Enterprise, 1467
Left Opposition, 837–838
Lenin, Vladimir, 853–854
marketization, 432–434
Material Product System (MPS),
1039–1040
mathematical methods, 1034
mercantilism, 915–916
military expenditures, 431
ministries, economic, 946–947
Moldova, 953
monetary overhang, 957
nationalities policy, 1013
Nemchinov, Vasily Sergeyevich,
1033–1034
Nemtsov, Boris Ivanovich,
1034–1035
net material product (NMP),
1039–1040
Pavlov, Valentin Sergeyevich,
1152
Peter I, 1170
petty tutelage, 1178
Popov, Pavel Ilich, 1207
post-Soviet, 432–434
post World War II, 142, 1691
Primitive Socialist Accumulation,
1227–1228
private economic activity, 327,
328
Production Sharing Agreement,
1234
Provisional Government, 485
rapid industrialization, 661–662,
663, 1089, 1456
rapid marketization, 431
Reitern, Mikhail, 1281–1282
repressed inflation, 1285–1286
rural economy, 16–17
Russian Federal Securities Com-
mission, 1316
Russian Federation, 758
Russian Justice, 1318–1319
Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1341
samoupravlenie, 1349
Scissors Crisis, 1355–1356,
1410–1411
second economy, 1357–1358
servile economy, 603–604
shock therapy, 1034–1035,
1385–1386
smychka, 1410–1411
Soviet empire, 452
sovnarkhozy system, 779–780,
1438–1439
speculation, 153
Stalin, Josef, 1456
state orders, 1467–1468
System of National Accounts
(SNA), 1039–1040
transferable ruble price, 335
transition economies, 1569–1570
trusts, 1578
Ukraine, 784, 1604
virtual economy, 1642
Voznesensky, Nikolai Alexeye-
vich, 1652
Vyshnegradsky, Ivan Alexeyevich,
1655
war communism, 269,
1658–1660
war economy, 1660
Witte, Sergei, 1670–1671
Yeltsin, Boris, 1707
See also Agriculture; Banking sys-
tem; Collectivization of agricul-
ture; Foreign debt; Monetary
policy; New Economic Policy
(NEP); Privatization; Taxation;
Trade, foreign
Economic reform
Alexei Mikhailovich, 48
INDEX
N
ECONOMIC REFORM
1758
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, 62
Chubais, Anatoly Borisovich, 256
command administrative econ-
omy, 291
Committee for the Operational
Management of the National
Economy, 294
Economic Reform Commission,
431–432
Fyodorov, Boris Grigorievich,
531–532
Gaidar, Yegor Timurovich,
537–538
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 580–581
imperial era, 427
Kosygin reforms, 172, 779–780
Novosibrisk Report, 1075
post-Soviet era, 432–434
Stroibank, 1489
Yavlinsky, Grigory Alexeyevich,
1703–1704
Economic Reform Commission,
431–432
Economic rights, 321, 323
Economics and economists
Aganbegyan, Abel Gezevich,
14–15
agricultural economics, 125,
230–231
Barone, Enrico, 123–124
Bazarov, Vladimir Alexandrovich,
132
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich,
178–179
Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolayevich,
181–182
capitalism, 197–198
Chubais, Anatoly Borisovich, 256
exchange value of commodities,
816
Feldman, Grigory Alexandrovich,
491
Five-Year Plan, 125, 428–429
Fundamental Equation of Value
Theory, 1407
general equilibrium theory, 124
gradualism, 179
Hayek, Friedrich, 627
Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaliyevich,
722
Kondratiev, Nikolai Dmitrievich,
765–766
Kornai, Janos, 773
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Economic policy (continued)
Kritzman, Lev Natanovich,
788–789
labor theory of value, 815–816
Liberman, Yevsei Grigorevich, 861
marginal productivity theory, 124
market socialism, 124, 895
mass privatization, 256
Novozhilov, Viktor Valentinovich,
1077
optimal planning, 722
peasant economy, 231,
1152–1153
planning methods, 132
Popov, Gavriil Kharitonovich,
1207
second economy, 1356–1358
Shatalin, Stanislav Sergeyevich,
1379–1380
Slutsky, Yevgeny Yevgenievich,
1407–1408
soft budget constraint, 773
Soviet economics, 1041
state capitalism, 1463
Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich,
1490
surplus value of commodities,
816
Tugan-Baranovsky, Mikhail
Ivanovich, 1583
Varga, Eugene Samuilovich,
1632–1633
Voznesensky, Nikolai Alexeye-
vich, 1652
Yavlinsky, Grigory Alexeyevich,
1703–1704
Zaslavskaya, Tatiana Ivanovna,
1720
Economism, 432
