Encyclopedia of Russian History
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Kirill-Beloozero Monastery,
756–757, 1058
Kirill Vladimirovich, 1298–1299
Kiriyenko, Sergei Vladilenovich, 758
Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 758–759,
759, 1457, 1459, 1472, 1485
Kirov Ballet, 118
Kiselev, Paul, 1048
Kishinev pogrom, 1191
Kistyakovsky, Bogdan, 1635
Klausen, Max, 1429
Klimov, Elem, 977
Klimushkin, P. D., 765
Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich, 90,
167, 638, 759–760
Knorin, V. G., 1387
Knyazev, Vsevolod, 22
Kocharian, Robert, 82
Kochinian, Anton, 81
Koghbatsi, Eznik, 83
Koizumi, Junichiro, 701
Kokoshin, Andrei Afanasievich, 761
Kola Peninsula, 1065, 1067–1068
Kolbin, Gennady, 1160
Kolchak, Alexander Vasilievich, 53,
761–762, 1665
Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna,
762–763, 763
feminism, 493, 495
Samoilova and, 1348–1349
zhenotdel, 1726–1727
Kolokol (periodical), 633
Koltsov, Mikhail, 1179
Komarov, Vladimir, 1442
Komi, 764
Kommunistka, 1727
Komsomol, 313–314, 351, 1479
Komsomolskaya pravda, 12
KOMUCH (Committee of Members
of the Constituent Assembly),
761, 764–765
Kondratiev, Nikolai Dmitrievich,
543, 765–766
Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 766–767
Kongress Russkikh Obshchin. See
Congress of Russian Communi-
ties
Kono, Tommy, 1450
Konstantin Nikolayevich, 767,
767–768
Konstantin Vsevolodovich, 1717
Kontorovich, Leonid, 506
Kopeck, 768, 958
Korchnoy, Viktor, 370
Korea, 717, 770–771
Korean Airlines, 717
Koreans, 768–769
Korean War, 769–770
Korenizatsya, 771–772, 1001,
1012–1013
Kormchaya Kniga, 772
Kormelenie, 772
Kornai, Janos, 773
Kornilov, Lavr, 381, 773–774, 1682
Kornilov Affair, 485, 773–774, 853
Korobov, Ivan, 10
Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovich,
774–775
Korolev, Sergei, 1440–1442
Korovin, A. M., 29
Korsh Theater, 775
Koryaks, 775–776
Korzhakov, Alexander Valisievich,
776–777
Koshevnikov, Grigory, 461
Koshkin clan, 1296
Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya,
777–778
Kossuth, Lajos, 645
Kostomarov, Mykola, 353
Kosygin, Alexei Nikolayevich,
171–172, 187, 778–779
Kosygin reforms, 779–780
Kotoshikhin, Grigory Karpovich,
780–781
Kotov, Fedot Afanasievich, 571, 572
Kovalev, Sergei Adamovich, 781
Kovalevskaya, Sofia Vasilievna,
781–782
Kovalevsky, Maxim, 523
Kozintsev, Grigory, 973, 975
Kozlov, Frol Romanovich, 782
Kozlovsky, Mikhail, 1037
Kozyrev, Andrei Vladimirovich,
782–783
Kraevsky, Andrei Alexandrovich,
710
Kramskoy, Ivan, 3
Krasnitsky, Vladimir, 867
Krasnov, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 783
Kravchenko, Viktor, 370
Kravchuk, Leonid Makarovich,
137–138, 783–784
KUSTAR
N
INDEX
1777
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Kremer, Arkady, 185
Kremlin, 203–204, 784–787, 785
Kremlin Armory, 84
Kremlinology, 787–788
Kremlin Palace of Congresses, 787
Kremnev, Ivan. See Chayanov,
Alexander Vasilievich
Krestinin, Vasily, 1280
Kritzman, Lev Natanovich, 788–789
Krivitsky, Walter, 370
Krizanic, Juraj, 1134
Kronstadt Uprising, 119, 269, 789
Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich,
57–58, 789–790
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstanti-
novna, 791, 791–792, 848, 850
Kruptsov, Valentin, 305
Krylenko, Nikolai, 1378
Krylov, Alexei Nikolayevich, 6
Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich, 792
Kryuchkov, Vladimir Alexan-
drovich, 97, 792–793
KS (Communist stubbotniki), 1492
Kuchma, Leonid, 784, 1604
Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of, 793
Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich,
1262
Kulaks, 793–795, 1471–1472
Kuleshov, Lev Vladimirovich,
795–796, 973, 974
Kulikovo Field, Battle of, 408–409,
796, 1719
Kulturnost, 796–797
Kumandas, 55
Kunayev, Dinmukhammed Akhme-
dovich, 732, 797
Kurbsky, Andrei Mikhailovich,
797–798
Kurchatov, Igor, 93
Kurds, 798–800, 799
Kuril Islands, 699–700, 800
Kuritsyn, Fyodor Vasilevich, 712,
713, 800–801
Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevich,
801–802, 1333
Kur River, 76
Kursk, Battle of, 802–803
Kursk submarine disaster, 803–804
Kurs Russkoii Istorii (Klyuchevsky),
638
Kuskova, Yekaterina, 432
Kustar, 804
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich, 33,
99–100, 164–165, 524,
804–805
Kuybyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich,
805–806
Kuzichkin, Vladimir, 370
Kuzmich, Fyodor, 34
Kuznetsov, Alexei, 846
Kuznetsov, Edward, 399, 401
Kuznetsov, Nikolai Gerasimovich,
806–807
Kuznetsov, Pavel, 1396
Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyz, 21, 417,
807–809, 808
Kyukhelbeker, Wilgelm, 876
L
Labor, 811–815
