Encyclopedia of Russian History
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“The Most Humble and Loyal Ad-
dress,” 157, 539
The Motherland (journal), 1542
Motion pictures, 972–978
Alexandrov, Grigroy Alexan-
drovich, 43
avant-garde experimentation, 442
Bauer, Yevgeny Frantsevich,
131–132
Chapayev, 227
chernukha, 242–243
Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich,
442, 442–443
Orlova, Lyubov Petrovna,
1116–1117
Rachmaninov scores, 1263
scores, 416–417
Zoya, 778
See also Directors, film
Mount Elbrus, 212
Movement for Democratic Reforms,
978–979
Movement in Support of the Army,
979–980
Mozhaisky, Alexander Fyodorovich,
103
Mstislav, 980, 1701–1702
Mujahedeen, 13–14
Mukden, Battle of, 1333
Müller, Gerhard Friedrich, 637
Multiethnicity and empire, 449, 450
Municipal Charter of 1870, 870
Municipal government, 870–871
Münnich, B. C., 692
Muraviev, Mikhail N., 1006
Muraviev, Nikita, 367, 980–981
Muraviev, Nikolai, 19–20, 248
Muromets, 103
Musar Movement, 703
Musavat, 981–982
The Muscovite (journal), 1099
Muscovy, 982–984
alochol industry, 29–30
architecture, 70–71
Armory, 84–85
Assembly of the Land, 90–91
Basil III, 128–129
Book of Degrees of the Royal Geneal-
ogy, 163–164
boyar duma, 166–167
Byzantine influence, 191
chancellery system, 225–226
chronicles, 256
collective responsibility, 283
colonial expansion, 284–286
Cossacks, 332–333
court hierarchy, 592
Denmark, relations with, 382
dishonor compensation, 145
Dmitry, False, 403
donation books, 408
dvorianstvo, 419
dyaks, 421
Feast Books, 483
feeding system, 90
Filaret Romanov, Patriarch,
498–500
frontier fortifications, 525
Glinskaya, Yelena Vasilyevna,
564–565
grand prince, 598
guba administrative system, 614
Islam, 678
Kazakhstan, 729–730
Kazan, 732–733
Khovanshchina, 744
Kotoshikhin, Grigory Karpovich,
780–781
legal system, 840
marriage and family, 896–897
merchants, 916
migration, 654
monasticism, 955–956
Nizhny Novgorod, 945
Orthodoxy, 1120
Peace of Andrusovo, 62–63
Poland-Lithuania, relations with,
1192–1193
Russian Orthodox Church, 1320
service state, 1371–1372
slavery, 1401–1403
Smolensk War, 1408–1409
stolniks, 1480–1481
syn boyarsky, 1509
terem, 1532
Thirteen Years’ War, 1543–1544
Time of Trouble, 1548–1553
Treaty of Stolbovo, 1480
witchcraft, 1669
See also Law Code of 1649; Spe-
cific leaders
Muscovy Company. See Russia
Company
MYTHOLOGY
N
INDEX
1787
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Museums
Armory, 84
ethnography, 469
Gatchina palace, 542
Hermitage Museum, 984,
984–985, 1668
Musharraf, Pervez, 1130
Music, 985–986
balalaika, 115
bylina, 190
chastushka, 230
criticicism, 1462
Dunayevsky, Isaak Osipovich,
416–417
folk music, 508, 509–510
gypsymania, 621–622
historical songs, 636–637
Kandinsky on, 1396
mass song, 416–417
nationalism, 920–921, 999
national school, 510
Okudzhava, Bulat Shalovich,
1101
opera, 1107–1110
oral epic songs, 509
prison songs, 1230
Romanticism, 1303
The Thaw, 1535
See also Composers; Mighty
Handful
Musketeers. See Streltsy
Musketeers Chancellery, 744
Muslims of Russia (Gaspirali), 1008
Mussolini, Benito, 685
Mussorgsky, Modest, 920, 999,
1109
Myagkov, Alexei, 370
Myasnitsky, I. I., 775
Myasoedov Affair, 987
My Name Is Ivan (movie), 976–977
My Past and Thoughts (Herzen), 633
Mysticism
Alexander I, 34
occultism, 1083–1084
Rasputin, Grigory Yefimovich,
1269
Roerich, Nicholas Konstanti-
novich, 1291
Soloviev, Vladimir Sergeyevich,
1423
Mythology, 1350
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
N
Nadezhdin, Nikolai, 469
Nagorno-Karabakh, 51, 989–990
Nagrodskaya, Evdokia Ap-
polonovna, 990
Nagy, Imre, 643
Nakhichevan, 991
Nakhimov, Pavel Stepanovich,
991–992, 1399
Name changes, geographic, 220
Napoleon I, 992–994, 993
Battle of Austerlitz, 99–100
Battle of Borodino, 164–165
Battle of Leipzig, 843
Congress of Vienna, 1136, 1637
French War of 1812, 523–525
Kutuzov’s victory over, 805
Quadruple and Quintuple Al-
liances, 1259–1260
Swedish/Russian alliance, 1508
Treaties of Paris, first and second,
1136, 1637
Treaty of Tilsit, 176, 1547, 1548
War of the Third Coalition, 1661
war with Alexander, 518
Napoleonic Wars
Austria, 100
Congress of Vienna, 1637
Imperial Guards, 613
Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich, 805
Prussia, 1242
Russian involvement, 33–34, 929
War of the Third Coalition, 1661
Narimanov, Nariman, 994–995
Narkomnats, 1012, 1159
Narkompros, 440, 721, 879