Edelman, Robert, 1451
Edinonachalie, 436
Education, 436–441
access, 438
Bolsheviks, 670
cantonist system, 197
Communist Academy, 299–300
Communist Party functions, 311
compulsory, 4
conservation movement, 461
Cultural Revolution, 351
Free Economic Society for the En-
couragement of Agriculture and
Husbandry, 520
Gaspirali, Ismail Bey, 540
Gorky, Maxim, 586
Higher Party School, 634
Institute of Red Professors,
666–667
Jews, 703
Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich,
760
Komsomol, 313
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstanti-
novna, 791
Lazarev Institute, 832
Narimanov, Nariman, 994
nationalities policy, 1015–1016
physical education, 1449–1450
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin,
1187–1188
raznochintsy, 1273
russians, 1324
Short Course, 1387
Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy, 843,
1404–1405
Smolny Institute, 1409–1410
Soviet Koreans, 768
Turkic languages, 653–654
Universities, 1620–1623
Uvarov, Sergei Semenovich, 1626
Education reform
Alexander II, 604
Gaspirali, Ismail Bey, 540
jadidism, 698–699
Khrushchev, Nikita, 747–748,
1015–1016
Peter I, 1170
Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1181
Efron, Sergei, 1582
Egypt, 277
Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigorovich, 405,
441–442
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Cuba, relations with, 347
Kruschev, meeting with, 276
U-2 spy plane incident, 1597
Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich, 43,
442, 442–443, 973–975
Ekk, Nikolai, 975
Elections
Akayev, Askar Akayevich, 21
Armenia, 82
Belarus, 136
Central Committee, 309
EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
N
INDEX
1759
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation, 305, 306
Congress of People’s Deputies,
315
Congress of Russian Communi-
ties, 316
Constitutional Democratic Party,
320
Constitution of 1936, 322
Constitution of 1977 amend-
ments, 323
counterreforms, 336
democratization, 373–374
electoral commissions, 443–444
Lithuania, 819
Ukraine, 784
zemstvo, 1722
See also Duma
Electoral commissions, 443–444
Electoral system, 487
Electricity grids, 444–445
Elite units. See Special purpose
forces
Elizabeth, 445–447, 446
ballet, 117
Bestuzhev-Ryumin, relationship
with, 147
Rastrelli’s palaces, 1270
regency of, 692
St. Petersburg, 1483
Emancipation Act, 447–449
Baryatinsky, Alexander, 125
Konstantin, Nikolayevich, 767
Milyutin’s role in, 944
overview, 602–604
See also Serfdom, abolition of
Emancipation of Labor, 154
Embargoes, 347
Emergency Committee, 97–99
Emigration and immigration,
654–656
Akhmatova, Anna, 22
Baltics, 1014
East German, 553
France, 523
German settlers, 554–555
Greece, 606–607
Huns, 646–647
Jews, 1009
Koreans, 768–769
Manifesto of 1763, 892–893
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Poles, 1004–1005
post-Soviet era, 921–922
refuseniks, 1279
See also Deportations; Migration
Empire, USSR as, 449–453
Employment
economic growth, 429, 430
Jews, 703
women, 1323
See also Labor
Ems Decree, 824
Energiya, 1443
Energy policy
electricity grids, 444–445
nuclear energy, 93–96, 238–240
Russian-Iranian relations, 675
Engels, Friedrich, 453–454
communism, 297
dialectical materialism, 393, 454
dictatorship of the proletariat,
394
Hegel, influence of, 630–631
scientific socialism, 1354–1355
Tkachev, correspondence with,
1554
Engineering, 1493
Engineers, 350–352, 1377,
1377–1378
England. See Great Britain
Enlightener (Joseph of Volotsk),
707–708
The Enlightenment, 454–455
fanaticism, 680
French influence in Russia, 522
idealism, 651
Enserfment, 455–459, 830
Enterprise, Soviet, 459–460
economic ministries, 946–947
full economic accounting,
526–527
glavki, 562
khozraschet, 744–745
Kosygin reform, 779–780
Law of the State Enterprise, 1467
material balances, 904–905
petty tutelage, 1178
production output, 626
ratchet effect, 1270–1271
samoupravlenie, 1349
state orders, 1467–1468
techpromfinplan, 1526–1527
trade, 516–517
value subtraction, 1631
Entertainment
cabaret, 193–194
circus, 263–264
motion picutres, 974
movies, 43
