Encyclopedia of Russian History

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economic aspects, 426–427, 448

enserfment, 455–459, 830

forbidden years, 456

fugitives, 457

obrok, 1081

peasant uprisings, 1155–1156

reform, 602, 1048

serfs, 1367, 1368

slavery’s impact on, 1403, 1404

soul tax, 458

St. George’s Day, 456

See also Left Socialist Revolution-

aries

Socialist Unity Party, 553, 1339

Socialized medicine, 629

Social mobility, 440

Social philosophy, 855–856

Social reform, 540

Social transformation, 834–835

Society for the Love of Wisdom,

875–876, 1098, 1190

Society for the Restoration of Lenin-

ist Principles, 609

Society for the Spread of Literacy

among the Georgians, 551

Society for the Upbringing of Noble

Girls. See Smolny Institute

Society of Friends of Natural His-

tory, Anthropology, and

Ethnography (OLEAE), 469

Society of Salvation, 1168

Society of Welfare, 1168

Sociology, 923–924

Sodruzhestvo sotsialisticheskikh go-

sudarstv. See Communist bloc

Sofia Alexeyevna, 744, 910

Soil, 1189

Sokolov, Lukian Petrov, 1361

Sokolovsky, Vasily Danilovich,

1421–1422

Solari, Pietro Antonio, 785–786

“Soldiers’ children,” 197

Solidarity Movement, 280,

1195–1196, 1422

Soloviev, Mikhail, 138–139

Soloviev, Sergei Mikhailovich, 5,

638, 1468

Soloviev, Vladimir Sergeyevich, 138,

652, 1417, 1422–1424

Solovki Monastery, 1424

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isayevich,

1424–1427, 1425

deportation, 671, 672

de-Stalinization, 388

dissident movement, 399–401

Novy Mir, 1078

Somalia, 466–467

Song. See Music

Son of the Fatherland (newspaper),

710

Sophia, 692, 1427–1428, 1428,

1489

Sophia First Chronicle, 255

Sophia Second Chronicle, 256

Sophia Slekseyevna, 575

Sophiology, 182

Sorge, Richard, 1428–1429

Sorokoust, 1429–1430

SOVIET ENTERPRISE

INDEX

1809

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Sorsky, Nil, 707

Soskovets, Oleg Nikolayevich, 1430

Soslovie, 1430–1432

Sosstatizdat, 223

Sotsialistichesky vestnik (newspaper),

902

Soul tax, 458, 811, 1367,

1432–1433, 1522

South Africa, 1451

Southern Society, 367

South Korea, 769

Sovereignty

Brezhnev Doctrine, 169–170

republics’ independence, 1280

Union of Sovereign States,

1607–1608

Union Treaty, 1612–1613

Sovetsky Sport (newspaper), 1450

Soviet, 1433

Soviet-American Trade Bill, 697

Soviet breakup

causes, 453

communism and, 299

communist bloc, 301

democratization, 375

economic policy, 294

Great Britain, relations with, 600

Lithuania, 167–168

Malta Summit, 890–891

nationalities policy, 1016–1017

perestroika, 1164–1165

ruble zone, 1309–1310

state bank, 221

Union of Sovereign States,

1607–1608

Union Treaty, 1607–1608,

1612–1613

Soviet Constitution of 1918, 271

Soviet Criminal Code, Article 58,

617

Soviet enterprise, 459–460

economic ministries, 946–947

full economic accounting,

526–527

glavki, 562

khozraschet, 744–745

Kosygin reform, 779–780

Law of the State Enterprise, 1467

material balances, 904–905

petty tutelage, 1178

production output, 626

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

ratchet effect, 1270–1271

samoupravlenie, 1349

state orders, 1467–1468

techpromfinplan, 1526–1527

trade, 516–517

value subtraction, 1631

Soviet era

Abkhazia, 2

abortion, 2–3

Academy of Arts, 3

Academy of Sciences, 6–8

adult education, 440