Narod, 1025, 1027
Narodnaya Volya. See People’s Will
Narodnost, 1025
Narodnye doma. See People’s houses
Narodovoltsy, 1162
Narratives, 1515–1516
Narva, Battles of, 995
Naryshkina, Maria, 32
Naryshkina, Natalia Kirillovna,
995–996
Naryshkin Baroque, 968–969
Naryshkins, 1489
Nasiri, Qayyum, 681
Nasser, Gamel Abdel, 277
National-Bolshevik Party, 414
National history, 163–164, 256,
887–888
Nationalism
Aksakov, Ivan Sergeyevich, 25
Armenia, 81
arts, 997–1000
Asian, 1335
Azerbaijan, 981–982
Baskirs, 126
Belarus, 135–136
Bessarabia, 146
Caucasus, 289
Civil War of 1917-1922,
269–270
conservative, 653
Decembrists, 367
deportations, 386
environmentalism, 462
Estonians, 465–466
geography, 656
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 581
Ilminsky’s missionary work, 654
Islam, 682–683
Jews, 1008–1009, 1279
Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich, 726
Kireyevsky, Ivan Vasilievich,
756–757
Komi, 764
korenizatsya, 771–772
Latvia, 826–827
liberal, 653
Liberal Democratic Party of Rus-
sia, 859
Lithuanian Movement, 865
Mighty Handful, 919–921
Mordvins, 961–962
Musavat, 981–982
Nicholas I, 1048
Ostrovsky, Alexander Niko-
layevich, 1125
Pamyat, 1133
Polish, 37
political parties, 1200–1201
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai An-
dreyevich, 1290
Romanticism, 1099, 1303
Russian, 1001–1002
Russian National Unity Party,
1319
INDEX
N
NADEZHDIN, NIKOLAI
1788
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Rutskoi, Alexander Vladimirovich,
1337–1338
Shakhrai, Sergei Mikhailovich,
1376
Shevchenko, Taras Gregorevich,
1384
socialism, 450
Soloviev’s critique, 1423
Soviet Union, 1000–1003
Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Khaidar-
galievich, 1499
Tatars, 1521
Togan, Ahmed Zeki Validov,
1554–1555
tsarist empire, 1003–1010
Ukrainian, 354, 641, 1401,
1601–1602
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Volfovich,
1729
See also Independence; Self-deter-
mination
Nationalities policies
deportations, 384–386
empire, 450–453
official nationality, 1098–1100
raionirovanie, 1268
Soviet, 450–451, 1010–1018
tsarist, 1018–1025
National Library of Russia, 996–997
National school of Russian music,
510
National Union of Zemstvos, 1723
Nation and nationality, 1024–1027
Nation building, 784
Natural history, 1132–1133
Natural resources
Central Asia, 219–220
Russian Far East, 481
Soviet empire, 452
Natural School, 137
Nature preserves, 461–462
Naval fleets
Baltic Fleet, 119–120
Black Sea Fleet, 154–155
Northern Fleet, 1064–1065
Pacific Fleet, 1127–1128
Navarino, Battle of, 1027–1028
Navigator’s Chart, 772
Navy
Battle of Navarino, 1027–1028
Battle of Sinope, 1399
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Imperial era, 929, 930
Konstantin Nikolayevich, 767
Kuznetsov, Nikolai Gerasimovich,
806
Makarov, Stepan Osipovich,
885–886
modernization, 930–931
Nakhimov, Pavel Stepanovich,
991–992
Potemkin mutiny, 1214–1215
Sevastopol, 1373–1374
Nazarbayev, Nursultan Abishevich,
732, 1028, 1028–1029
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939,
1029–1031
Communist International, 304
Germany, relations with, 556
Hitler, Adolf, 834
Polish reaction, 1195
Romania, 1293
Secret Protocol, 1029–1031,
1198
Soviet-Finnish War, 1433, 1435
Soviet-Polish War, 1437
Stalin, Josef, 1457
Ukraine, 1603
Near abroad, 1031–1032
Nechayev, Sergei Geradievich,
1032–1033, 1209
Nedvedev, Roy, 399
Nekrasov, Niklai Alexeyevich, 258,
1033
Nemchinov, Vasily Sergeyevich,
1033–1034, 8631
Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir,
966–968
Nemtsov, Boris Ivanovich,
1034–1035
Nenets, 1035, 1035–1036
Neoclassicism, 71–72, 1036–1037
Nerchinsk, Treaty of, 1037–1038
Neronov, Ivan, 104, 1038, 1102
Nesselrode, Karl Robert, 1038–1039
Nestor, 253
Nestor (Schlözer), 637
Net material product (NMP),
1039–1040
Nevsky, Alexander Yaroslavich. See
Alexander Yaroslavich
New Commercial Code, 1565
New Course controversy, 1576
The New Course (Trotsky), 837
New Decree Statutes on Theft, Rob-
bery, and Murder Cases, 614
New Economic Mechanism, 659
New Economic Policy (NEP),
1040–1041
agrarian reform, 17
agriculture, 19, 284
bednyaki, 133
Bukharin’s path to socialism, 179
chervonets, 245
Chicherin, Georgy Vasilievich,
246
class system, 271
cooperative societies, 328
Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,
422
establishment, 269
food tax, 1233
geneticists, 543
goods famine, 577
Gosizdat, 588
grain production, 593