people’s houses, 1160–1161
Petrushka, 1177–1178
Raikin, Arkady Isaakovich, 1265
Taganka, 1512
See also Folklore; Motion pictures;
Theater
Environmentalism, 460–463
Environmental issues, 96, 817
Epic songs, 190, 508–509, 636–637
Epifany Slavinetsky, 104, 105
Epiphanius the Wise, 624
Episcopate, 463–464
“The Epoch of Great Reforms,” 4–5
Equality, women’s, 475, 493–496
Erisman, E. F., 29
Eritrea, 466–467
Ermler, Fridrikh, 974, 975
Ermolaev, Herman, 1417
Ermolin, Vasily, 785
Espionage, 274, 987
Estate system. See Soslovie
Estonia and Estonians, 464–466,
465
German settlers, 554
Great Northern War, 601–602
migration, 1015–1016
nationalism, 1008
Ethics, 112
Ethiopian civil war, 466–467
Ethnicity
Abkhazians, 1–2, 551
Adyge, 11
Ajars, 20
Albanians, Caucasian, 28
Altai, 54–55
assimilation, 452
Avars, 102–103
Balkars, 117
Buryats, 188–189
Carpatho-Rusyns, 198–200
Caucasus, 213–214
INDEX
N
EMPIRE, USSR AS
1760
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Chechens, 232
Cherkess, 237
Chukchi, 257–258
Chuvash, 262–263
Cimmerians, 263
colonialism, 289
Crimea, 339
Crimean Tatars, 341–342
Dagestan, conflict in, 362
Dargins, 364–365
deportation, 220, 234, 383–386,
384, 385
Dolgans, 405–406
Dungans, 417
Evenki, 471
Finns and Karelians, 503–504
Gagauz, 536–537
genocide, 544–545
Georgia, conflict in, 551
gypsies, 620–621
inorodtsy, 664
Islam, 682
Jadids, 682
Kabardians, 715–716
Kalmyks, 719
Karachai, 723
Karakalpaks, 724
Kazakhs, 728–732
Khakass, 736–737
Khanty, 737–738
Khazars, 739–740
Komi, 764
Koreans, 768–769
korenizatsya, 771–772
Koryaks, 775–776
Kumandas, 55
Kurds, 798–800, 799
Kyrgyz, 807–809
Mansi, 893–894
Mari, 894–895
merchants, 916
Meskhetian Turks, 917
migration, 921–922
Mingrelicans, 944–945
Mordvins, 961–962
multiethnicity and empire,
449–452
Nenets, 1035, 1035–1036
Normanist Controversy,
1060–1062
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Emigration and immigration
(continued)
Northern Peoples, 1065–1067
Osetins, 1122
Poles, 1197–1198
Polovtsy, 1202–1203
Polyane, 1203–1204
Provisional Government, 485
Russians, 1321–1327
Sakha and Yakuts, 1344,
1344–1345
Sami, 1347
Sarts, 1350–1351
Svans, 1504–1505
Tajiks, 1513–1514
Tatars, 1519–1522
Telengits, 55
Teleuts, 55
Torky, 1560–1561
Turkmen, 1589–1591
Tuvinians, 1593–1594
Udmurts, 1597–1598
Uzbeks, 1626–1629
See also Ethnography
Ethnographic Anthology (journal),
469
Ethnographic Division, Russian Geo-
graphical Society, 468
Ethnographic Review (journal), 469
Ethnography
folk music, 510
Gumilev, Lev Nikolayevich, 619
Russian and Soviet, 467–471
Etiquette, 1325–1326
Eucharist, 706, 1119
Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 569, 1253
Eugenius IV, Pope, 506
Euler, Leonhard, 4
Euphrates River, 76–77
Eurasianism, 414
Eurobonds, 514
Eurocommunism, 279
European détente, 390
The European (Kireyevsky), 756
European Lowland, 546–547
European Union
Kaliningrad, 718
Russian-EU summit meeting, 606
Evangeliaries, 1123–1124
Evangelical Christians, 1361
Evenings on a Farm near the Dikanka
(Gogol), 569
Evenki, 471
Evolutionist theory, 469
Evreinov, Nikolai, 1538
Ewers, Johann Philipp Georg, 1468
Excursions, 1562
Executions
bishops, 464
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 180,
1289
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai
Gavrilovich, 245
Decembrists, 368, 1046
Great Purges, 1250
Kamenev, Lev, 1389
Khovanskys, 744
Kolchak, Alexander Vasilievich,
762
Kondratiev, Nikolai Dmitrievich,
765
Krasnov, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 783
Leningrad Affair, 846
Medvedev, Sylvest Agafonikovich,
910
Meyerhold, Vsevolod yemilievich,
919
Mniszech, Marina, 951
Myasoedov, Sergei A., 987
Nicholas II, 1053
Night of the Murdered Poets, 332
Perovskaya, Sofia Lvovna, 1166
Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, 1168
Petrashevtsy, 1176
Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny Alex-
eyevich, 1219
Pytatkov, Georgy Leonidovich,
1257
Red Terror, 1276
Romanovs, 1298
Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich, 1289,
1339
Ryleyev, Kondraty Fyodorovich,
1340