Administration for Organized Re-
cruitment, 8–9
economic growth, 430
factory and mining workforce,
812
gulag, 617–618
oil production, 113
payment, 815
productivity, 435
slaves, 1402
women, 495
See also Employment; Trade
unions; Workers
Labor Books, 814–815
Labor camps. See Gulag
Labor day, 815
Labor dues. See Barshchina
Labor movement, 1673–1674
Labor strikes
Bloody Sunday, 157–158
Lena Goldfields Massacre, 844
Novocherkassk uprising,
1074–1075
October general strike of 1905,
1086–1087
Putilov Works, 539
Revolution of 1905, 1286
Labor theory of value, 815–816
Labor unions. See Trade unions
Ladder system. See Rota system
Ladovsky, Nikolai, 529
Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District
(Shostakovich), 1388
LaHarpe, Frederick Cesar, 31
Lake Baikal, 462, 817
Lakhova, Yekaterina, 1672
Lamsdorf, Matthew I., 1046
Land allotments, 427, 434,
603–604, 1273–1274
Land and Freedom party, 37–38,
153, 817–818
Land-based empire, 450–451
Land captains, 40, 337, 818–819
Land Code of 1922, 750
Landé, Jean-Baptiste, 117
Land Forces Cadet School, 1536
Land policy
Decree on Land, 368–369
imperial era, 819–821
khutor, 749–750
land leasing, 822
Law Code of 1649, 830
monastic, 955–956
peasantry, 1153–1155
pomestie system, 1204–1205
possessors and non-possessors,
1211–1212
Provisional Government, 485
Regulations on Peasants Set Free,
449
Soviet and post-Soviet eras,
821–823
Stolypin, Peter, 1482
votchina, 1650–1651
Landsbergis, Vytautas, 819
Lange, Oskar, 895
Language
Abkhazians, 1
Adyge, 11
Ajars, 20
Albanians, Caucasian, 28
Altai, 55
Armenians, 78
Avars, 102
Balkars, 117
birchbark charters, 148
Bulgarian, 183
Buryats, 189, 190
Caucasus, 213
Chechens, 232
Cherkess, 237
Chukchi, 257
INDEX
N
KUTUZOV, MIKHAIL ILARIONOVICH
1778
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Chuvash, 262
Dagestan, 361
Dargins, 364
Dolgans, 406
Estonian, 465
etiquette, 1325
Evenki, 471
Finnish, 503
Gagauz, 537
Georgians, 548
Ilminsky’s missionary work,
653–654
Imperial Russian Academy, 4
Islam, 681, 682
Kabardians, 715
Kalmyks, 719
Karachai, 723
Karelian, 503
Khakass, 737
Khanty, 738
Kipchak, 126
Komi, 764
Korean immigrants, 768
Kurdish, 799
Kyrgyz, 807
language laws, 452, 823–825
Lezgin, 857–858
Mansi, 893
Mari, 894
Mingrelicans, 944–945
nationalities policy, 1015,
1025–1206
Osetins, 1122
Russian, 1332
Sakha, 1345
Sami, 1347
structuralism, 874–875
Svans, 1504
Tajiks, 1513
Tatars, 341
theory of, 112
transliteration, 355
Tuvinians, 1593–1594
Udmurts, 1597–1598
Uzbeks, 1627
Lapps. See Sami
Lapshin, Mikhail, 16
Large Horde, 729–731
Larionov, Mikhail, 575–576
Laspeyres index, 658
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Latin America, 347–348
Latvia and Latvians, 826–828
German settlers, 554
German soldiers, 1689
Great Northern War, 601–602
map, 827
migration, 1015–1016
nationalism, 1008
Laurentian Codex, 255
Lavrov, Peter, 1209, 1413
Law Code of 1497. See Sudebnik of
1497
Law Code of 1649, 828–831
Assemblies of the Land, 91
criminal law, 840
enserfment, 457–458
guba system, 614
mobility restrictions, 921
Monastery Chancellery, 956
movement constraints, 811
pomestie, 1205
serfs, rules relating to,
1366–1367
Slavery Chancellery, 1404
vodka, control of, 1646
Law Code of 1833, 1047
Law Code of Yaroslav’s Sons, 1653
Law of Lübeck, 625
Law of Single Inheritance, 820
Law of Succession, 1172
Law of the State Enterprise, 1467
Law on Cooperatives, 327
Law on Freedom of Conscience and
Religious Organizations, 1321
Law on Individual Labor Activity,
327
Law on Land, 822
Law on Media of Mass Information,
1530
Law on Primogeniture, 1714, 63
Law on Property, 822
Law on Referenda, 1278
Law on Succession, 1493
Law on the Constitutional Court,
319
Law on the Procuracy, 1232
Law on the State Enterprise, 580
Laws
Arbitration Procedure Code, 338
Article 58, Soviet Criminal Code,
617
Basic Legislature of the Russian
Federation on the Archival Fond
of the Russian Federation and
Archives, 74
Charter of the Cities, 228–229
Charter of the Nobility, 229–230
Civil Procedure Code of 2002, 338
Code of Punishments of 1845,
330
codification of Russian law, 46
Commerce Statute, 1044–1045
Conscription Act, 158
Constitutional Law on Arbitration
Courts of 1995, 338
On the Court, 841
Criminal Procedure Code of 2001,
338
Decree on Land, 368–369
Emancipation Act, 447–449
Ems Decree, 824
Family Code of 1926, 474
Family Code on Marriage, the
Family, and Guardianship,
474–475
Family Edict of 1944, 476
Family laws of 1936, 476–477
Federal Securities Law, 1316
First Lithuanian Statute of 1529,
135
Forest Code, 460
Fundamental Laws of 1906,
527–528
The Fundamental Laws of the Russ-