Aeroflot, 12

Afghanistan, invasion of, 940,

971, 1129–1130

Afghanistan, relations with,

13–14

agrarian reform, 17

Alash Orda, 26

alcoholism, 29

alcohol monopoly, 31

Aliyev, Heidar, 51

architecture, 72

archives, 73–74

Armenia, 80–81

Artek, 88–89

assortment plans, 91–92

atomic energy, 93–95

Austrian/Soviet relations, 101

autonomous republics, 1012

aviation, 103

Azerbaijan, 106–107

babi bunty, 110

Baikal-Amur Magistral Railway

(BAM), 110–111

ballet, 119

banking system, 120–121

Bashkortostan, 126–127

Basmachis, 129–130

Belarus, 136

Belovezh Accords, 137–138

Bessarabia, 146

Birobidzhan, 149–150

black market, 152–153

Bolshoi Theater, 162

Brezhnev Doctrine, 169–170

Bulgaria, 183, 184–185

Cabinet of Ministers, 195

Cadres policy, 195–196

Carpatho-Rusyns, 199

Catholicism, 209–210

Caucasus, 214

Central Asia, 219–220

Chechnya, 234

Cherkess, 237

Chernobyl, 95, 238–240

chervonets, 245

China, relations with, 248–249

The Chronicle of Current Events (pe-

riodical), 253–254, 254

circus, 263–264

class system, 271–272

colonialism, 289–290

commissars, 293–294

communist bloc, 300–301

Constitutional Court, 318

Constitution of 1936, 322

cosmopolitanism, 331–332

Cossacks, 334

Council for Mutual Economic As-

sistance (COMECON), 334–335

Council of Ministers, 335–336

Crimean Tatars, 341

Cuba, relations with, 347–348

Czechoslovakia, relations with,

358

“Declaration of Loyalty,” 464

defectors, 369–370

democratization, 373–375

demographic data, 377

demographic trends, 378–379

Denmark, relations with, 383

deportations, 385–386

developed socialism, 390–392

disenfranchised persons, 397–398

dissident movement, 398–402

economic bureaucracy, 186–188

economic growth, 428–431, 429,

658

economic ministries, 946–947

education, 440–441

electricity grids, 444–445

empire, 449–453

environmentalism, 461–462

ethnography, 470

extensive economic growth,

425–426

Family Code of 1926, 474

family law, 475–477

Ferghana Valley, 496–497

INDEX

SOVIET ERA

1810

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

feudalism, historians’ claims of,

497

Finland, relations with, 501–503

folklore, 508–509

folk music, 510

food, 513

food tax, 1232–1233

foreign debt, 513–514

foreign policy, 865–866

France, relations with, 518–520

full economic accounting,

526–527

fund holders, 511

gender equality poster, 494

general secretary, 542

genocidal policies, 545

Georgia, 551

Georgian Orthodox Church, 552

gigantomania, 557

glavki, 562

goods famine, 577

Greece, relations with, 605–606

guards regiments, 613–614

Gulag, 616–618

health care services, 629

Helsinki Accords, 632

hired labor prohibition, 816

ideological power, 450, 453

immigration and emigration, 656

indicative planning, 658–659

industrialization, 660, 663–664

Institute of Red Professors,

666–667

intensive economic growth, 428

Inter-Regional Deputies’ Group,

674–675

Iran, relations with, 675

Islam, 682–683

Israel, relations with, 684

Izvestiya, 694–695

Japan, relations with, 699–700

Jewish persecution, 1002

Kazakhstan, 731–732

Korea, relations with, 769, 770

korenizatsya, 771–772, 1001

Kosygin reforms, 779–780

kulturnost, 796–797

labor, 813–814

labor books, 814–815

land tenure, 821–823

language policy, 452, 825

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Soviet enterprise (continued)

