Encyclopedia of Russian History

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political pluralism, 1163

Presidential Council, 1221

Primakov’s role in administration,

1223

Referendum of March 1991,

1278–1279

Reykjavik Summit, 1288–1289

Russian Orthodox Church, 1321

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist

Republic (RSFSR), 1327–1328

Sakharov’s return, 1346

samoupravlenie, 1349

science and technology policy,

1353

Shevardnadze’s role in adminis-

tration, 1382–1383

Solidarity Movement, 1422

Soyuz faction, 1439–1440

state orders, 1467–1468

succession of leadership, 1494

temperance campaign, 29

trade, 517

Union of Sovereign States,

1607–1608

Union Treaty, 1607–1608,

1612–1613

United Nations, 1614

Yakovlev’s role in administration,

1697–1698

Yanayev’s disagreement with,

1700

Yeltsin, post-Soviet relationship

with, 582

Yeltsin’s role in administration,

1705–1706

zero option, 1723–1724

zhensovety, 1728–1729

See also August 1991 Putsch;

Glasnost; Perestroika; Soviet

breakup

Gorbachev, Raisa Maximovna, 578,

583

Gorbachev Foundation, 582

Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich,

143, 583–584

Gordeyev, Alexei, 16

Gordievsky, Oleg, 370

Gordon, Patrick Leopold, 584–585

Goremykin, Ivan Longinovich, 585

Gorky, Maxim, 586, 586–587

golden age of Russian literature,

570

science and democracy, 1623

socialist realism, 1416

stukach, 1491

Union of Soviet Writers, 1610

Gorky Institute of World Literature,

509

Gorsky, Alexander, 118

Gosbank, 587–588

banking system, 120–121, 221

economic bureaucracy, 187

enterprises, 460

khozraschet system, 745

monetary system, 959

Stroibank, 1489

Gosizdat, 588–589

Goskomstat, 223, 589

See also Central Statistical Agency

The Gospel as the Foundation of Life

(Petrov), 1177

Gosplan, 589–590

Bazarov, Vladimir Alexandrovich,

132

Central Statistical Agency (TsSU),

589

control figures, 326

economic bureaucracy, 187–188

Feldman report, 491

funded commodities, 528

indicative planning, 659

material balances, 904–905

military-economic planning, 927

ministries, economic, 946–947

Ministry of Foreign Trade, 947

Sovnarkom, 1439

TsUNKhU, 223

Gospoda Golovlevy (Saltykov-

Shchedrin), 1346

Gossnab SSSR, 187

Gosti, 590–591

Gostinaya sotnya, 591

Gosudaryev dvor, 591–592

Gothic Yard, 625

Go to the People movement, 1413

Gottwald, Klement, 358

Gouzenko, Igor, 370

Governing Senate, 592–593

Government administration

Assemblies of the Land, 89–91

Azerbaijan, 107

Belarus, 878

chancellery system, 225–226

GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION

N

INDEX

1767

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

church/state relations, 259–260,

261

colonialism, 287–289

commissars, 293–294

Council of Ministers, 335–336

dyaks, 421

glavki, 562

Governing Senate, 592–593

guberniya, 614–615

His Majesty’s Own Chancery,

635–636

Ivan IV, 690

Jews, 703–704

Kievan Rus, 752–753

kormlenie, 772

land captains, 818

local government, 870–871

Milyutin’s reforms, 944

Moldova, 953

Muscovy, 983

Nicholas I, 1047, 1048

Novgorod, 1070, 1071

Novosiltsev’s recommendations,

1076

okolnichy, 1100–1101

Peter I, 1169–1170

podyachy, 1189

posadnik, 1211

Presidential Council, 1220–1221

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet,

1221–1222, 1222

prime minister, 1226–1227

Qipchaq Khanate, 572–573

Rabkrin, 1262

raionirovanie, 1268

regionalism, 1280–1281

Russian Federation, 324–325

second secretary, 1358–1359

Secretariat, 1359

soviets, 1433

Sovnarkom, 1439

Speransky, Mikhail, 1445–1446

state committees, 1464–1465

State Council, 1465

Supreme Soviet, 1500–1501,

1501

territorial-administrative units,

1533–1534

Transcaucasia, 1567–1568

uezd, 1598

veche, 1634–1635

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Vorontsov, Mikhail Semenovich,