ian Empire, 635
Land Code of 1922, 750
On Land Reform, 822
Law Code of Yaroslav’s Sons,
1653
Law of Single Inheritance, 820
Law of Succession, 1172
Law of the State Enterprise, 1467
Law on Cooperatives, 327
Law on Freedom of Conscience
and Religious Organizations,
1321
Law on Individual Labor Activity,
327
Law on Land, 822
Law on Media of Mass Informa-
tion, 1530
Law on Property, 822
Law on Referenda, 1278
LAWS
N
INDEX
1779
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Law on the Constitutional Court,
319
Law on the Procuracy, 1232
Law on the State Enterprise, 580
Legal Code of 1550, 166
mass media, 1530–1531
New Commercial Code, 1565
New Decree Statutes on Theft,
Robbery, and Murder Cases,
614
New Statute of Commerce,
1044–1045
“On the Delineation of Powers Be-
tween the USSR and the Sub-
jects of the Federation,” 96
Ordinance Book of the Robbery
Chancellery, 614
Pauline Law of Succession, 1298
Regulations on Peasants Set Free,
449
Russian Federal Securities Act,
1479
Russian Justice, 1318–1319
Russkaya Pravda, 752, 840
slavery, 1402
Soviet Land Code, 821
On the Special Legal Status of
Gagauzia, 537
State on the Inorodtsy, 664
Statute Concerning Land Cap-
tains, 818
Statute of Grand Prince Vladimir,
1473–1474
Statute of Grand Prince Yaroslav,
1474–1475
Statute of Vladimir Monomakh,
1643
Succession, Law on, 1493
Sudebnik of 1497, 456,
1495–1496, 1496
Sudebnik of 1550, 614, 887,
1496–1497
Sudebnik of 1589, 1497–1498
Sudebnik of 1606, 829
Temporary Laws of May 1882,
701–702
Temporary Regulations, 1531
Third Lithuanian Statute in 1588,
135
Trade Statutes of 1653 and 1667,
1565–1566
ukaz, 1599
Universal Conscription Act, 936
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
University Statute, 336
Urban Statute of 1846, 944
yarlyki, 1700–1701
See also Law Code of 1649
Lay of Igor’s Campaign (anonymous),
831–832, 863, 1719
Lazarev Institute, 832–833
Lazarevskaya, Yulianya Ustinovna.
See Osorina, Yulianya Ustinovna
League of Armed Neutrality, 833
League of Nations, 833–834
League of the Militant Godless,
834–835
Lebed, Alexander Ivanovich, 316,
835–836, 1363
Le Blond, Jean Baptiste, 71
Lectures on God-Manhood (Soloviev),
1423
Lefortovo, 836–837
Left Hegelianism, 630–631
Left Opposition, 837–838
Pytatkov, Georgy Leonidovich,
1257
Radek, Karl Bernardovich, 1263
Left Socialist Revolutionaries,
838–840
Brest-Litovsk Peace, 168–169
Civil War of 1917–1922,
266–268
elections of 1917, 318
Kaplan, Fanya, 722–723
October Revolution, 1092–1096
Socialist Revolutionary Party,
1420
Spiridonova, Maria Alexandrovna,
1446–1447
Legal Code of 1550, 166
Legal issues
collective responsibility, 283
Constitutional court, 318–319
dishonor compensation, 145
Jews, status of, 704–705
speculation, 153
See also Court system; Criminal
justice; Laws
Legalists, 400
Legal systems, 840–842, 1232
See also Court system; Criminal
justice; Laws
Legislative Commission, 207,
667–668, 842
Legislative process, 487
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 4
Leichoudes, Ioannikios and Sophro-
nios, 842–843, 910, 1404
Leipunsky, A. I., 94–95
Leipzig, Battle of, 843–844
Lelewel, Joachim, 1004–1005
Lemkos. See Carpatho-Rusyns
Lena Goldfields Massacre, 844
Lend lease program, 513, 844–845
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 849–854,
850, 851
agriculture, state control of,
283–284
American Relief Administration
(ARA), 56
anti-British sentiment, 599
April Theses, 70, 853
archives, 73
Armand and, 75
assassination attempt, 722–723
Bund, criticism of the, 185–186
Chicherin, influence of, 247
communism, 298–299
Constituent Assembly, dissolution
of, 318, 764
Constitution of 1918, 320
cult of personality, 348–349
Cultural Revolution, 350
dictatorship of the proletariat,
394–395, 631
disarmament, 85, 625
disenfranchised persons, 397
dispute with other Bolsheviks,
160–161
economism, criticism of, 432
federalism, 1327
fellow travelers, 492
foreign debt default, 513
foreign famine relief, 478–479
general secretary, creation of, 542
Hegel, influence of, 631
July Days of 1917, 713–714
Krupskaya and, 791
Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 839
legal system, 841
Martov’s opposition to, 901–902
motion pictures, 973
nationalism, 1010
nationalities policy, 1011–1012,
1158
INDEX
N
LAY OF IGOR’S CAMPAIGN
(ANONYMOUS)
1780
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
New Economic Policy (NEP), 1040
October Revolution, 1090–1096
party congresses, 1138–1139
party radicalization, 307
penal system, 616
prime minister position, 1226
Proletkult, attack on the, 1236
Provisional Government, 485
Red Army, 267, 936–937