Latvia, 827–828

Law of the State Enterprise, 1467

League of the Militant Godless,

834–835

legal system, 841–842

Leningrad Affair, 845–846

Lithuania, 819, 863–865

Living Church Movement,

866–867

local government administration,

871

Lubyanka, 877

Machine Tractor Stations,

883–884

Main Political Directorate, 885

map, 451

marriage and family, 899–901

material balances, 904–905

Material Product System (MPS),

905

media, 1528–1530

migration, 921

military, 936–941, 939

military administration, 10

military art, 925–926

military doctrine, 926

military-economic planning, 927

military expenditures, 431

military intelligence, 934

military reform, 936

Ministry of Foreign Trade, 947

Ministry of Internal Affairs, 948

modernization, 451–452

monasticism, 956

monetary overhang, 957, 959

monetary system, 957–960

Mordvins, 961

Morozov murder, 963–964

Moscow, 965

motion pictures, 973–977

movies, 43

nationalism, 1000–1003

nationalities policies, 1010–1018

nation building, 450–451

net material product (NMP),

1039–1040

New Political Thinking,

1042–1043

newspapers, 1044

nomenklatura, 1059, 1358,

1478–1479

Northern Peoples, 1066–1067

Novocherkassk uprising,

1074–1075

Novosibrisk Report, 1075, 1720

Novy Mir, 1077–1078

Old Believers, 1105

organized labor recruitment, 8

Orgburo, 1116

Orthodoxy, 1121

Pakistan, relations with, 1130

party congresses, 1136–1142

passport system, 921,

1143–1144, 1472

People’s Commissariat of Nation-

alities, 1158–1159

People’s Control Committee,

1159–1160

petty tutelage, 1178

photography, 1179–1180

plannes’ preferences, 1183

plenum, 1186–1187

Poland, relations with,

1194–1196

polar exploration, 1197

Popular Front policy, 1207–1208

population losses, 378

Pravda, 1216–1218

Presidential Council, 1221

Presidium of Supreme Soviet,

1221–1222, 1222

Primary Party Organization

(PPO), 1226

prime minister, 1226–1227

primordial view of nations,

1013–1014, 1026–1027

prisons, 1229–1230

Procuracy, 1232

prodrazverstka, 1233

prostitution, 1238

Rabkrin, 1262

raionirovanie, 1268

Referendum of March 1991,

1278–1279

refuseniks, 1279

regionalization, 1268

religion, 1282–1283

repressed inflation, 1285–1286

Romania, 1294

Russia and the Soviet empire,

452–453

Russian culture, 452–453

SOVIET ERA

INDEX

1811

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Russian nationalism, 1001–1002

Russian Orthodox Church, 43–44,

44, 1321

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist

Republic (RSFSR), 1327–1328

Russification, 1331–1332

samizdat, 560, 671, 1347–1348,

1425

science and technology policy,

1351–1353

science fiction, 1354

Scissors Crisis, 1355–1356,

1410–1411

second economy, 1356–1358

second secretary, 1358–1359

Secretariat, 1359

secret police, 140–141

sectarianism, 1361–1362

service state, 1373

Seven-Year Plan, 1374

shockworkers, 1386

Slavophilism, 1406

socialist realism, 1415–1419

Soviet-American Trade Bill, Jack-

son-Vanik Amendment, 697

soviets, 1433

Soyuz faction, 1439–1440

special purpose forces, 1444–1445

sports policy, 1448–1452

St. Petersburg, 1484–1485

state committees, 1464–1465

State Defense Committee (GKO),

1466–1467

state finance, 959

state security, 1472–1473

stiliagi, 1478–1479

Stroibank, 1489

stukach, 1491

subway systems, 1492–1493

succession of leadership, 1494

Supreme Soviet, 1500–1501, 1501

taxation, 1523–1524

techpromfinplan, 460, 1526–1527

teleological planning, 1527–1528

territorial-administrative units,

1533

three-field system, 1545

totalitarianism terminology,

1561–1562

tourism, 1562–1563

trade, 516–517, 1564

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

trusts, 1577–1578

Turkey, relations with, 1587

turnover tax, 1523–1524, 1525

Twenty-Five Thousanders, 1594

Union of Socialist Republics,

1608–1609

United Nations, 1614

United States, relations with,

1618–1619

universities, 1623

Vietnam, relations with,

1638–1639

Vilnius, 1640–1641

virgin lands program, 1641–1642

wages, 1657–1658

Warsaw Treaty Organization

(WTO), 1661–1662

women’s status, 899, 1323

Yugoslavia, relations with,

1714–1715

zagotovka, 1719–1720

zhensovety, 1728–17229

See also Censorship; Cold War;