1648–1649

voyevoda, 1651–1652

Yeltsin, Boris, 1084–1086

zemstvo, 1721–1723

Government corruption. See Corrup-

tion

The Government Inspector (Gogol),

1537

Government reform

Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, 62

Catherine II, 207, 287–288

colonial administration, 287–289

democratization, 373–375

de-Stalinization, 388

Duma, 415–416

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 486, 579–582

Inter-Regional Deputies’ Group,

674–675

Ivan IV, 690

Khrushchev, Nikita, 747–748

New Political Thinking,

1042–1043

Provisional Government, 485

Speransky, Mikhail, 1445–1446

Turkestan, colonial, 288–289

zemstvo reform, 604–605, 615,

1722

Govorukhin, Stanislav, 370–371

Gozhansky, Shmuel, 185

GPU (State Political Administration),

616, 1471–1472

Grain Crisis of 1928, 593–594

Grain procurement

Committees of the Village Poor,

295

famine of 1932-1933, 480

famine of 1946, 481

grain crisis of 1928, 593–594

grain requisitions, 1233

Green Movement, 607

imperial era, 427

Kaganovich, Lazar Moyseyevich,

716

New Economic Policy (NEP), 1041

zagotovka, 1719–1720

Grain production, 1641–1642

Grain trade, 594–597, 595

Grand Alliance, 597, 599

Grand Army, 994

Grand Prince, 598

Granovsky, Antonin, 867

Granovsky, Timofei, 859

Graves, William S., 53

“Great Break,” 350

Great Britain

Alliance, 1686–1687

Battle of Balaklava, 114–115

Battle of Navarino, 1027–1028

Bukhara, 177

Central Asia, 219

Congress of Berlin, 143–144

Congress of Vienna, 1637

Crimean War, 343–344

Genoa Conference, 544

Gordon, Patrick Leopold, 584–585

Grand Alliance, 597, 599

“The Great Game,” 219

League of Armed Neutrality, 833

Nesselrode, Karl Robert, 1039

Quadruple and Quintuple Al-

liances, 1259–1260

relations with, 598–600,

1615–1616

Russia Company, 1314

Seven Years’ War, 1375

Suez crisis, 277

Treaty of Paris, 1135, 1136

Treaty of San Stefano, 1350

Triple Entente, 599

War of the Third Coalition, 1661

Zinoviev letter, 1733

Great Eastern Program, 1507

“The Great Game,” 219

Great Horde. See Golden Horde

Great Instruction (Catherine II), 842

Great Kremlin Palace, 786

Great Menology (Macarius), 624, 887

Great Northern Expedition, 250

Great Northern War, 600–602

Battle of Poltava, 1203

Battles of Narva, 995

Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich,

915

Peter I, 1169, 1169

Prussia, 1242

Treaty of Nystadt, 1078–1079

Great Purges, 1247–1251, 1248

Cultural Revolution activists, 352

deportations, 385–386

INDEX

N

GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION

1768

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Kaganovich, Lazar Moyseyevich,

716

political prisoners, 617

Right Opposition, 1289

See also Purges; Show trials

Great Reforms, 602–605

Alexander II, 36–37

Alexander III, 40

education, 1622

Milyutin’s support of, 943

nationalities policy, 1022

Westernizers, 1664

Great Retreat, 1677–1679

Great Terror

Litvinov, Maxim, 866

Memorial, 912

nationalities policy, 1014

Pasternak, Boris, 1145

scientists, 1352

Stalin, Josef, 1457, 1459

state security, organs of, 1472

Vyshinsky, prosecutor,

1654–1655

Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1712–1713

Greece

Armenian history, 77–78

Balkan Wars, 115–116

Battle of Navarino, 1027

Oleg, 1106

relations with, 605–606

trade route, 1305–1306

Greek Orthodox Church, 1398

Greek-Ottoman civil war, 1027

Greeks, 212, 606–607

Green Cross International, 463, 582

Green Movement, 68–69, 269,

607–608

Gregorian Calendar, 196

Grekov, Boris, 497

Griboedov, Alexander Sergeyevich,

569, 608–609, 1303, 1537

Grigorenko, Peter Grigorievich, 399,

609

Grishin, Viktor Dmitrievich, 609

Grivna, 610

Groman, Vladimir, 543

Gromov, Boris Vsevolodovich,

610–611

Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich, 579,

611, 611–612

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Government administration

(continued)