Russian Social Democratic Work-
ers’ Party (RSDWP), 1412
serednyaki, 1365
smychka, 1410
Soviet-German armistice negotia-
tions, 168–169
Soviet-Polish War, 1436–1437
Sovnarkom, formation of, 1439
Spark, 711
Stalin and, 308, 1455
on Tkachev, 1553
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 52,
266–267
wages, 1657
war communism, 1658–1659
What Is to Be Done?, 1414, 1664
workers’ control, 1674
world revolution, 1675
Zinoviev, relationship with, 1732
Leningrad. See St. Petersburg
Leningrad, Siege of, 846–847
Leningrad Affair, 845–846
Leningrad Oblast Party Committee,
1299
Leningrad Opposition, 1727
Leninism-Stalinism, 364, 449
Lenin’s Testament, 848–849,
1575–1576
Lenin’s tomb, 849, 1275
Leon II, 1
Leonov, Alexei, 1442
Leontiev, Konstantin Nikolayevich,
855–856
Leontiev, Wassily, 506, 666
Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich, 569,
856, 998
Leskov, Nikolai Semenovich,
856–857
Lesnaya, Battle of, 857
Leszczynski, Stanislaw, 100
Let History Judge (Medvedev),
909–910
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Ivan IV (continued)
Letter of an Old Bolshevik (Niko-
layevsky), 787
“A Letter on the Uses of Glass”
(Lomonosov), 872
Letters of a Russian Traveler
(Karamzin), 725
Letter to Agitators (Gozhansky), 185
Levchenko, Stanislav, 370
Levitan, Isaak, 998
Levitsky, Sergei, 1179
Levshin, Peter. See Platon
Lewenhaupt, Adam Ludvig, 8587
Lezgins, 857–858
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
(DPR), 858–859, 1729
Liberal intelligentsia, 670
Liberalism, 859–861, 1490
Liberalization, 1164–1165
Liberal nationalism, 653
Liberation (journal), 860
Liberman, Yevsei Grigorevich, 861
Libraries
Kirillov Monastery, 757
National Library of Russia,
996–997
Russian State Library, 1328–1329
Library for Readers (journal), 709
Lieven, Anatol, 369
Lieven, Dominic, 449
Life and Fate (Grossman), 612
Life (Avvakum Petrovich), 104, 105
Life expectancy, 378, 379
A Life for the Tsar (Glinka),
563–564, 1108, 1109
Life of Theodosius, 750
Life [or Tale] of Yulianya
Lazarevskaya (Osorin), 1123
Ligachev, Yegor Kuzmich, 861–862,
862
glasnost, 560
Gorbachev and, 579–580
second secretary, 1358–1359
Likhachev, Dmitry Sergeyevich,
691, 862–863
Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT),
279
Linear programming, 722
Linguistic groups. See Language
Lipitsky, Vasily, 1161
Liquid metal fast breeder reactors
(LMFBRs), 94–95
Lishentsy, 397
Literacy, 436–438, 571
Literary criticism
Belinsky, Vissarion Grigorievich,
136–137
Leontiev, Konstantin Niko-
layevich, 855–856
Pisarev, Dmitry Ivanovich,
1182–1183
Literature
Book of Degrees of the Royal Geneal-
ogy, 163
chapbook literature, 227–228
chernukha, 242–243
Decembrists, 367
fairy tales, 509
fellow travelers, 492
folklore, 508–509
Georgian, 550, 551
golden age of Russian literature,
568–571
Great Menology, 887
gypsymania, 621
hagiography, 623–624
intelligentsia, 670
Kievan Rus, 754
Lay of Igor’s Campaign (anony-
mous), 831–832, 863
nationalism, 997–998
Novy Mir, 1077–1078
occultism, 1083
Pushkin House, 1253–1254
Romanticism, 569, 875–876
Russian Association of Proletarian
Writers, 1314–1315
Russian State Library, 1328–1329
samizdat, 560, 671, 1347–1348,
1425
science fiction, 1353–1354
semiotics, 874
Serapion Brothers, 1363
skaz, 1400
socialist realism, 1415–1419
Stagnation, 1419
structuralism, 874–875
The Thaw, 1418, 1535–1536
theory, 112–113
thick journals, 709, 1077–1078,
1540–1541
thin journals, 711, 1541–1542
Literature and Revolution (Trotsky),
492
LÜBECK
N
INDEX
1781
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Lithuania and Lithuanians, 863–865
Basil III, 129
Brazauskas, Algirdas, 167–168
Ivan II, 687
Ivan III, 688
map, 864
Polish-Lithuanian Union,
134–135
Sajudis, 819, 865
Soviet breakup, 168
Ukraine, 1600
Vilnius, 1640–1641
Lithuanian Communist Party (LCP),
167–168
Lithuanian Democratic Labor Party
(LDLP), 168
Lithuanian Statute, 829
Little Entente, 1714
Little Ice Age, 233
Liturgy
Joakim, Patriarch, 706
Nikon, Patriarch, 1057
Old Believers, 1102
Orthodoxy, 1118–1119
Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich, 56,
834, 865–866, 1029
Litvinov Protocol, 733
Liubov Orlova (movie), 43
Livestock, 461
Living Antiquity (journal), 469
Living Church Movement, 866–867
Livonia, 382, 826
Livonian War, 690, 867–869
Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich,
869–870
Lobnoe mesto, 1275
Local government, 870–871
Locke, John, 815
Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilievich, 4,
5, 871–873, 872
London School of Economics and
Politics, 627
Loris-Melikov, Mikhail Tarielovich,
873–874, 1469
Losenko, Anton, 1037