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union (CPSU); Dissidents; Eco-

nomic planning; Soviet enter-

prise; Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics; Specific leaders

Soviet-Finnish War, 1433–1435,

1434

Soviet General Staff, 1100

Soviet Germans, 656

Soviet-German Trade Agreement of

1939, 1435–1436

Soviet Ground Forces, 1632

Soviet Land Code, 821

Soviet man, 1436

Soviet narod, 1027

Soviet of People’s Commissars

(SNK), 293

Soviet-Polish War, 1436–1437

Soviets of Workers and Soldiers

Deputies, 713

Soviet State Price Committee, 1285

Soviet Transcauscasian Federation,

Soviet trusts, 1577–1578

Sovkhoz, 1437–1438

Sovnarkhozy, 779–780, 1438–1439

Sovnarkom, 1439, 1470

Sovremennik, 1539

Soyuz, 1442, 1443

Soyuz faction, 1439–1440

Soyuz-TM rocket, 1441

Space program, 1440–1443

Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich,

535–536

International Space Station,

673–674

Mir space station, 949–951, 950

Russian-U.S. collaboration,

673–674

Soyuz-TM rocket, 1441

Sputnik, 171, 1452

Tsiolkovsky’s influence,

1580–1581

Space shuttle, U.S., 950

Spain

Popular Front, 1208

Spanish Civil War, 1443–1444

Spark (periodical), 711

Spartakiads, 1449

Special Commission on Alcoholism

and the Means for Combating

It, 29

Special purpose forces, 1444–1445

Speculation, economic, 153

Speransky, Mikhail Mikhailovich,

33, 841, 1445–1446

Speshnev, Nikolai, 1177

Spiridonova, Maria Alexandrovna,

1446–1447, 1447

Spiritual Christianity, 1360–1361

Spiritual elders, 1447–1448

Spiritualism, 1083

Spiritual Regulation (Peter I), 316

Sportsman’s Sketches (Turgenev), 569

Sports policy, 971, 1448–1452

Sputnik, 171, 1440, 1452

St. George’s Day, 456, 1366

St. Isaac’s Cathedral, 72

St. Petersburg, 1483–1486, 1484

Admiralty, 10–11

architecture, 71, 72

ballet, 117–118

banks, 122

factory workers, 812

Maryinsky Theater, 162

National Library of Russia,

996–997

Peter I, 1170–1171

INDEX

SOVIET-FINNISH WAR

1812

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Sobchak, Anatoly, 1411–1412

Union of Struggle for the Eman-

cipation of Labor, 1611

Winter Palace, 1667–1669

St. Petersburg Bulletin (newspaper),

708, 710

St. Petersburg Clean Baltic Coalition,

463

St. Petersburg Gazette (newspaper),

711

St. Sergius Theological Academy,

182

Stage entertainers, 1265

Stagnation, 1419

Stakhanovite movement,

1452–1453

Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich,

1455–1459, 1456, 1457, 1687

Academy of Sciences, 6–7

agricultural production, 1153

Ajars, 20

alcoholism, position on, 29

anti-Semitism, 1014–1015

archives, 73–74

ascent to power, 787

autarky, 516

Battle of Moscow, 970

Beria, relationship with, 140

Berlin blockade, 143

Bolshevism, 160–162

Bukharin’s criticism of, 179

cadres policy, 195

censorship, 218

Central Control Commission, 222

Chapayev, 227

children of, 1458

Chkalov’s death, 251

Churchill, rebuke of, 677–678

Church of Christ the Savior, de-

molition of, 200

Cold War, 274–276

collective farms, 17, 19, 281–282

collectivization of agriculture, 284

Constitution of 1936, 321

cult of personality, 348–349,

388, 1456, 1458

Cultural Revolution, 350–351

daughter of, 54

death, 54

deportations, 220, 386

dialectic materialism, 394

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Soviet era (continued)