Gronsky, Ivan, 694

Gross domestic product, 425, 433

Grossman, Gregory, 291,

1356–1357

Grossman, Vasily Semenovich, 612

Gross national product

economic growth, 429

index number relativity, 658

net material product/gross na-

tional product differences, 1040

Tajikistan, 1515

Turkmenistan, 1591

Grot committee, 1228–1229

Growing seasons, 272

GTO, 1449

Guardianships of Popular Temper-

ance, 30, 1160

Guards, Regiments of, 612–614

Guba administrative system, 614

Guberniya, 614–615

Guchkov, Alexander, 1097

Guilds, 615–616

Guitar poetry, 1101

Gulag, 616–619, 617

The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenit-

syn), 1426

Kovalev, Sergei, 781

One Day in the Life of Ivan Deniso-

vich (Solzhenitsyn), 1425

Siberia, 1392

Yagoda, Genrikh Grigorevich, 1696

The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenit-

syn), 1426

GUM, 619

Gumilev, Lev Nikolayevich, 619

Gumilev, Nikolai Stepanovich, 22,

619–620, 670

Gundareva, Natalia, 1672

Gurri Brotherhood, 654

Gustav III (Sweden), 1508

Gustavus Adolphus, (Sweden),

1480, 1552

Gyprian, Metropolitan, 624

Gypsies, 620–621

Gypsymania, 621–622

H

Habsburg Empire, 645, 1602

Hadji Murad (Tolstoy), 214

Hagiography, 623–624

Hague Peace Conferences, 625

Haile Selassie, 466

Halloway, Christopher, 785

Hanseatic League, 625–626

Hanti-Mansi Autonomous Region,

893

Hard budget constraints, 626–627

Hard labor as punishment, 330

Harutiunian, Suren, 81

Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 700

Haskalah, 703

Haskell, William N., 56

Havel, Vaclav, 398

Hayek, Friedrich, 627

Hazing, military, 369

Health

alcoholism, 28–29

Chernobyl, 239–240

demographic trends, 377

Health care services

feldshers, 491–492

imperial era, 627–629

Russians, 1324

Soviet era, 629

See also Public health

Health Ministry, 629

Heavy industry, 663–664

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,

630, 630–631

Heiden, Eric, 1450

Helicopters, 1393

Helsinki Accords, 631–632

Helsinki Union, 538

Helsinki Watch, 399–400, 632,

1380, 1461

Helskinki Final Act, 390

Herberstein, Sigismund von, 100,

129

Herder, Johann, 510

Hereditary working class, 812, 814

Heresy

Joseph of Volotsk, St., 707–708

Judaizers, 712–713

Kuritsyn, Fyodor Vasilevich,

800–801

Tveritinov, Dmitry, 1476

Hermeticism, 1083

Hermitage Museum, 984, 984–985

Hermogen, Patriarch, 1551

Herodotus, 77

HISTORIANS

N

INDEX

1769

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Heroic period, 1534

A Hero of Our Time (Lermontov), 856

Herriot, Edouard, 518

Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich,

632–634

Alexander II and, 36

intelligentsia, 668

journalism, 710

nationality, 1025

socialism, 1413

Herzl, Theodor, 1009

Hesychast movement, 1448

Hetmanate, 1020

High Arbitration Court, 338

Higher education

Bolshevik policy, 440

ethnography, 470

feminism, 494–495

imperial era, 438

universities, 1620–1623

University Statute, 336

vydvizhentsy, 440

Higher Party School, 634

Higher State Artistic and Technical

Studios (VKhUTEMAS), 911

Hilarion, Metropolitan, 634–635

Hilferding, A. F., 508

Himmat, 981

His Majesty’s Own Chancery,

635–636, 1469

Historians

feudalism, claims of, 497

Hrushevsky, Mikhail Sergeyevich,

641

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich,

725

Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich,

759–760

Likhachev, Dmitry Sergeyevich,

862–863

Medvedev, Roy Alexandrovich,

909–910

Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich,

941–942

nationalist views, 653

Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich,

1184–1185

Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich, 1190

Pokrovsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich,

1191–1192

Ponomarev, Boris Kharitonovich,

1205–1206

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Radzinsky, Edvard Stanislavich,