industrialization, 660
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich,
718–719
Left Opposition, 837–838
Lenin, Vladimir, 853
nationalities policy, 1013
organized labor recruitment, 8
party congresses, 1139–1140
Primitive Socialist Accumulation,
1227–1228
Right Opposition, 1289
Scissors Crisis, 1355–1356,
1410–1411
Shakhty trial, 1378
smychka, 1410–1411
taxation, 1365
trusts, 1577–1578
wages, 1657–1658
zhenotdel, 1727
See also Economic policy; Gosplan
The New Economics (Preobrazhen-
sky), 1219
New-formation regiments,
1041–1042, 1409
New Gazette (newspaper), 712
New Political Thinking, 1042–1043
New Russia, 555
The New Russian Primer for Reading
(Tolstoy), 1558
NICHOLAS II
N
INDEX
1789
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
New Russian School. See Mighty
Handful
Newspapers, 1043–1044,
1216–1218
News service, TASS, 1519
New Statute of Commerce,
1044–1045
New Times (newspaper), 711
New Union Treaty. See Union
Treaty
Nicaragua, 1045
Nicholas I, 1045–1049, 1047
Academy of Arts, 3
Academy of Sciences, 4
accession to the throne, 368
Akkerman Convention, 24
Alexander II, training of, 35
architecture, 72
army, 930
censorship, 216–217
Chernyshev, advancement of, 243
Crimean War, 343
death, 36
Decembrist movement, 980–981
education policy, 438
Great Britain, relations with,
598–599
Hermitage, 984–985
His Majesty’s Own Chancery,
635–636, 1469
journalism, 709
Kremlin, 786
Montenegro, relations with, 960
nationalism, 1005–1006
Nesselrode’s foreign policy, 1039
Old Believers, 1104
Poland, relations with, 1194
Romanticism, 1303
Russia in 1839 (Custine), 352–353
Russification, 1331
secret police, 1469
serfdom, 458
theater, 1537
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi,
1623–1624
Nicholas II, 415, 931, 1049–1053,
1052, 1297
abdication, 484, 1052, 1298
Anastasia, daughter, 1295, 1297,
1299
Bloody Sunday, 157
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
censorship, 217–218
church reform, 65, 464
coronation, 1050, 1050
Council of Ministers, 194–195
counterreforms, 337
Duma, establishment of the, 414
execution, 1298
Goremykin, selection of, 585
Hague Peace Conferences, 625
icon painting, 650
journalism, 710–711
liberals, 860
military, 931–932
nationalism, 1009–1010
October Manifesto, 1087–1088,
1286
Plehve, support for, 1186
Pobedonostsev, influence of,
1188
prohibition of alcohol, 30
Protopopov’s role in administra-
tion, 1240
Rasputin, relationship with, 1269
Rodzianko, advice of, 1290–1291
Russo-Japanese War, 1333
Ryleyev, execution of, 1340
Stolypin, reforms of, 1482
Stürmer, arrest of, 1491
terrorism during reign of, 1534
Tsarskoye Selo, 1578–1579
World War I, 1676–1681
Nicholas II People’s House, 1160
Night of the Murdered Poets, 332
Nihilism and nihilists, 1053–1054
education, 1622
feminism, 494
intelligentsia, 669
legal system, 841
Pisarev, Dmitry Ivanovich, 1182
raznochintsy, 1273
Nijinsky, Vaslav Fomich, 118,
1054–1055
Nikitin, Afanasy, 1055–1056
Nikolayeva, Klavdia, 1727
Nikolayevich, Lev, 22
Nikolayevsky, Boris, 787
Nikon, Patriarch, 1056–1058
Alexei Mikhailovich, 46–47
Avvakum’s opposition to,
104–105
church councils, 259
Church of the Twelve Apostles,
786
Hundred Chapters Church Coun-
cil, 261
Kirillov, confinement in, 757
Kormchaya Kniga, 772
Old Believers, 1102, 1103
patriarchate, 1147
Nikon Chronicle, 256
Nil Sorsky, St., 259, 955, 1058
Nineteenth century
Academy of Arts, 3
Academy of Sciences, 4–5
anarchism, 57–58
chapbook literature, 227
nationalism, 998–999
See also Imperial era
Niva (journal), 711, 1541
Nixon, Richard, 66
Niyazov, Saparmurad, 1591
Nizhegorodtsev, N. M., 29
Nizhny Novgorod, 127, 945
NKVD (People’s Commissariat of In-
ternal Affairs). See People’s
Commissariat of Internal Af-
fairs (NKVD)
Nobel Prize
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 582
Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaliyevich,
722
Pasternak, Boris, 1146
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 1151
Sakharov, Andrei, 1345
Sholokhov, Mikhail Alexan-
drovich, 1387
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 1425
Nobility
Anna Ivanovna’s concessions to, 63
Charter of the Nobility, 229–230
country estates, 337
education, 438
Emancipation Act, 448
French influence, 522
land captains, 818
land tenure, 820–821
marriage and family, 897
nationalities policy, 1019
Peter III, manifesto of, 1174
serfdom reform, 602–603
stolniks, 1480–1481
INDEX