dictatorship of the proletariat, 395

disenfranchised persons, 397

Doctors’ Plot, 404–405

economic policy, 1658

education policy, 441

famine of 1932–1933, 479

Five-Year Plans, 505–506

forced industrialization, 661–662,

663

foreign policy, 301–302

Frunze, death of, 526

general secretary position, 542

genocidal policies, 545

Germany, relations with,

556–557

goods famine, 577

Grain Crisis of 1928, 593–594

Grand Alliance, 597

Great Britain, relations with, 599

Gulag, 616–617

health care services, 629

Hitler, relationship with, 1685

industrialization, 1355

intelligentsia, 671

Izvestiya, 694

Kalinin and, 718–719

Kaliningrad, 717

Kamenev, arrest and execution of,

720–721

Katyn Forest massacre, 727

Khrushchev’s Secret Speech, 747

Kirov, murder of, 759

Konev, support of, 766

kulaks, liquidation of the,

794–795

Kuybyshev’s support of, 805

Kuznetsov, removal and reinstate-

ment of, 806

League of Nations, 834

legacy, 1459

legal system, 841–842

Lenin and, 308, 349

Lenin’s Testament, 848

Lysenko’s role in administration,

881

Malenkov’s role in administra-

tion, 889

military strategy, 1687–1689

Molotov, relationship with, 954

Moscow Art Theater, 967

motion pictures, 975

nationalism, 1010

nationalities policy, 1012–1015,

1026, 1158–1159

Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, 1030

opera, 1109

Ordzhonikidze, relationship with,

1114

party congresses, 1138–1141

party domination, 307–308

patriarchate, 1148

People’s Commissariat for Internal

Affairs (NKVD)9, 84

People’s Commissariat of Nation-

alities, 1158–1159

Pokrovsky, relationship with, 1192

Politburo, 1199

post-World War II policies, 1691

Potsdam Conference, 1215–1216

prime minister position, 1227

purge of the officer corps, 938

Right Opposition, 1289

Russian culture and the republics,

451–452

Russian nationalism, 1002

Russian Orthodox Church, 1321

Ryutin’s opposition to, 1340

Shakhty trial, 1377–1378

Short Course, 1387

show trials, 1388–1389

socialism, 1414, 1975

socialism in one country, 1415,

1675–1676

South Korea, attack on, 769, 770

Spanish Civil War, 1443–1444

State Defense Committee (GKO),

1466

succession of leadership, 1015,

1494

Tehran Conference, 1527

Tito, relationship with, 302,

1714–1715

Trotsky’s opposition to,

1575–1576

Tukhachevsky, relationship with,

1584

United Opposition, 1615

Vasilevsky’s military advice, 1633

Voroshilov, relationship with,

1650

Voznesensky, relationship with,

1652

war economy, 1660

STATE COMMITTEE ON CONSTRUCTION

INDEX

1813

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

war mobilization, 1683–1685,

1688

White Sea Canal construction,

1666

wife’s death, 1456

World War II military operations,

938–940

Yagoda, arrest of, 1696–1697

Yalta Conference, 1698,

1698–1699, 1699

Yugoslav relations, 302

zhdanovshchina, 1146

Zhdanov’s role in administration,

1724–1725

Zhukov’s role in administration,

1730–1731

Zinoviev, relationship with, 720,

1732–1733

Stalin, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1712–1713

Stalin Constitution. See Constitution

of 1936

Stalingrad, Battle of, 1293,

1453–1455, 1454

Stalinism

Andreyeva, Nina Alexandrovna,

60–61

Krushchev’s attack on, 67–68

Malenkov, Georgy, 889–890

North Korea, 770

Stanislav (Poland), 1193

Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeye-

vich, 919, 966–968, 1460,

1537

Starovoitova, Galina Vasilievna,

1460–1461, 1461

Stasov, Vladimir Vasilievich, 920,

1462–1463

Stasova, Yelena Dmitrievna, 1462

The State and Anarchy (Bakunin),

114

State and Revolution (Lenin), 853

State Archival Fond, 73–74

State Bank (Gosbank), 120–121,

187, 221, 587–588

State capitalism, 1463–1464

State Commission for Electrification

of Russia (GOELRO), 444

State Commission on Economic Re-