Lotman, Yuri Mikhailovich,
874–875
Louis XVIII (France), 1136
Lovers of Wisdom, 875–876, 1098,
1190
Lübeck, 625
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Lubok, 876
Lubyanka, 877–878
Lukashenko, Alexander Grigorievich,
136, 878, 1313
Lukin, Vladimir, 1695
Lukyanov, Anatoly Ivanovich,
878–879
Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich,
879, 966
Lunts, Lev, 1363
Lutherans, 1239
Luzhkov, Yuri Mikhailovich, 482,
879–880, 880
Lvov, Nikolai, 542
Lyalin, Oleg, 370
Lyapunov, Alexander Mikhailovich, 6
Lyceum, 1579
Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich,
880–882, 881
Nemchinov and, 1034
science policy, 1352
Vavilov and, 1634
Zhdanov and, 1724
Lyubchenko, Panas, 165
Lyubech, conference at, 752–753
Lyubimov, Yuri, 370, 1512
M
Macarius, Metropolitan. See
Makary, Metropolitan
Macedonia, 115–116
Machine Tractor Stations, 883–884,
884
Madame Sans-Gene (Sardou), 775
Mafia capitalism, 884–885
Magic tales, 509
Mail service, 1212–1213
Maimi, 409
Main Administration of State Secu-
rity (GUGB), 1472
Main Administration of the North-
ern Sea Route (GUSMP), 1197
Main Archival Administration of the
USSR, 74
Main Directorate of the General
Staff, 934
Main Political Directorate, 885
Main Prison Administration (GTU),
1228–1229
Main Scientific Administration,
Commissariat of Education,
1352
Main Staff, 934
Makarov, Stepan Osipovich,
885–886
Makarova, Natalia, 370
“Makar’s Dream” (Korolenko), 774
Makary, Metropolitan, 886–888
Book of Degrees of the Royal Geneal-
ogy, 163
Cathedral of St. Basil, 201
hagiography, 624
Hundred Chapters Church Coun-
cil, 261
Ivan IV, as advisor to, 690
Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich, 270,
607, 608, 888
Male mortality, 379
Malenkov, Georgy Maxim-
ilyanovich, 888–890, 889
Anti-Party Group, 67–68
Beria, alliance with, 141
Kosygin and, 778
party congresses, 1141
prime minister position, 1227
second secretary, office of, 1358
Zhdanov’s rivalry with, 846, 1724
Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich,
224, 890, 1396
Malta Summit, 890–891
Mamai, 796
Mamonova, Tatyana, 399
Manchu dynasty, 736
Manchuria, 248, 700, 1333
Mandelshtam, Nadezhda
Yakovlevna, 891–892
Mandelshtam, Osip Emilievich, 891,
892
Mandilion (Ushakov), 1624
Manifesto of 1763, 892–893
Manifesto of Peter III, 1174
Manoukian, Vazgen, 82
Mansi, 893–894
Mansur, Shaykh, 210
Manufacturing. See Industrial pro-
duction
Manuscript Division, Russian State
Library, 1329
Manuscripts, 996
Mao Zedong, 248, 249, 275, 277,
748
INDEX
N
LUBOK
1782
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Maps
Armenia, 77
Azerbaijan, 107
Belarus, 134
Caucasus, 468
climate, 273
Estonia, 465
expansion, 287, 290
Finland, 501
Georgia, 550
Kazakhstan, 731
Kyrgyzstan, 808
Latvia, 827
Lithuania, 864
Russia, 547
Tajikistan, 1514
Turkmenistan, 1590
Ukraine, 1601
Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics, 1985, 451
Uzbekistan, 1627
“March for Compassion,” 294
Marconi, Guglilmo, 1206
Marginal productivity theory, 124
Maria Fyodorovna, 39, 1410
Mari El and the Mari, 894–895
Marina Mniszech, 1551–1552
Maritime law, 833
Market economy
Emancipation Act, 449
Five-Hundred-Day Plan, 504–505,
581
hard budget constraints, 626, 627
Marketization, 432–434, 581
Market socialism, 124, 895–896
Markov, Andrei Andreyevich, 6
Markov, Nikolai, 152
Marks, Adolf Fyodorovich, 711
Marriage, 896–901
family law, 474–476
Orthodox ceremony, 898
Russians, 1324
wedding party in Red Square, 900
Martin, 521, 712
Martos, Ivan, 1037
Martov, Yuli Osipovich, 901–902,
913–914
Martynov, I. I., 708
Martyrs
Morozova, Feodosya Prokopevna,
962
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Spiridonova, Maria Alexandrovna,
1446–1447
Starovoitova, Galina Vasilievna,
1460–1461
Marx, A. F., 1541
Marx, Karl
Bakunin, relationship with, 114
communism, 297–298
dialectical materialism, 393, 454
dictatorship of the proletariat,
394
Engels influence on, 454
Hegel, influence of, 630–631
labor theory of value, 815–816
Marxism, 902–903
economism, 432
education, 1623
Emancipation of Labor, 154
intelligentsia, 669
Mikhailovsky’s criticism of, 924
orthodox, 160
Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich,
1186
Pokrovsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich,
1191–1192
science, philosophy of, 6–7
social evolution theory, 497
Tkachev, Petr Nikitich, 1554
Union of Struggle for the Eman-
cipation of Labor, 1611
world revolution, 1675–1676
See also Communism; Marxism-
Leninism; Socialism
Marxism-Leninism
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation, 305–306
dialectical materialism, 393–394,
454
proletarian dictatorship, 320