N
NICHOLAS II PEOPLE’S HOUSE
1790
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Table of Ranks, 1381, 1512
terem, 1532
Nobility Bank, 121
Nogai, 1059
Nomads
nationalities policy, 1019–1022
Pechenegs, 1156–1157
Nomenklatura, 1059
Communist Party of the Soviet
Union, 310, 312
second secretary, 1358
stiliagi, 1478–1479
Nomocanon, 772
Nonaggression pacts. See Treaties
and international agreements
Non-Euclidean geometry, 869–870
Nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), 462–463
Non-possessors and possessors,
1211–1212
Norilsk prison, 1229
Norkin, Andrei, 1529
Normanist Controversy,
1060–1062, 1190
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 1062–1064
Conventional Foreces in Europe
(CFE) Treaty, 326
Great Britain, 600
Italy, 685
near abroad, 1031–1032
Poland, 1196
Suez crisis, 277
Warsaw Treaty Organization’s
formation, 1661, 1662
Northeast Asian region, 481–482
Northen Peoples, 1065–1067
Northern Bee (newspaper), 709
Northern Camps of Special Designa-
tion, 616
Northern Convoys, 1064
Northern Fleet, 1064–1065
Northern Messenger (newspaper),
708, 710
Northern Society, 367, 981,
1339–1340
North Korea, 769
North Pole, 1197
Northwest Front (World War I),
1677
Norway, 382, 1067–1068
Nosenko, Yury, 370
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Nicholas II (continued)
Notes from the House of the Dead
(Dostoyevsky), 569
“Notes from the Underground”
(Dostoyevsky), 410
Notes of the Fatherland (journal),
709, 710
Notes on the Book of Genesis (Filaret),
498
Novak, Grigory, 1448
Novels, 112–113, 139, 228
Novgorod
Alexander Yaroslavich, 41, 1703
birchbark charters, 148–149
Boretskaya, Marfa Ivanovna, 164
Cathedral of St. Sophia, 202,
202–203
Christianity, 754
commerce, 754
Dmitry Alexandrovich, 402
hagiography, 623, 624
Hanseatic League, 625–626
Ivan III, 687–688
Judaizers, 712–713
merchants, 916
posadnik, 1211
Rurik, 1311
Sweden, relations with,
1507–1508
veche, 1634–1635
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich,
1702–1703
Novgorod, archbishop of,
1068–1069
Novgorod Chronicles, 255–256,
1224–1225
Novgorod Judicial Charter,
1069–1070
Novgorodskaya, Valeria, 372–373
Novgorod the Great, 1070–1073
Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,
1073–1074
Freemasonry, 521
intelligentsia, 668
journalism, 708
Platonov and, 1184
Novocherkassk uprising,
1074–1075
Novogrudok, 134
Novo-Ogarevo process, 1613
Novorossiysk (ship), 155, 806
Novosibrisk Report, 1075, 1720
Novosiltsev, Nikolai Nikolayevich,
1076
Novozhilov, Viktor Valentinovich,
1077
Novy, Aleviz, 786
Novy letopisets, 256
Novy Mir (journal), 1077–1078
Noxchmaxkxoi, 232
Nuclear energy, 93–96, 238–240
See also Chernobyl
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,
389
Nuclear submarines, 1065
Nuclear weapons
Cuban missile crisis, 278–279
intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM), 1440
military art, 925–926
zero option, 1723–1724
See also Arms control; Weapons
Nureyev, Rudolph, 369–370
Nystadt, Treaty of, 1078–1079
O
Oblomov (Goncharov), 576–577
Obrok, 1081
Obruchev, Nikolai Nikolayevich,
1082
Obshchina, 949, 1082–1083
Occultism, 1083–1084, 1291
Ocherki Po Istorii Russkoii Kultury
(Milyukov), 638
October 1993 events, 123,
1084–1086, 1085
October general strike of 1905,
1086–1087
October Manifesto, 1087–1088
Bolshevism, 160
Fundamental Laws of 1906, 527
Revolution of 1905, 1286
Witte, Sergei, 1671
October Revolution of 1917,
1088–1096, 1093, 1094
ballet, 118–119
Civil War, as starting point of, 266
Lenin, Vladimir, 853
Red Guards, 1274
Trotsky, Leon Davidovich,
1574–1575
Octobrist Party, 1096–1097, 1290
The Odessa Tales (Babel), 110
ONE STEP FORWARD, TWO STEPS BACK
N
INDEX
1791
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Odoyevsky, Vladimir Fyodorovich,
875, 1098, 1303
Odoyevsky Commission, 829–830
Official nationality, 1098–1100
Ogaden conflict, 466–467
Ogarkov, Nikolai Vasilevich, 1100
Oghuz. See Torky
Ögödeids, 131
Ogonek (journal), 1542
OGPU (Unified State Political Ad-
ministration), 616, 948,
1471–1472
Ogurtsov, Bazhen, 785
Oil industry
Azerbaijan, 106–108
Baku, 113
crony capitalism, 345
prices, 335
Russian Far East, 481
Okhrana, 1470
Okolnichy, 110–1101
Oktiabrsky, F. S., 154–155
Okudzhava, Bulat Shalovich,
1101–1102
Okulov, Valery, 12
Old Believer committee, 1102
Old Believers, 1102–1106, 1104
Avvakum Petrovich, 104–105
beard tax, 133
Khovanshchina, 744
Morozova, Feodosya Prokopevna,