form, 431–432

State Committee for Statistics, 589

State Committee on Construction,

188

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

State Committee on Labor and

Wages, 188

State Committee on Prices, 187–188

State Committee on Science and

Technology, 188

State Committee on Standards, 188

State committees, 1464–1465

State Council, 527–528, 1465–1466

State Defense Committee,

1466–1467, 1625, 1687–1688

State Duma. See Duma

State Enterprise, Law of the, 1467

State farm. See Sovkhoz

State finances

Alexander II, 1281–1282

Soviet era, 959

State Hermitage Museum, 1668

The State in Future Society (Lavrov),

1209

State Institute for Social Hygiene,

State on the Inorodtsy, 664

State orders, 1349, 1467–1468

State Political Administration, 616,

948, 1471–1472

State principle, 1468

State Property Committee, 489

State school of historiography,

637–638

State security, 1468–1473

Lefortovo, 836–837

Ministry of Internal Affairs, 948

Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstanti-

novich, 1185–1186

temporary regulations, 1531

Yagoda, Genrikh Grigorevich,

1696

Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1712–1713

Statistical analysis, 1407–1408

Statistics

Abkhazians, 2

Adyge, 11

Aeroflot-Russian International

Airlines, 12–13

Afghanistan, foreign aid to, 13

Afghanistan, war in, 13–74

Ajars, 20

alcohol revenue, 30

Armenians, expulsion of, 990

Avars, 102

Baku, 113

Balkars, 117

banks, 121, 122

Bashkirs, 126

Battle of Balaklava, 115

Battle of Kulikovo Field, 796

Battle of Poltava, 1203

Battle of Stalingrad, 1455

Battle of Tannenberg, 1516

Bukhara population, 177

Bulgarian employment, 183

Bulgarian religions, 183

Buryats, 188

Catholicism, 209

chancellery clerks, 1189

Chechen demographic losses, 235

Chuvash, 262

collective farms, 282–283

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union membership, 312

Constitutional Democratic Party

membership, 319

corporations, 331

Crimean population, 339

Dagestan, 361

deportations, 385–386

disenfranchised persons, 397–398

Dniester Moldovan Republic, 1568

Dungans, 417

economic growth, 425, 426, 427

education, 438, 1324

electricity, 444, 445

emigration, 921–922

Estonia, 464–465

ethnicity, 1018

famine of 1891-1892, 477

famine of 1921-1922, 478

famine of 1932-1933, 479, 480

famine of 1946, 481

Finns and Karelians, 503

forced laborers in Siberia, 1392

foreign investment, 427–428

funded commodities, 528

Gagauz population, 537

Georgia and Georgians, 548

Gostinaya sotnya, 591

grain prices, 596–597

grain procurements, 480

grain production, 1641

grain trade, 594

Great Purges, 1250

INDEX

STATE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND WAGES

1814

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Greeks, 606–607

gross domestic product, 425, 433

gulag, 616–618

gypsies, 620

health care personnel, 628

illiteracy rates, 427

Interior Troops (VV), 948

Jewish emigration, 697, 1279

Jews, 701

Kabardians, 715

Kalmyks, 719

Karachai, 723

Kazakhs, 732

khutor, 750

Kiev, population of, 755

Komi, 764

Koreans, 768–769

Koryaks, 776

kulak deportation, 795

labor, 812

Latvia population, 828

lend lease weapons and equip-

ment, 845

Lezgins, 857

literacy, 436–437, 438, 571

Lithuania, 863

Machine Tractor Stations, 883

Mansi, 893

Mari, 894

Meskhetian Turks, 917

migration, 921–922

military industrial complex, 933

monasticism, 956

Mordvins, 961

Moscow population, 965

Nagorno-Karabakh, 989

nomenklatura, 1059

organized crime, 1114

organized labor recruitment, 8

Osetin population, 1122

peasant population, 1154

Poles, 1198

Poles, execution of, 727

Polish, repression of the, 727

population by age and sex, 2002,

376

postal system, 1213

prisons, 1229

Protestants, 1240