Soviet man, 1436
split with Western socialism, 903
study of, 441
See also Communism; Socialism
Maryinsky Theater, 162
Maslenitsa, 903–904
Massacre at Tiflis Municipal Coun-
cil, 1287
Mass privatization, 256
Mass song, 416–417
Master and Margarita (Bulgakov),
181
Material balances, 904–905
Materialism, 244, 902
Materialism, dialectical, 393–394,
454
Material Product System (MPS),
905–906, 1039–1040
Mathematicians
Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaliyevich,
722
Kovalevskaya, Sofia Vasilievna,
781–782
Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich,
869–870
Matryoshka dolls, 906–907
Matveyev, Artamon Sergeyevich,
907
Matyukhin, Georgy, 221
Mausoleums
imperial, 203
Lenin, Vladimir, 849
Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg,
3
Maxim the Greek, St., 907–908
Maxwell, James Clerk, 4
Mayakovsky, Vladimir
Vladimirovich, 529, 908–909,
1315
May Day, 298
Mayors, 965, 1207
Mazepa, Hetman Ivan Stepanovich,
909
McClintock, George N., 57
Media, 1256, 1528–1531, 1529
Medical and Surgical Academy,
1181
Medical care. See Health care services
Medvedev, Roy Alexandrovich,
909–910
Medvedev, Sylvester Agafonikovich,
706, 910
Medvedev, Zhores Alexandrovich,
910–911
Medved Party. See Unity Party
Meeting on the Elba (movie), 43
Melnikov, Konstantin Stepanovich,
72, 911
Membership, Communist Party,
312
Memoir on Ancient and New Russia
(Karamzin), 725
Memoirs, 891
Memorial, 912
Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich, 5,
912–913
METALLURGY
N
INDEX
1783
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Mengistu Haile-Mariam, 466–467
Mengli Giray I, 340
Mensheviks, 913–914
Bolshevik/Menshevik split,
159–160, 1414
Chkheidze, Nikolai Seminovich,
251
Civil War of 1917–1922,
266–267
Communist Party division with
the Bolsheviks, 307
Georgian, 551
Kremlinology, 787
Martov, Yuli, 901
October Revolution, 1092–1096
Provisional Government, 485
Ray, 711
Russian Social Democratic Work-
ers’ Party split, 1412
Social Revolutionary Party, 1420
Trotsky, Leon Davidovich,
1574–1575
Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna,
1720–1721
Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich,
915
Battle of Lesnaya, 857
Battle of Sinope, 1399
Catherine I and, 204, 205
Mazepa, storming of headquar-
ters of, 909
Peter II and, 1173
Mercader, Ramón, 1577
Mercantilism, 915–916
Merchants, 916–917
gosti, 590–591
gostinaya sotnya, 591
guilds, 615–616
Hanseatic League, 625–626
Nikitin, Afanasy, 1055–1056
sukonnaya sotnya, 1498
See also Commerce
Merder, K. K., 35
Merrick, John, 1480
Meshchersky, V. P., 711
Meskhetian Turks, 917
Messenger of Europe (newspaper),
708, 725
Messenger of Zion (newspaper),
708–709
Mestnichestvo, 918
Metallurgy, 1430
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Metalworkers, 812, 1384
Metaphysics, 1324, 1423
Metro line. See Subway systems
Metropolitans, 918–919
Meyerhold, Vsevolod Yemilievich,
118, 919, 1537–1538
Michael (Romania), 1293–1294
Mickiewicz, Adam, 1005, 1302
Microeconomic disequlibria, 292
Middendorf, A. F., 656
Middle Ages
architecture, 70–71
Byzantine influence, 191
veche, 1634–1635
Middle East, 277
Middle Horde, 729–731
Middle service class, 1205
Middle Volga, 1271–1272,
1476–1477
Mighty Handful, 919–921
nationalism, 986, 999
opera, 1109
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai An-
dreyevich, 1290
Stasov, Vladimir Vasilievich,
1462
Migration, 921–923, 922
nationalities policy, 1015–1016
passport system, 1143–1144
Trans-Siberian Railway, 1571
See also Emigration and immigra-
tion
Mikhailov, Boris, 1180
Mikhailov, Nikita A., 405
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstanti-
novich, 166, 710, 923–924
Mikhail Vsevolodovich, 1716, 1717
Mikhalkov, Nikita Sergeyevich,
924, 977–978
Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich, 81,
925
Militants, cultural, 350–351
Military
administration, 9–10, 243
Air Assault Troops, 1445
aircraft, 103
Baltic Fleet, 119–120
Bruce, James David, 174
Brusilov, Alexei Alexeyevich, 175
cantonist system, 197
chancellery system, 225
Chernyshev, Alexander ivanovich,
243
Chuikov, Vasily Ivanovich, 257
Cold War, 940
Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers,
294–295
Commonwealth of Independent
States, 296
Cossacks, 332–334
dedovshchina, 369
Durova, Nadezhda Andreyevna,
418
dvorianstvo, 419
enserfment, 456–457
expenditures, 431
frontier fortifications, 525
Frunze, Mikhail Vasilievich,
525–526
Golitsyn, Vasily Vasilievich,
574–575
Gordon, Patrick Leopold, 584–585
Grand Alliance, 597
Gromov, Boris Vsevolodovich,
610
imperial era, 928–932
inorodtsy, 664–665
Kaufman, Konstantin Petrovich,