Ryutin, Martemyan, 1340
Shein and Izmailov, 1409
Shlyapnikov, Alexander
Gavrilovich, 1384
Spiridonova, Maria Alexandrovna,
1447
Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Khaidar-
galievich, 1499
Svechin, Alexander Andreyevich,
1504
EXILES
N
INDEX
1761
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Twenty-Six Baku Commissars,
1376
Voznesensky, Nikolai Alexeye-
vich, 1652
Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1713
Zhelyabov, Andrei Ivanovich,
1725
Zinoviev, Grigory, 1389
Exhibition of the Achievements of
the Socialist Economy, 93
Exiles
Amalrik, Andrei Alexeievich,
55–56
Anthony Khrapovitsky, 64–65
Anti-Party Group, 68
Avvakum Petrovich, 105, 962
Berdyayev, Nikolai Alexandrovich,
139
Biron, Ernst Johann, 150–151
Bonner, Yelena Georgievna, 163
Boretskaya, Marfa Ivanovna, 164
Brodsky, Joseph Alexandrovich,
174
Butashevich-Petrashevsky,
Mikhail Vasilievich, 189
Chayanov, Alexander Vasilievich,
231
Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich,
241–242
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai
Gavrilovich, 244–245
Chkheidze, Nikolai Seminovich,
251
corporal punishment, 330
Cyril and Methodius Society, 354
Dashkova, Yekaterina Ro-
manovna, 365–366
Decembrists, 1047
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
Mikhailovich, 410
Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,
422
ethnography, 469
Filaret Romanov, Patriarch, 499
France, 523
Golitsyn, Vasily Vasilievich, 575
Gorgy, Maxim, 586–587
Greeks, 606–607
Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich,
632–633
Hrushevsky, 641
Jews, 655
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 720
Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich,
790
Left Opposition, 838
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 850, 1412
Lopukhin family, 446–447
Mandelshtam, Osip Emilievich,
891, 892
Molotov, Vyacheslav
Mikhailovich, 954
Morozov, Boris Ivanovich, 963
Oprichnina, 1111–1112
Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich,
1185
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich,
1252
Radek, Karl Bernardovich, 1263
Radischev, Alexander Niko-
layevich, 1264
Romanov, Mikhail Fyodorovich,
1300
Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich, 1339
Sakharov, Andrei, 162–163, 560,
671–672, 1345–1346
Shamil, 1379
Siberia, 1392
Skrypnyk, Mykola Oleksyovych,
1401
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isayevich,
1424, 1426–1427
Spiridonova, Maria Alexandrovna,
1446–1447
Tatars, 341–342
Trotsky, Leon Davidovich, 1574,
1576–1577
Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna, 1721
Zhordania, noe Nikolayevich,
1730
See also Deportations; Dissidents
Expansion
Alexander II, 37
Catherine II, 208
China, 247–248
colonial expansion, 284–286
Georgia, 550–551
Gorchakov, Alexander
Mikhailovich, 583
Ivan III, 687–688
map, 287, 290
Muslim territory, 678–679
Paul I, 1149
Shamil’s resistance, 1378–1379
Siberia, 19–20
Slavophilism, 364
Sweden, 1507–1508
Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, 793
Exploration and explorers
Bering, Vitus Jonassen, 142
Chirikov, Alexzei Ilich, 250
Dezhnev, Seven Ivanovich, 392
ethnography, 467, 469
Great Northern Expedition, 250
Kamchatka, 250
Khabarov, Yerofei Pavlovich, 736
Moskvitin, Ivan Yurievich, 972
polar, 1196–1197
Roerich, Nicholas Konstanti-
novich, 1291
Exports. See Trade
Extensive economic growth,
425–426, 430
Extortion, 884–885
Extraordinary Commission to Com-
bat Counterrevolution and Sab-
otage (Cheka), 268
Extraordinary Security, 1531
F
Fabergé, Peter Carl, 473–474
Fables, 792
Factory workers, 813
Fadeev, Rostislav Andreyevich, 1134
Fairy tales, 509
Faith of Christ, 1360
Family
family life, 407, 896–901
housing, 694
land tenure, 819–820
Russians, 1322–1324, 1323
Tatars, 1521
Family Code of 1926, 474, 640–641
Family Code on Marriage, the Fam-
ily, and Guardianship, 474–475
Family Edict of 1944, 476
Family law, 474–477, 640–641,
898–900
Family laws of 1936, 476–477
Famine
Bolsheviks, 269
demographic trends, 377, 378
INDEX
N
EXPANSION
1762
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