962
Platon, 1184
Russian Orthodox Church, 1320
sectarianism, 1359
Solovki Monastery, 1424
Old Style, 1106
Olearius, Adam, 123
Oleg, 1106
Oleg Svyatoslavich, 1506, 1643,
1701
Olga, 1106–1107
Oligarchs, 344–345, 420–421
Olympics, 971, 1448–1452
On Agitation (Kremer), 185
On Early Tains (Pasternak), 1146
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
(Solzhenitsyn), 388, 1425
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back:
The Crisis in Our Party (Lenin),
851
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
On Land Reform, 822
On Russia in the Regin of Alexis
Mikhailovich (Kotoshikhin), 780
On the Corruption of Morals in Russia
(Shcherbatov), 1381
On the Court, 841
“On the Delineation of Powers Be-
tween the USSR and the Sub-
jects of the Federation,” 96
On the History of Bolshevik Organiza-
tions in Transcaucasia (Beria),
140
“On the Poet’s Calling” (Blok), 157
“On the Policy of the Party in the
Area of Belles Lettres” (Central
Committee), 1315
“On the Regulation of Land Rela-
tions and the Development of
Agrarian Reform in Russia”
(Yeltsin), 822
“On the Restructuring of Literary-
Artistic Organizations” (Central
Committee), 1315
On the Special Legal Status of
Gagauzia, 537
On the Spiritual in Art (Kandinsky),
1396
Ooestra caviar, 215
Opera, 162, 563–564, 1107–1110
Operation Barbarossa, 1110–1111,
1429, 1435, 1684, 1686
Operation Kutuzov, 802
Operation Rumyantsev, 802
Opinion on the Eastern Question
(Fadeev), 1134
Oprichniki, 1468
Oprichnina, 456, 592, 1111–1112,
1366
Optimal planning, 722
Oral epic songs, 636–637
Ordinance Book of the Robbery
Chancellery, 614
Ordin-Nashchokin, Afanasy Lavren-
tievich, 1112–1113
Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstanti-
novich, 1113–1114
Organization of Ukrainian National-
ists, 1603
Organized crime, 884–885,
1114–1116
Orgburo, 1116
Orgnabor, 8–9
Orio-Kalmyks, 730
Orlov, Aleksei Grigroyievich, 246
Orlov, Alexander, 370
Orlov, Grigory Grigorievich, 541,
1117–1118
Orlov, Yuri, 399, 400
Orlova, Lyubov Petrovna, 43,
1116–1117
Orphans, 474, 475, 640–641
Ortega, Daniel, 1045
Orthodox Church of Georgia,
552–553
Orthodox Judaism, 1262
Orthodoxy, 1118–1121
Archbishop of Novgorod,
1068–1069
Armenian Church’s split from, 83
Belarus, 134
Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolayevich,
182
Carpatho-Rusyns, 199
Caves Monastery, 214–215
Church Union of Brest, 135
Council of Florence, 506–507
cyrillic alphabet, 354
Cyril of Turov, 355
The Enlightenment, 454, 455
hagiography, 623–624
Ivan IV, 690–691
Kievan Caves (patericon), 750
Kirill-Beloozero Monastery, 757
Leontiev, Konstantin, 855
sinodik, 1398–1399
sobornost, 743
Solzhenitsyn, 1426
sorokoust, 1429
Statute of Grand Prince Vladimir,
1473–1474
Statute of Grand Prince Yaroslav,
1474–1475
Third Rome, 1542–1543
Uniate Church, 1605–1606
western Christianity, separation
from, 756
See also Georgian Orthodox
Church; Russian Orthodox
Church
Orthography reform, 824–825
Oruzheinaya Palata. See Armory
Osetins, 1122
Osipovich, Gennadi, 717
OSLO peace agreements, 684
Osnaz elements, 1445
Osorina, Yulianya Ustinovna, 1123
INDEX
N
ON LAND REFORM
1792
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Ossetes, 213
Osterman, Heinrich, 692
Ostpolitik, 390
Ostrogradsky, Mikhail Vasilievich, 4
Ostroh Bible, 533
Ostromir Gospel, 1123–1124
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolayevich,
1124–1125, 1125, 1537
Otrepev, Grigory, 1125–1126
Ottoman Empire
Akkerman Convention, 24
Anna Ivanovna’s foreign policy,
64
Armenia, 79
Battle of Chesme, 246
Battle of Sinope, 1399
Congress of Vienna, 1637
Crimean Khanate, 340
Crimean Tatars, 341
Crimean War, 343–344,
1048–1049
genocide, 545
immigration of Caucasians, 214
Khmelnitsky, Bohdan, 741–742
Russo-Turkish Wars, 1336–1337
Three Emperors’ League, 1544
Treaty of Pruth River, 1243
Treaty of San Stefano, 38, 584
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi,
1623–1624
Young Turk Revolution, 116
See also Turkey
Oubril, Pavel P., 144
Our Home Is Russia, 1126
An Outline of Church-Biblical History
(Filaret), 498
Output and input targets. See Input-
output analysis
Overcentralization in Economic Ad-
ministration (Kornai), 773
Over-procurator, office of, 640
Ownership, private, 815
Oyrats, 719
P
Paasche index, 658
Pachomius the Logothete, 624
Pacific Fleet, 1127–1128
Paganism, 418, 1128–1129
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Pahlen, Peter, 32