727–728
Khmelnitsky, Bohdan, 741–742
Kolchak, Alexander Vasilievich,
761–762
Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 766
Konstantin Nikolayevich,
767–768
Krasnov, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 783
Kurbsky, Andrei Mikhailovich,
797–798
Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevich,
801
Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich,
804–805
Kuznetsov, Nikolai Gerasimovich,
806–807
Lebed, Alexander Ivanovich,
835–836
Main Political Directorate, 885
Main Staff, 934
Makarov, Stepan Osipovich,
885–886
Makhno, Nestor, 888
Matveyev, Artamon Sergeyevich,
907
INDEX
N
METALWORKERS
1784
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Mazepa, Ivan Stepanovich, 909
mestnichestvo, 918
Milyutin’s reform, 936
modernization, 23
Moiseyev, Mikhail Alexeyevich,
951–952
morale, 369
Muraviev, Nikita, 980–981
NATO, 1062, 1063
new-formation regiments,
1041–1042, 1409
Nicholas I, 1046
Obruchev, Nikolai Nikolayevich,
1082
Ogarkov, Nikolai Vasilevich, 1100
Ordin-Nashchokin, Afanasy
Lavrentievich, 1112–1113
Orlov, Grigory Grigorievich, 1117
paratroop units, 1444–1445
Pavliuchenko, Lyudmila
Mikhailovna, 1150
pomestie system, 1204–1205
Pozharsky, Dmitry Mikhailovich,
1216
Preobrazhensky Guards,
1218–1219
purges, 1444
reforms under Alexei
Mikhailovich, 47–48
Regiments of Guards, 612–614
Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovich,
1310
service state, 1371–1372
Shaposhnikov, Boris
Mikhailovich, 1379
Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitriyevich,
1400–1401
Sokolovsky, Vasily Danilovich,
1421
sovereign’s court, 592
Soviet and post-Soviet eras,
449–450, 936–942
special purpose forces, 1444–1445
Stalin and World War II,
1457–1458
Stavka, 1475
stolniks, 1480–1481
Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF), 940
streltsy, 1488–1489
Suvorov, Alexander Vasilievich,
1503–1504
Svechin, Alexander Andreyevich,
1504
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
syn boyarsky, 1509
tank regiment, 939
Ustinov, Dmitry Fedorovich,
1625
Varennikov, Valentin Ivanovich,
1632
Vasilevsky, Alexander
Mikhailovich, 1633
Volkogonov, Dmitry Antonovich,
1647
Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich,
1650
voyevoda, 1651–1652
Warsaw Treaty Organization
(WTO), 1661–1662
women, 937
Wrangel, Peter, 1692–1693
Yazov, Dmitry Timofeyevich,
1704–1705
Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich,
1713
Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich,
1730–1731
See also Army; Red Army; Table
of Ranks
Military aid
Cuba, 348
lend lease program, 513, 844–845
Spanish Civil War, 1443–1444
Military art, 925–926
Military colonies, 34
Military Committee, NATO, 1062
Military doctrine, 926–927, 1421
Military-economic planning, 927
Military industrial complex,
932–933
Military intelligence, 933–935
Military law, 243
Military reform, 935–936
Chernyshev, Alexander Ivanovich,
243
Frunze, Mikhail Vasilievich, 526
inorodtsy, 664
military industrial complex, 933
Milyutin, Dmitry, 943
Peter I, 1489
Third Duma, 415–416
Military Revolutionary Committee,
422, 1093–1094
Military Scientific Department, 934
Military strategy
deep battle concept, 1583
Suvorov, Alexander Vasilievich,
1504
Svechin, Alexander Andreyevich,
1504
Triandafillov, Viktor Kiriakovich,
1571–1572
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Niko-
layevich, 1583–1584
Vasilevsky, Alexander
Mikhailovich, 1633
Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich,
1730–1731
Miliukov, Paul, 638
Miller, Gerhard Friedrich, 467
Miloslavskys, 1489
Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich, 860,
941–942
Milyutin, Dmitry Alexeyevich,
942–943
administration, 10
Caucasian Wars, 212
Kaufman and, 727
military reform, 930, 934, 936
Milyutin, Nikolai Alexeyevich,
943–944
Mineral resources, 1345, 1515
Mingrelicans, 944–945
Minin, Kuzma, 945, 1552
Mining, 844
Ministries, economic, 946–947
Ministry of Atomic energy, 95
Ministry of Education, 1626
Ministry of Finance, 187
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 74
Ministry of Foreign Trade, 947
Ministry of Internal Affairs,
947–948, 1477
Ministry of Press, Broadcasting, and
Mass Communications (MPTR),
1528
Ministry of Public Education, 1622
Ministry of State Security (MGB),
948
Ministry of the Interior,
1185–1186, 1240, 1469–1470
The Minor (Fonvizin), 511–512,
1536
Minsk Agreement. See Belovezh Ac-
cords
Mir, 948–949
Mironov, Sergei, 488
Mirovich, Vasily, 207
MONASTERIES
N
INDEX
1785
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Mir space station, 949–951, 950,
1442–1443
Missionaries
Alaska, 27
Ilminsky, Nikolai Ivanovich,