famine of 1601–1603, 567, 1550
famine of 1891–1892, 477
famine of 1921–1922, 477–479
famine of 1932–1933, 479–480
famine of 1946, 480–481
famine relief, 56, 477–478
Fanaticism, 680
Far eastern region, 481–482
Fascism, 1207–1208, 1561
Fashion, 447, 1326
Fast-food chains, 513
Fasting, 512
Fatherland-All Russia, 482–483
Fatherland movement, 316
Fathers and Sons (Turgenev), 570,
669, 1053, 1182, 1585
Feast Books, 483
February Revolution of 1917,
483–486
Bolsheviks, 160
Constitutional Democratic Party,
320
Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich,
734
Kornilov Affair, 773
Provisional Government, 1090
Federal Assembly, 324, 486–488
Federalism, 488–489
Bolsheviks, 1011–1012
Civil War, 269–270
Union Treaty, 1607–1608,
1612–1613
Federal Property Fund, 489–490
Federal Securities Commission,
1479–1480
Federal Securities Law, 1316
Federal Security Bureau (FSB),
836–837, 877
Federal Security Service, 1255
Federation Council, 96, 324, 486,
488, 1391
Federation of Independent Trade
Unions of Russia (FNPR), 1567
Federation treaties, 489, 490–491,
1281
Fedor Nikitich Romanov. See Filaret
Romanov, Patriarch
Fedotova, Glikeria, 1537
Fedulova, Alevtina, 1672
Feeding system, 90
Feldman, Grigory Alexandrovich,
491
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Exiles (continued)
Feldman, Pavel, 543
Feldshers, 491–492
Fellow travelers, 492, 1315
Feminism, 493–496
Armand, Inessa, 75
Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna,
762–763, 763
Samoilova, Kondordiya Niko-
layevna, 1348–1349
Tur, Yevgenia, 1592
zhenotdel, 1726–1728
zhensovety, 1728–1729
Fennell, J. L. I., 691
Feodalizm v Drevnei Rusi (Pavlov-Sil-
vansky), 638
Ferdinand, Francis, 101
Ferghana Valley, 496–497
Fertility, 378, 379
Festivals
Maslenitsa, 903–904
Ysyakh, 1345
Feudalism, 497
Filaret Drozdov, Metropolitan, 498
Filaret Romanov, Patriarch, 498–500
Mikhail Romanov, relationship
with, 1300
patriarchate, 1147
Romanov dynasty, 1296, 1297
Smolensk War, 1409
Time of Troubles, 1551, 1552
Film directors. See Directors, film
Filofei, 1542
Final Act, 1637
Finance Ministry, 1160
Finland, 500–503, 501
Bobrikov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 158
Great Northern War, 601–602
nationalism, 1007–1008
self-determination, 1000
Soviet-Finnish War, 1433–1435,
1434
Swedish relations, 1507, 1508
tsarist nationalities policy, 1021
Finnmark, 1068
Finns, 503–504
Fioravanti, Aristotele, 203–204, 786
Firebird, 504
The Firebird (Stravinsky), 1488
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets
of Workers’ and Soldiers’
Deputies, 1090
First Almanac (Serapion Brothers),
1363
The First Circle (Solzhenitsyn), 1425
First Congress of Soviet Writers,
109
First International, 114
First Lithuanian Statute of 1529,
135
First Military Statistical Department
in the Main STaff, 934
First Philosophical Letter (Chaa-
dayev), 997
“First Philosophical Letter” (Chaa-
dayev), 223, 756
Fischer, Stanley, 426
Five. See Mighty Handful
Five-Hundred-Day Plan, 504–505
Aganbegyan, Abel Gezevich, 15
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 581
Shatalin, Stanislav Sergeyevich,
1380
Five-Year Plans, 505–506
control figures, 326
economics, 125, 428–429
Gosplan, 590
industrialization, 663
labor, 813–814
military production, 937–938
party congresses, 1140–1141
Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich,
1490
writers, 109
Flagellants, 1360
The Flame (journal), 1542
Florence, Council of, 506–507
Fock, Vladimir Alexandrovich, 7
Fokine, Michel, 118
Folk art
matryoshka dolls, 906–907
palekh painting, 1130
symbolism, 1326
Folklore, 507–509
ethnography, 467–469
Firebird, 504
historical songs, 636–637
Lay of Igor’s Campaign, 831–832
Propp, Vladimir Iakovlevich, 1237
Stenka Razin, 1271–1272,
1476–1477
Folk medicine, 1324
Folk music, 509–510
FOREIGN POLICY
N
INDEX
1763
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
bylina, 190
chastushka, 230
Folk theater, 194
Fondoderzhateli, 511
Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich, 511–512
Food, 512–513, 1325
Food supply
Committees of the Village Poor,