Painters
Chagall, Marc, 224
Painters and painting
Jack of Diamonds group, 575,
721, 890, 1396
Painting and painters
Dionisy, 396–397
Goncharova, Natalia Sergeyevna,
575–576
icons, 649–650
Kandinsky, Vassily Vassilievich,
721–722
Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich,
890
nationalism, 998
neoclassicism, 1037
palekh painting, 1130
Peredvizhniki, 1284
Repin, Ilya Yefimovich,
1284–1285
Roerich, Nicholas Konstanti-
novich, 1291–1292
Rublev, Andrei, 1308–1309
Theophanes the Greek, 1540
Ushakov, Simon Federovich,
1624–1625
Vrubel, Mikhail, 1394
Paisy, 1448
Pakhomy, 1370
Pakistan, 1129–1130
Palekh painting, 1130
Pale of Settlement, 701–703,
1130–1131, 1191
Paleologue, Sophia, 1131–1132
Pallas, Peter-Simon, 467,
1132–1133
Pamyat, 1133
Pannonia, 647
Pan-Russism, 363–364
Panslavism, 1133–1135
Danilevsky, Nikolai Y., 1406
Khomyakov, Alexei Stepanovich,
742–743
Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich, 1190
Serbian relations, 1364
Three Emperors’ League, 1544
Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich,
1595
See also Slavophilism and
Slavophiles
Parallel Center, 1389
Parasha (Turgenev), 1585
Paratroop units, 1444–1445
Paris, first and second Treaties of,
1136, 1637
Paris, Treaty of, 36, 599, 1135,
1294, 1637
Paris Peace Conference, 358
Parks, 1322
Parland, Alfred, 72
Parliament, Yeltsin’s dissolution of,
1084–1086
Parliamentary system, 102
Parthia, 79
Partible inheritance, 820
Party congresses, 1136–1143, 1137
Party of People’s Freedom. See Con-
stitutional Democratic Party
(Cadets)
Party of Russian Unity and Accord,
1143
Party-State Control Committee
(PSCC), 1159–1160
Pasco, Gregory, 712
Pasha, Enver, 130
Pasha, Osman, 1399
Pashkov, Afanasy, 104
Pashkov, Istoma, 159, 1550
Pashkov House, 1329
Pashukanis, E., 841
Passport system, 921, 1143–1144,
1472
Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich,
1144–1146, 1145
intelligentsia, 671
Khrushchev and, 748
samizdat, 1347
The Thaw, 1535
Paternalism, 101
Patriarchate, 896–898, 1147–1148
Patrimonial property, 819–820
Paul I, 1148–1150, 1149
Alexander I, influence on, 31–32
army, 929
Catherine II, as successor to, 208
Gatchina palace, 541–542
law of succession, 1298
reign of, 32
serfdom, 458
Pauline Law of Succession, 1298
Pavliuchenko, Lyudmila
Mikhailovna, 1150
PEASANTRY
N
INDEX
1793
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 6, 7, 1151
Pavlov, Valentin Sergeyevich, 195,
1152, 1440
Pavlova, Anna Matveyevna, 118,
1150–1151, 1151
Pavlovich, Konstantin, 31
Pavlov-Silvansky, Nikolai, 497, 638
Pavlovsky, Gleb, 414
Peace of Andrusovo, 62–63
Peace of Noteborg, 500
Peace of Riga, 1195
Peasant economy, 1152–1153
Peasant Farm Organization
(Chayanov), 231, 1152–1153
Peasantry, 1153–1155, 1154
agricultural economics, 231
babi bunty, 110
bednyaki, 133
black repartition, 153–154
chapbook literature, 227
chastushka, 230
Committees of the Village Poor,
295
communes, 633
dvorianstvo, 419–420
Emancipation Act, 427
enserfment, 455–459, 830
ethnography, 469
folk music, 509–510, 510
Free Economic Society for the En-
couragement of Agriculture and
Husbandry, 520
Gorgy, Maxim, 587
Go to the People movement, 1413
Grain Crisis of 1928, 593–594
grain requisitions, 1233
Green Movement, 269, 607–608
industrial workers, 812
izba, 693–694
khutor, 749–750
kulaks, 793–795
kulturnost, 796–797
kustar, 804
Land and Freedom, 818
Land Captains, 337
land tenure, 820–821
marriage and family, 897–898
migration, 921, 922
mir, 948–949
movement restriction, 811
obrok, 1081
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
obshchina, 1082–1083
Provisional Government, 485
Razin Rebellion, 1271–1272, 1477
recovery of fugitive peasants,
1366–1367
redemption payments,
1273–1274
serednyaki, 1365
serfdom, 448
service state, 1372
smychka, 1410–1411
soul tax, 1432
three-field system, 1545
Village Messenger (newspaper),
711
vodka, 1646
See also Agriculture; Serfdom
Peasants’ Land Bank, 121
Peasant uprisings, 1155–1156
Pechenegs, 1156–1157
Pekarsky, Peter, 5
Peking, Treaty of, 1157
Pelevin, Viktor Olegovich,
1157–1158
Pentecostals, 1361
People’s Commissariat for Enlight-
enment, 440, 721, 879
People’s Commissariat of Internal
Affairs (NKVD), 140–141, 370,
948, 1229, 1712
People’s Commissariat of Nationali-
ties, 1158–1159
People’s Commissariat of State Se-
curity (NKGB), 948
People’s Commissariat of the Work-
ers’ and Peasants’ Inspection.