purge of the officer corps, 938

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Putin, election of, 1317

railways, 1266

Referendum of April 1993, 1278

Referendum of December 1993,

1278

Referendum of March 1991, 1278

religion, 1282, 1283, 1284

Russian Federation population,

1321

Russian Orthodox Church, 1320,

1321

saints, 1343–1344

Sarts, 1350, 1351

scientists, 1353

Sevastopol population, 1373

Siege of Leningrad, 846

Soviet-Finnish War, 1434

Soviet Germans, 555

Soviet Jews, 149, 150

Soviet Jews, extermination of,

1604

sovkhoz, 1438

stolniks, 1480–1481

Tajikistan population, 1513

Tashkent population, 1518

Tatars, 1519

Tatarstan population, 1521

taxation, 1523, 1523–1524

television and radio, 1528

trade, 516

Trans-Siberian Railway, 1571

Trinity St. Sergius Monastery,

1572

Turkestan population, 1586

Turkmenistan, 1589

Turkmenistan gross national

product, 1591

Tuva, 1593

Udmurts, 1597–1598

Ukraine, population in, 1600,

1603

Ukrainians, 1604

universities, 1623

Uzbekistan, 1626

Vilnius, 1640

World War I, 1680

World War II losses, 1690

zemstvos, 1723

zhensovety, 1728–1729

Statute Concerning Land Captains,

818

Statute of Grand Prince Vladimir,

1473–1474

Statute of Grand Prince Yaroslav,

1474–1475

Statute of Vladimir Monomakh,

1643

Stavka, 1475, 1678–1681

Stefan, Elsabeth. See Armand, Inessa

Stefan Yavorsky, Metropolitan,

1476

Steiner, Rudolf, 139

Steklov, Yuri, 694

Stenka Razin, 1155, 1271–1272,

1476–1477

Stepashin, Sergei Vadimovich, 1477

Steppe, 1478

colonial expansion, 285

Cossacks, 332–333

frontier fortifications, 525

Huns, 646

Islamization, 680

Sterlet caviar, 216

Stevenson, Adlai, III, 697

Stikhi o prekrasnoy dame (Blok), 156

Stiliagi, 1478–1479

Stock exchanges, 1316, 1479–1480

Stoeckl, Edouard de, 28

Stoglav, 887

Stolbovo, Treaty of, 500, 1 480, 1552

Stolniks, 1480–1481

Stolypin, Peter Arkadievich, 1481,

1481–1483

agricultural reform, 434

Duma, 415–416

economic growth, 427

khutor, 749–750

land reform, 821, 1154–1155

nationalism, 1010

Nicholas II, role in administration,

1051

Octobrists, alliance with, 1097

Stoph, Willie, 554

Stores, 619

The Storm (Ostrovsky), 1124

The Story of My Dovecot (Babel), 110

Strabo, 77–78

Straits Convention, 1624

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties

(SALT), 66, 86, 389, 1486

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

(START), 87–88, 1486–1487

SUCCESSION

INDEX

1815

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 66,

86, 543, 1486, 1487

Strategic Offensive Reductions

Treaty (SORT), 88

Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF), 940

Strategy (Svechin), 1504

Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich, 504,

1487–1488

Streltsy, 1488–1489

Streshneva, Evdokya, 1301

Strike (movie), 973

Strikes. See Labor strikes

Stroganov Palace, 71

Stroibank, 1489–1490

Structuralism, literary, 874–875

Strugatsky, Arkady and Boris, 1354

Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich,

543, 1490

Struve, Frederick G. W., 4

Struve, Peter Bernardovich, 432,

860, 1490, 1635

Student unrest, 1622

Studies in the History of the Troubles

in the Muscovite State in the Six-

teenth and Seventeenth Centuries

(Platonov), 1184

Stukach, 1491

Stürmer, Boris Vladimirovich,

1491–1492

Style Moderne architecture, 72

Subarctic climate, 272

Subbotnik, 1492

Submarines, 803–804, 1065,

1127–1128

Subsidization of athletes, 1450

Subway systems, 1492–1493

Succession

Alexander I, 367–368

grand prince, 598

Kievan Rus, 752–753

Kremlinology, 787–788

Law of Succession, 1172

Lenin’s Testament, 848, 854

Lyubech, conference at, 752–753

Muscovite, 265

Paul I, 1298

primogeniture, 1297–1298

Romanovs, 1296–1298, 1300

rota system, 752, 1304–1305,

1312