295
famine of 1891–1892, 477
famine of 1932–1933, 479
war communism, 1659
Food tax, 1232–1233
Forced industrialization, 661–662,
663, 1660
Foreign Affairs Chancellery, 225
Foreign aid
Afghanistan, 13
Cuba, 348
transitional economies, 1570
Foreign debt, 513–515
France, 522
Genoa Conference, 544
gold standard, 574
imperial era, 427–428, 435, 436
Kyrgyzstan, 808
lend lease program, 845
post-Soviet era, 433–434
trade, 517
Foreign news, 1519
Foreign policy
Alexander III, 40
Anna Ivanovna, 64
Berlin blockade, 142–143
Brezhnev, 169–170, 172–173
Catherine II, 207, 208
Chicherin, Georgy Vasilievich,
246–247
collective security, 685, 834
Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (COMECON),
334–335
détente, 172–173, 389–390,
519–520
Elizabeth, 447
Geneva Summit of 1985,
543–544
Genoa Conference, 544
Godunov, Boris, 565–566
Golitsyn, Vasily Vasilievich, 575
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 582
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Gorchakov, Alexander
Mikhailovich, 584
Grand Alliance, 597
Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich,
611
Hague Peace Conferences, 625
Helsinki Accords, 631–632
Holy Alliance, 34, 639
Ivan III, 688
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 733
Khrushchev, Nikita, 748–749
Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna,
763
Konstantin Nikolayevich, 767
Kosygin, Alexei, 779
Kotoshikhin, Grigory Karpovich,
780–781
Kozyrev, Andrei Vladimirovich,
782–783
Kremlinology, 787
Kyrgyzstan, 808–809
League of Natnions, 833–834
Litvinov, Maxim, 865–866
Malta Summit, 890–891
Matveyev, Artamon, 907
Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich, 942
Milyutin, Dmitry, 943
Moiseyev, Mikhail Alexeyevich,
951–952
Molotov, Vyacheslav
Mikhailovich, 954–955
near abroad, 1031–1032
Nesselrode, Karl Robert,
1038–1039
New Political Thinking,
1042–1043
Nogai, 1059
North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion (NATO), 1062–1063
Ordin-Nashchokin, Afanasy
Lavrentievich, 1113
Paul I, 1149
Persian Gulf War, 1166–1167
Popular Front policy, 1207–1208
Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich,
1214
Primakov, Yevgeny Maximovich,
1223
Putin, Vladimir, 1256
Quadruple and Quintuple Al-
liances, 1259–1260
Security Council, 1362–1363
Shevardnadze, Eduard
Amvrosievich, 1382–1383
Sklarska Poreba conference,
301–302
Soviet containment, 301, 518
United Nations, 1614
Warsaw Treaty Organization
(WTO), 326, 1661–1662
See also Cold War; Nazi-Soviet
Pact of 1939; Treaties and in-
ternational agreements; Specific
countries
Foreign trade. See Trade, foreign
Foreign Trade Organizations (FTOs),
947
Forest Code, 460
Forest soil, 1189
Fortifications, frontier, 525
Fortunatov, B. K., 764
Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopo-
litical Future of Russia (Dugin),
414
France, 518–520
Congress of Vienna, 1637
containment policy, 518
détente, 390
Genoa Conference, 544
indicative planning, 659
influence of, 522–523
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 733
Litvinov, Maxim, 865–866
Popular Front, 1208
Quadruple and Quintuple Al-
liances, 1259–1260
Russia, 40
Seven Years’ War, 1375
Suez crisis, 277
Treaties of Paris, first and second,
1136, 1637
Treaty of Tilsit, 1547
Triple Entente, 599
Vietnam, 1638
See also Napoleon; Napoleon I
Francis-Joseph, 1544
Franco, Francisco, 1443
Frank, Semen, 1635
Frederick II (Prussia), 1193, 1375
Frederick William III (Prussia),
1547, 1548
Free Art Studio, 721
Free Cossacks, 332–333
INDEX
N
FOREIGN TRADE
1764
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Free Economic Society for the En-
couragement of Agriculture and
Husbandry, 520–521
Freemasonry, 367, 454, 521–522,
1074, 1083
Free speech, 709–710, 712
Freight, railway, 1266
French Revolution, 522, 1637
French War of 1812, 164–165,
523–525, 805
Friazin, Bon, 786
Friazin, Marco, 785, 786
Friedrich, Carl, 1561
Friendship of Nations, 1002
Frolov, 785
From the Other Shore (Herzen), 633
Frontier fortifications, 525
Frunze, Mikhail Vasilievich,
525–526, 926, 936
Full economic accounting, 526–527