See Rabkrin
People’s Commissariat of Transport,
716
People’s Control Committee,
1159–1160
People’s houses, 1160–1161
People’s Party of Free Russia,
1161–1162
People’s Will, 1162–1163
Alexander II, 38
Black Repartition, 153
intelligentsia, 669
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai, 923–924
Perovskaya, Sofia Lvovna, 1166
populism, 1209
terrorism, 1534
Zhelyabov, Andrei Ivanovich,
1725
Peredvizhniki, 1284
Perestroika, 1163–1165
cooperative societies, 328
economic reform, 15, 580–581
France, 520
full economic accounting,
526–527
Gosbank, 587
Law of the State Enterprise, 1467
Law on Cooperatives, 327
media, 1529–1530
monetary policy, 958
Novosibrisk Report, 1075
petty tutelage, 1178
ratchet effect, 1271
religion, 1283–1284
samoupravlenie, 1349
second economy, 1357
state orders, 1467–1468
trade, 517
Perestroika: New Thinking for Our
Country and the World (Gor-
bachev), 1163–1164
Pereyaslav Agreement, 742
Periodical table of elements, 913
Perm-35, 617
Permanent Commission on Nature
Preservation, 461
Permanent Revolution, 1165
Perovskaya, Sofia Lvovna, 1166
Perrot, Jules, 117
Persia
Armenia, rule of, 79
Georgia, 550
Russo-Persian Wars, 1335–1336
Persian Gulf War, 1166–1167
Pervuhkin, Mikhail, 67–68
Pessimism, 1008–1009
Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, 367,
980–981, 1167–1168
Peter and Paul Fortress, 1175–1176
Peter I, 1168–1173
Academy of Arts, 3
Academy of Sciences, 1620–1621
Alexei Petrovich, relationship
with, 50
architecture, 71
army, 928
INDEX
N
PEASANTS’ LAND BANK
1794
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
art, 84
Battle of Poltava, 1203
Battles of Narva, 995
beard tax, 133
Book of Degrees of the Royal Geneal-
ogy, 164
Bruce’s advisory capacity,
174–175
calendars, 196
Catherine I, marriage to, 204
civil script, 354
conversion campaign, 679
corporal punishment, 329–330
cultural revolution, 997
cultural synthesis, 651
Denmark, relations with, 382
dvorianstvo, 420
education policy, 437
enserfment, 458
expansion, 286
exploration, 27
Feofan, relationship with, 1235
forced labor, 618
General Regulation of 1720, 73
Golitsyn, arrest of, 575
Gordon, relationship with, 585
government administration, 615
Great Northern War, 600–602,
1169, 1169
guilds, 615
health care services, 627–628
historiography, 637
Holy Synod, 639
imperial, 426
Imperial Guards, 612–613
Imperial Russian Academy of Sci-
ences, 4
Imperial Russian Navy, 929
industrialization, 811
Ivan V and, 692
Joakim and, 706, 1147
journalism, 708
kormlenie, 772
language laws, 823–824
Law of Single Inheritance, 820
Law on Succession, 1493
legal system, 840
Lesnaya, battle of, 857
local government administration,
870
Mazepa, defection of, 909
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Peasantry (continued)
Medvedev, execution of, 910
Menshikov, relationship with,
915
mercantilism, 915–916
merchants, 916
military administration, 9
military reform, 935
mock institutions, 1171
Moldavia, attempted liberation of,
1292
monasticism, 956
monetary reform, 768
Moscow, 964–965
music, 985
Natalia, clash with, 995
non-Byzantinism, 191–192
Old Believers, 1103–1104, 1104
Peter and Paul Fortress,
1175–1176
play regiments, 1218
poll tax, 811
pomestie, 1205
Procuracy, 1232
Russian Orthodox Church, 463,
1320
security force, 1468–1469
service state, 1372
Slavo-Greco-Latin Academy, 1404
Slavophiles, 1405
Sophi’s regency, 1427–1428
soul tax, 458, 1432
St. Petersburg, 1483, 1484
state principle, 743
Stefan’s criticism of, 1476
streltsy, 1489
succession, 1298
Table of Ranks, 420, 935, 1381,
1511–1512
terem, abolition of the, 1532
Treaty of Pruth River, 1243
ukaz, 1599
Peter II, 1173
Peter III, 1173–1175, 1174
Catherine’s marriage to, 205–206
coup, 365
Pugachevshchina, 1245–1246
serfdom, 458
Seven Years’ War, 1375
Petersburg (Bely), 139
Peter the Great. See Peter I
Petipa, Marius, 118
Petrashevsky, Mikhail. See Butashe-
vich-Petrashevsky, Mikhail
Vasilievich
Petrashevsky Circle
Danilevsky, Nikolai Yakovlevich,
364
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor
Mikhailovich, 410
intelligentsia, 668
Petrashevtsy, 1176–1177
Petrograd. See St. Petersburg
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and
Soldiers’ Deputies, 484, 694,
1090
Petroleum industry. See Oil industry
Petropavlovsk (battleship), 886
Petrov, Grigory Spiridonovich, 1177
Petrovsky-Sitnianovich. See Polot-
sky, Simeon
Petrunkevich, Ivan, 860
Petrushka, 1177–1178
Petty tutelage, 1178
Phalanx, 721
Philanthropy, 494
Philip, St., 1056
Philosophy
Berdyayev, Nikolai Alexandrovich,
139–140
Chaadayev, Peter Yakovlevich,
223–224
dialectical materialism, 6–7
economic, 181–182
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,
630, 630–631
Khomyakov, Alexei Stepanovich,
742–743
of literature, 136–137
Polish, 1005
of science, 6–7
Soloviev, Vladimir Sergeyevich,
1422–1423
Westernizers, 1663
Philosophy of Economy: The World as
Household (Bulgakov), 182
Photography, 1178–1180
Photopropaganda, 1179
Physical education, 1449–1450
Physical idealism, 7
Physicians, 627–628
Physics, 7
Physiology, 1151
Piatakov, Yuri L., 1249
A POCKET DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN TERMS
N
INDEX
1795
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Piatnitsky, Mitrofan, 510
The Pilgrim’s Tale, 1448
Pilot’s Book, 772
Pilsudski, Józef, 1437
Pimen, Patriarch, 1180–1181
Pipes, Richard, 670
Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1181
Pisarev, Dmitry Ivanovich, 710,
1053, 1182–1183
Piskarev Codex, 256
Planners’ preferences, 1183
Plan targets, 459
Platform of the Forty-Six, 837
Platform of the Thirteen, 838
Platon, 1183–1184
Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich, 691,
1112, 1184–1185
Playwrights
Amalrik, Andrei Alexeievich,
55–56
Andreyev, Leonid Nikolayevich, 60
Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich,
235–237, 236
Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich,
511–512
Griboedov, Alexander Sergeyevich,
608
Khomyakov, Alexei Stepanovich,
742–743
Mayakovsky, Vladimir
Vladimirovich, 908–909
Ostrovsky, Alexander Niko-
layevich, 1124–1125
Radzinsky, Edvard Stanislavich,
1264–1265
See also Theater; Writers
Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich,
1185–1186, 1734
Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich,
1186, 1414
Plenum, 1186–1187
Pletnev, Peter, 1099
Pluralism, political, 1043, 1163
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin,
1187–1188
Alexander III, 40
Filaret and, 498
Holy Synod, 640
nationalism, 1007
Pobirokhin, Ilarion, 1360
A Pocket Dictionary of Foreign Terms,
1176
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828
Podgorny, Nikolai Viktorovich,
1188–1189
Podnyataya tselina (Sholokhov),
1386
Podrostok (Dostoyevsky), 411
Podyachy, 1189
Podzol, 1189
Poema bez geroya (Akhmatova), 22
Poems in Prose (Turgenev), 1585
Poets
Akhmatova, Anna Andreyevna,
21–22
Bely, Andrei, 138–139
Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich,
156–157
Brodsky, Joseph Alexandrovich,
173–174
Bunin, Ivan Alexeyevich, 186
Derzhavin, Gavryl Romanovich,
386–387
Gumilev, Nikolai Stepanovich,
619–620
Jewish, 703
Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich,
856
Lomonsov, Mikhail Vasilievich,
871–872
Mandelshtam, Osip Emilievich,
891, 892
Mayakovsky, Vladimir
Vladimirovich, 908–909
Medvedev, Sylvester Aga-
fonikovich, 910
Nekrasov, Niklai Alexeyevich,
1033
Okudzhava, Bulat Shalovich,
1101
Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich,
1145–1146
Polish nationalism, 1005
Polotsky, Simeon, 1201–1202
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich,
1251–1253, 1252
Romanticism, 1302–1303
Ryleyev, Kondraty Fyodorovich,
1339–1340
Serapion Brothers, 1363–1364
Shevchenko, Taras Gregorevich,
1383–1384
Slutsky, Boris Abromovich, 1407
Tsvetaeva, Marina Ivanovna,
1581–1582, 1582
Turgenev, Ivan, 1585
Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich,
1595
Vysotsky Vladimir Semyonovich,
1655–1656, 1656
Yesenin, Sergei Alexandrovich,
1710–1711
Yevtushenko, Yevgeny Alexan-
drovich, 1711–1712
Poets’ Guild, 22
Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich, 876,
1134, 1190, 1406
Pogroms, 1190–1191
Armenians, 990
Black Hundred movement,
151–152
Jewish Bund, 186
Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstanti-
novich, 1186
Pokrovsky, Dmitry, 510
Pokrovsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich,
497, 1013, 1191–1192
Poland, 1192–1196
anti-Semitism, 1008
Catholicism, 209
Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy,
355–356
Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,
422–423
East Prussia, 717
Great Northern War, 600
indicative planning, 659
January Uprising,
1194,1198–1199
Kaliningrad Oblast, 119–120
Katyn Forest massacre, 726–727
Konstantin Nikolayevich, 767
language policy, imperial era, 824
Lithuania and, 134–135, 863
Livonian War, 868–869
Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, 1437
Moscow’s liberatio from, 1216
nationalism, 37, 1004–1010
partitions of, 100, 135, 1004,
1193–1194, 1198
Potsdam Conference, 1215
Prussian interest in, 1242
Sarmatianism, 1350
Secret Protocol, 1029–1031
self-determination, 1000
Smolensk War, 1408–1409
Solidarity Movement, 280,
1195–1196, 1422
INDEX
N
PODGORNY, NIKOLAI VIKTOROVICH
1796
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY
Soviet-Polish War, 1436–1437
Tehran Conference, 1527
Thirteen Year’s War, 62–63
Time of Troubles, 1515–1516,
1551
Treaty of Andrusovo, 1428
tsarist nationalities policy,
1020–1023
Ukraine, relations with, 48, 937,
1600–1603
Union of Lublin, 863
Vilnius, 1640
World War I, 1677–1678
Yalta Conference, 1698–1699
Poland-Lithuania, 1192–1193,
1543–1544
Polar aviation, 251
Polar climate, 272
Polar explorers, 1196–1197
Poles, 1197–1198, 1331
Polev, Nil, 707
Polevoy, Nikolai, 637, 1302, 1303
Police socialism, 1734
Policing, 614, 947–948
Policy making
Communist Party, 311–312
Council of Ministers, 336
Polikarp, 750
Polish Democratic Society,
1004–1005
Polish National Democrats, 1008
Polish rebellion of 1863, 1006,
1022, 1198–1199
Polish Socialist Party, 1008
Politburo, 1199–1200
Brezhnev, Leonid, 171–172
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 179
churches, destruction of, 200
Czechoslovakia, invasion of,
356–357
decision making authority, 311
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 578–579
Grishin, Viktor Dmitrievich, 609
Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich,
611
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich, 718
Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 720
Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 759
Kosygin, Alexei Nikolayevich, 778
Kunayev, Dinmukhammed
Akhmedovich, 797
Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828