Rurikid dynasty, 1312

Soviet leadership, 1494–1495

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Testament of Yaroslav, 1702

vertical system, 1305, 1312

Yaroslav Vladimirovich, 695

Succession, Law on, 1493

Sudebnik of 1497, 456, 1495–1496,

1497

Sudebnik of 1550, 614, 887,

1496–1497

Sudebnik of 1589, 1497–1498

Sudebnik of 1606, 829

Suez crisis, 277

Suffrage, 322, 495

Sufism, 361

Sukhomlinov, Vladimir A., 936,

987

Sukhovo-Kobylin, Alexander, 1537

Sukonnaya Sotnya, 1498

Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Khaidar-

galievich, 1498–1499

Sumarokov, Alexander Petrovich,

1499–1500, 1536

Supersonic airliners, 12

Suprematism, 890, 1396

Supreme Church Administration,

867

Supreme Commander of the Russian

armed forces, 1475

Supreme Commission on Press Af-

fairs, 217

Supreme Council of National Econ-

omy, 562

Supreme Court, 338–339

Supreme Economic Council (NTO),

1352

Supreme Executive Commission,

873

Supreme Privy Council, 63, 64

Supreme Soviet, 1500–1502, 1501

Congress of People’s Deputies, re-

placement by, 315

Federal Assembly, 486

Presidium, 1221–1222, 1222

Surikov, Vasily, 998

Surprisingness, 112

Suslov, Mikhail Andreyevich,

787–788, 1502, 1502–1503

Suvorin, Alexei Sergeyevich, 710,

711, 1503

Suvorov, Alexander Vasilievich,

928–929, 1503–1504

Suzdalia, 1716

Svans, 1504–1505

Svechin, Alexander Andreyevich,

925, 1505

Svod zakonov rossiskoi imperii (Sper-

ansky), 841

Svyatopolk I, 1505–1506

Svyatopolk II, 1506

Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, 1643

Svyatoslav I, 1506

Svyatoslav II, 1507

Sweden, 1507–1509

Battle of Poltava, 1203

Battles of Narva, 995

Danish-Muscovite relations, 382

Estonia, 465

Finland, rule of, 500

Great Northern War, 600–602

Livonian War, 868–869

Peter I, 1169

Thirteen Years’ War, 1543

Treaty of Nystadt, 1078–1079

Treaty of Pruth River, 1243

Treaty of Stolbovo, 1480, 1552

Ukraine, relations with,

1600–1601

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 80

Sylvester, 406–407

Symbolism

Bely, Andrei, 139

Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich,

156–157

Bryusov, Valery Yalovlevich, 175

Moscow Art Theater, 967–968

Russians, 1326

Silver Age, 1394–1396

socialist realism, 1417

Symbolism, de-Stalinization, 388

Syn Boyarsky, 1509

Synthetic theater, 1539

System of National Accounts (SNA),

905, 1039–1040

Sytin, Ivan Dmitrievich, 227, 711,

1509–1510, 1542

Table of Ranks, 1511–1512

dvorianstvo, 420

military reform, 935

INDEX

SUCCESSION, LAW ON

1816

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Peter I, 1170

service state, 1372

Shcherbatov’s criticism of, 1381

Taganka, 1512–1513, 1539

Tairov, Alexander, 1538

Tajikistan and Tajiks, 1513–1515,

1514

Tale and Passion and Encomium of the

Holy Martyrs Boris and Gleb,

253

Tale of Avraamy Palitsyn,

1515–1516

“Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quar-

relled with Ivan Nikiforovich”

(Gogol), 567–568

Taliban, 14

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de,

1136

Tambov, 68–69

Tamm, Igor Yevgenievich, 7, 95

Tannenberg, Battle of, 1516, 1677

Tariffs, 1655

Tarkovsky, Andrei, 977

Tarkovsky, Andrei Arsenievich,

1516–1517

Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School, 874

Tartu Peace Treaty, 466

Tashkent, 1517–1519, 1518

Tashkent Treaty on Collective Secu-

rity, 296–297

TASS, 1519

Tatarstan and Tatars, 1519–1522,

1520, 1521

Alexander Yaroslavich’s collabora-

tion with, 41–42

Baskhirs, relations with, 126–127

Catherine’s nationalities policy,

1021

Crimean, 339–340, 341–342,

525, 540–541, 680–681

Federation Treaties, 490–491

Kazan, 732–733

nationalities policy, 1019

Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Khaidar-

galievich, 1498–1499

ulama, 680–682