Full slavery, 1402
Functional Cargo Block, 673–674
Functional Method of architecture,
325
Fundamental Equation of Value
Theory, 1407
Fundamental Laws of 1906, 527–528
The Fundamental Laws of the Russian
Empire, 635
Funded commodities, 528–529, 562
Fund holders, 511
Furmanov, Dmitry, 226
Fur trade
Alaska, 288
Novgorod, 625–626
Sakha and Yakuts, 1344
“Future War” (Tukhachevsky), 1583
Futurism, 175, 529, 908
Fyodor, Alexeyevich, 529–530
Fyodor II, 530
Fyodor Ivanovich, 531
Fyodorov, Boris Grigorievich,
531–532
Fyodorov, Ivan, 532, 532–533
Fyodorovich, Mikhail, 90–91
G
Gadar, Yegor, 1330
Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich,
535–536, 536, 1442
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Foreign policy (continued)
Gagauz, 536–537
Gagauz-Yeri, 952
Gaidar, Yegor Timurovich, 264,
537–538, 538, 581, 1385
Gakkel, Yakov M., 103
Galicia, 1601–1602, 1676–1682
The Gambler (Dostoyevsky), 410–411
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 20, 538–539,
551
Gapon, Georgy Apollonovich, 157,
539–540
Gaspirali, Ismail Bey, 341, 540–541,
681, 698, 1008
Gatchina, 31–32, 541–542
Gazprom, 240–241
Geiden, L. P., 1027–1028
Gendarme Corps, 636
Gender roles, 1322–1324
General equilibrium theory, 124
General secretary, 542, 1494
General staff of Comintern, 303
General strike of October 1905,
1086–1087
Geneticists, 543, 1527–1528
Genetics
Lysenko, Trofim, 881
Nemchinov, Vasily, 1034
Stalin’s attack on, 7
Vavilov, nikolai, 1634
Zhdanov, Andrei, 1724–1725
Geneva Conferences on the Peaceful
Uses of Atomic Energy, 93
Geneva Summit of 1985, 543–544
Gennady, Archbishop, 712, 713
Genoa Conference, 544
Genocide, 544–545
Armenian, 80, 83, 366
Jews, 612, 1604
Lithuania, 864
Poles, 727
Genshtab, 932
Geography, 546–548
Armenia, 76–77
Caucasus, 212–213
Nakhichevan, 991
name changes, 220
regional, 1280
Russian Geographical Society, 1317
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic (RSFSR), 1327
Siberia, 1391
Geology, 76, 546
Geometry, 869–870
Georgia and Georgians, 548–552
Abkhazians, 2
administrative units, 1567
Ajars, 20
annexation, 210
Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich, 140
colonialism, 289
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 538–539
languages, 213
map, 550
Meskhetian Turks, 917
Mingrelicans, 944–945
Muslim rule, 552
nationalism, 1007
Shevardnadze, Eduard
Amvrosievich, 1382, 1383
Svans, 1504
Tiflis, 1545–1547, 1546
Zhordania, Noe Nikolayevich,
1730
Georgian Helsinki Group, 538
Georgian Orthodox Church,
552–553
Georgian Social Democrats, 1730
Gerashchenko, Viktor, 221
German Democratic Republic,
553–554, 556–557
German Federal Republic, 554–555
German historical law school, 637
Germans
deportations, 386
dissidents, 400
emigration, 655
German settlers, 554–555
Germany, 553–554, 555–558
Anti-Comintern Pact, 67
armistice negotiations, 168–169
Battle of Kursk, 802–803
Battle of Moscow, 969–970
Battle of Stalingrad, 1453–1455
Battle of Tannenberg, 1516, 1677
Berlin Blockade, 142–143
Collective Security policy, 685
Convention of Berlin, 144
détente, 390
East Prussia, 717
Genoa Conference, 544
German Democratic Republic,
553–554, 556–557
GLAVKI
N
INDEX
1765
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Japanese/German relations, 67
Jews, extermination of, 545, 612,
1604
League of Nations, 833–834
Lithuania, invasion of, 864
Mirbach assassination, 839
Northern Convoys, attacks on,
1064
Operation Barbarossa,
1110–1111, 1429, 1435, 1684,
1686
Poland, 1195
relations with, 555–558
reunification, 554
Russia, 143
Siege of Leningrad, 846–848, 847,
985
Smodemyanskaya, capture and
hanging of, 777
Soviet-Finnish War, 1433–1435
Soviet-German Trade Agreement
of 1939, 1435–1436
Soviet Union, invasion of, 597,
1683–1686, 1684, 1685
Stalin’s relationship with Hitler,
1685
Three Emperors’ League, 1544
Treaty of Rapallo, 1268–1269
Vlasov Movement, 1644–1645
World War I, 1676–1680
World War II, 938–940,
1683–1691, 1689
Yalta Conference, 1698
See also Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939
German Yard, 625
Gershenzon, Mikhail, 1635