653–654
Mitau Operation, 1680
Mitterrand, François, 520
Mnemozina (periodical), 876
Mniszech, Marina, 951
Mobilization, military. See War mo-
bilization
Mock institutions, 1171
Modernism, 175
Modernity and Jadidism, 681–682,
698–699
Modernization
communist bloc, 300–301
military, 930
Soviet era, 451–452
Modigliani, Amedeo, 22
Moiseyev, Mikhail Alexeyevich,
951–952
Molchanov, Mikhail, 1550–1551
Moldavia, 145–146
Moldova and Moldovans, 537,
952–954, 1568–1569
Molkov, A. V., 29
Mollisols, 151
Molokans, 1361
Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich,
954–955
Anti-Party Group, 67–68
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939,
1029–1031, 1030
prime minister position, 1227
Romania, relations with, 1293
Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty. See
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939
Monarchists, 1734
Monasteries
Caves Monastery, 214–215, 635
Kiev Cave Monastery, 623, 624
Kirill-Beloozero Monastery,
756–757, 1058
peasant labor, 456
Simonov Monastery, 1398
Solovki Monastery, 1424
Trinity St. Sergius Monastery,
624, 1370, 1572–1574, 1573
Volokolamsk Monastery,
707–708
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Monasticism, 955–957
Anthony Vadkovsky, Metropoli-
tan, 65
Feast Books, 483
Filaret Drozdov, Metropolitan, 498
hagiography, 623–624
Joseph of Volotsk, 708
Kievan Caves (patericon), 750
Nil Sorsky, St., 1058
Orthodoxy, 1118–1119
Sergius, St., 1369–1371
spiritual elders, 1447–1448
Monastic Rule (Joseph of Volotsk),
708
Monetary overhang, 957, 959
Monetary policy
Central Bank of Russia, 220–221
chervonets, 245
command administrative econ-
omy, 292
Copper Riots, 328–329
denga, 380
GKOs, 558–559
gold standard, 573–574
kopeck, 768
post-Soviet era, 513–515
Reitern, Mikhail, 1281
ruble, 1306–1307
ruble control, 1307–1308
ruble valuation, 517
ruble zone, 1309–1310
Soviet era, 957–960
See also Currency; Economic pol-
icy
Möngke, 131
Mongol era
appanage era, 69
Basil I, 127–128
Basil II, 128
Battle of Ugra River, 1599
chronicles, 255–256
Crimean Khanate, 340
Dmitry Alexandrovich, 402
Dmitry Mikhailovich, 403
Donskoy, Dmitry Ivanovich,
408–409
end of, 1599
Kazakhstan, 728–729
Kiev, conquest of, 755
military administration, 9
monasticism, 955
Orthodoxy, 1119–1120
Qipchaq Khanate, 573
Rurikids, 1312
seniority system, 408–409
serfdom, 1366
slavery, 1402
trade routes, 1564
yarlyk, 1700–1701
Yuri Danilovich, 1716
See also Golden Horde
Mongolia, 737
Montage, 442
Montenegro, 960–961
Montgerrand, Auguste, 72
A Month in the Country (Turgenev),
1537
Monument to the Third Interna-
tional, 890
Moonshine production, 30
Morality, socialist, 1436
Morbidity, 239–240
Mordvins, 961–962
Mori, Yoshiro, 699
Mormonenko, Grigory A. See
Alexandrov, Grigory Alexan-
drovich
Moroz, Valentyn, 399
Morozov, Boris Ivanovich, 45–46,
457, 963
Morozov, Pavel Trofimovich,
963–964, 1491
Morozova, Feodosya Prokopevna,
962–963
Morphology of the Folktale (Propp),
1237
Mortality
famine of 1891–1892, 477
famine of 1921–1922, 478
famine of 1932–1933, 479, 480
famine of 1946, 481
imperial era, 377–378
Moruzi, Demetrius, 176
Moscow, 964–965
architecture, 72
banks, 121–122
Basil II, 128
“Bat,” 193–194
Bolshoi Theater, 161, 161–162
burning of, 33–34, 524
Cathedral of St. Basil, 200,
200–201
INDEX
N
MONASTICISM
1786
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Cathedral of the Archangel
Mikhail, 203
Cathedral of the Dormition,
203–204
churches, 71
Church of Christ the Savior, 200
colonial expansion, 284–286
factory workers, 812
Khruschev, Nikita, 745
Korsh Theater, 775
Kremlin, 784–787, 785
liberation of, 1216
Luzhkov, Yuri, 879–880
Moscow Art Theater, 1537
Muslims at Moscow mosque, 679
overview, 1316
Popov, Gavriil Kharitonovich,
1207
Red Square, 1275–1276
Russian State Library, 1328–1329
Simonov Monastery, 1398
subway system, 1492–1493
Third Rome, 1542–1543
Moscow, Battle of, 969–971
Moscow Agricultural Society, 966
Moscow Archive of the Ministry of
Justice, 73
Moscow Art Theater (MAT), 236,
966–968, 1460, 1537
Moscow Baroque, 968–969
Moscow Bulletin (newspaper), 710
Moscow City Plenum, 1706
Moscow Helsinki Group, 609
Moscow Olympics of 1980,
971–972
Moscow (periodical), 710
Moscow riots of 1648, 46
Moscow school of historiography,
638
Moscow Slavic Benevolent Commit-
tee, 25, 1134
Moscow Society for Improving the
Lot of Women, 75
Moscow State University, 439,
1621, 1621
Moscow Stock Exchange, 1479
Moscow Treaty of 1562, 382
Moscow University, 578, 760
Moskovsky vestnik (periodical), 876
Moskvitin, Ivan Yurievich, 972
Mosques, 680
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828