Ghenghis Khan, 340, 755
Gigantomania, 557–558
Ginzburg, Evgenia Semenovna, 558
Ginzburg, Moisei, 72, 325
Giray dynasty, 340, 341
Girls, education of, 1409–1410
GKOs, 558–559
Glagolitic, 354
Glasnost, 559–562
Afghanistan, war in, 14
chernukha, 242–243
environmentalism, 462
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 580
thick journals, 1541
Glavki, 562
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Glavlit, 218, 563, 1471
Glavnauka. See Commissariat of Ed-
ucation
GlavPUR, 937
Glavrepertkom, 1538
Glaziev, Sergei, 316, 371
Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich, 563–564
Mighty Handful, 920
national music, 510, 986, 999
opera, 1107–1108
Romanticism, 1303
Stasov’s monograph on, 1462
Glinskaya, Yelena Vasilyevna,
564–565
Glushko, Valentin, 1440
Gnezdovo, 565
Godovye voyevody, 1651
Godunov, Alexander, 370
Godunov, Boris Fyodorovich,
565–567, 566
Assembly of the Land, 90
Dmitry of Uglich, death of, 403,
404
Filaret’s exile, 499
Fyodor II, succession of, 530
Job, support by, 707
Moscow patriarchate, 1147
Red Square, 1275
Romanov clan, 1296, 1300
rule of, 531
Shuisky, relationship with, 1390
Time of Troubles, 1549–1550
Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, 567–568,
569, 998, 1537
Goikhbarg, Alexander, 474
“Going to the People,” 669, 818
Golden age of Russian literature,
568–571
Golden Horde, 571–573
Alexander Yaroslavich’s visits to,
41–42
Andrei’s visits to, 58
Astrakhan, 92
Basil I, 127
Battle of Ugra River, 1599
Dmitry Alexandrovich, 402
Donskoy, Dmitry Ivanovich,
408–409
Islam, 678
Ivan I, 686
Ivan II, 686–687
Ivan III, 688
Simeon, visit of, 1397
Volga Bulgars, 1519–1520
Yuri’s visit to, 1716
See also Mongol era
Goldfaden, Avraam, 703
Gold standard, 573–574
Golikov, Ivan, 1130
Golitsyn, Alexander, 34, 216
Golitsyn, Anatoly, 370
Golitsyn, Vasily Vasilievich,
574–575
Golosov, Ilya, 72
The Golovlyof Family (Saltykov-
Shchedrin), 1346
Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 1195
Goncharov, G. P., 1452
Goncharov, Ivan Alexandrovich,
576–577
Goncharova, Natalia Sergeyevna,
575–576, 1252–1253
Goods famine, 577
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich,
577–583, 579, 1164, 1616,
1617
Afghanistan war, 13–14
Andreyeva’s criticism of, 60–61
Andropov’s support of, 62
anti-alcohol campaign, 31,
580–581
Armenia, 81
arms control, 86–87
atomic energy, 95–96
Bakatin’s support of, 111
banking system, 587
Belovezh Accords, 138
Brezhnev, criticism of, 173
cadres policy, 196
Catholicism, 210
Chebrikov and, 232
Chernenko, rivalry with, 238
chernukha, 242–243
Church relations, 1180
Cold War, end of the, 281
Congress of People’s Deputies,
315
Constitution of 1977 amend-
ments, 323–324
cooperative societies, 328
Council of Ministers, dissolution
of, 195
INDEX
N
GLAVLIT
1766
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Cuba, relations with, 348
cult of personality, 349
Czechoslovakia, relations with,
359
democratization, 373–375
economic reform, 15, 432
five-hundred-day plan, 504–505,
581
Five-Year Plans, 506
foreign policy, 582
France, relations with, 520
full economic accounting,
526–527
general secretary position, 542
Geneva Summit of 1985,
543–544
Green Cross International, 463
Grishin, rivalry with, 609
human rights, 642
intelligentsia, 672
Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces
Treaty, 672–673
Israel, relations with, 684
Japan, relations with, 700
Kremlinology, 788
Kryuchkov’s criticism of,
792–793
land leasing, 822
Law of the State Enterprise, 1467
legal system, 842
Ligachev’s criticism of, 862
Lithuania, 865
Lukyanov’s role in attempted
coup, 879
Malta Summit, 890–891
military policy, 940
motion pictures, 977
Movement for Democratic Re-
forms, 978
nationalities policy, 1016–1017
New Political Thinking,
1042–1043
Nobel Peace Prize, 582
Novosibrisk Report, 1075
party congresses, 1142
Pavlov’s role in administration,
1152
People’s Control Committee, 1160
Perestroika: New Thinking for Our
Country and the World,
1163–1164
Persian Gulf War, 1166–1167
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828