1264–1265

Rostovtsev, Mikhail Ivanovich,

1304

Shcherbatov, Mikhail

Mikhailovich, 1381

Volkogonov, Dmitry Antonovich,

1647

Historical Letters (Lavrov), 1209

Historical materialism, 297,

393–394, 497, 631

The Historical Roots of the Magic Tale

(Propp), 1237

Historical songs, 636–637

Historiography, 637–638

Book of Degrees of the Royal Geneal-

ogy, 163–164

Cultural Revolution, 350

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich,

725

Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich, 941

nationalities policy, 1018

Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich,

1184–1185

state principle, 1468

Vladimir, conversion of, 252–253

History of a Town (Saltykov-

Shchedrin), 1346

A History of Russia (Riasanovsky),

568–569

History of Russia since Ancient Times

(Pokrovsky), 1191

History of Russia since Ancient Times

(Soloviev), 5

The History of the All-Union Commu-

nist Party (Bolsheviks)—Short

Course, 1387–1388

History of the Kazan Khanate,

571–572

History of the Russian State

(Karamzin), 725, 1556

History of Ukraine-Rus’ (Hru-

shevsky), 641

History of Ukrainian Literature (Hru-

shevsky), 641

Hitler, Adolf

Siege of Leningrad, 846–848

Soviet Union, invasion of,

1683–1690, 1684, 1685

Stalin, relations with, 556

World War II, 1685–1690

See also Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939

Ho Chi Minh, 1638

Hoffman, Karel, 1005

Holidays, 196–197, 1325

Holocaust

Lithuania, 864

Russian territories, 612

Holy Alliance, 34, 100, 639, 1637

Holy Places dispute, 1135

Holy Synod, 639–640

archives, 73

censorship, 216–217

creation of, 463–464, 1372

diocese, 395–396

establishment, 1147

Stefan Yavorsky, Metropolitan,

1476

See also Russian Orthodox Church

Homeless children, 640–641

Homosexuality, 443, 1526

Honecker, Erich, 554

Hoover, Herbert, 56, 478

Hospitality, 1325–1326

Hôtel Lambert, 356

Hotline, 389

Hot Line Agreement, 279

Households

money, 959

peasant economy, 1152–1153

savings, 120

House serfs, 1368

Housing

izba, 693–694

reform, 747

Russians, 1324

Hramada, 136

Hrushevsky, Mikhail Sergeyevich,

641, 1013

Hulak, Mykola, 354

Human capital development, 427

Humanitarian relief, 56–57,

477–478, 1618

Human rights, 642–643

Bonner, Yelena Georgievna,

162–163

Chronicle of Human Rights in the

USSR (journal), 254

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 538–539

Grigorenko, Peter Grigorievich,

609

groups, 642–643

Helsinki Accords, 631–632

INDEX

N

HISTORICAL LETTERS

(LAVROV)

1770

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Helsinki Watch, 399–400, 400,

632, 1380, 1461

intelligentsia, 671

Kovalev, Sergei Adamovich, 781

Memorial, 912

Sakharov, Andrei, 162–163, 1345

Shcharansky, Anatoly Niko-

layevich, 1380

Starovoitova, Galina Vasilievna,

1460–1461

Human space flight, 1442

Human trafficking, 1115

Humid Continental Warm-to-Cool

Summer climate, 272

Hundred Chapters Church Council,

261–262

Hungarian Communist Party, 645

Hungarian Revolution, 643–644,

644, 646

Hungary

economics, 773

New Economic Mechanism, 659

relations with, 644–646

Soviet military invasion,

276–277, 643–644

Huns, 646–647

Hunting, 460

Huss, Magnus, 28

Hygiene, 122–123

Hypatian Chronicle, 255

I

“I Cannot Forsake My Principles”

(Andreyeva), 60

Ichan-Kala, 741

Icons, 649–651

Dionisy, 396–397

Makary, Metropolitan, 887

Moscow Baroque, 969

Rublev, Andrei, 1308–1309

Sergius, St., 1370

Theophanes the Greek, 1540

Ushakov, Simon Federovich, 1624

Idealism, 7, 651–653

Ideology

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union, 310–311

developed socialism, 390, 391

Soviet Union, 450, 453

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Historians (continued)

Idiot (Dostoyevsky), 411

Ignatiev, Nikolai, 19, 143, 1157,

1470

Igor, 653, 1106–1107

Igrok (Dostoyevsky), 410–411

Ilia II, Catholicos-Patriarch, 552,

553

Illegal economic activity,

1357–1358

Illuminated Compilation, 256, 888

Illyrian Firm, 895

Ilminsky, Nikolai Ivanovich,

653–654

Ilya Muromets, 103

Ilyukhin, Viktor, 979

Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan, 719

The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet

Government (Lenin), 853

Immigration. See Emigration and

immigration

Impeachment of Yeltsin, 1084

Imperial Academy in St. Petersburg,

998

Imperial era

Afghanistan, relations with, 13

agriculture, 17, 18–19

Alaska, 27–28

alcoholism, 28–29

architecture, 71–72

ballet, 117–118

banking system, 121–122

Bashkirs, 126

Bolshoi Theater, 161–162

Bulgaria, relations with, 184

Cabinet of Ministers, 194–195

cantonist system, 197

capitalism, 198

Carpatho-Rusyns, 199

Cathedral of Christ the Savior,

200

censorship, 216–217

chapbook literature, 227–228

China, relations with, 247–248

circus, 263

colonialism, 286–289

Cossacks, 333–334

counterreforms, 336–337

country estates, 337–338

Crimean Tatars, 341

Crimean War, 343–344

Dashnaktsutiun, 366

demographic data, 376–377

demographic trends, 377–378

Denmark, relations with,

382–383

dvorianstvo, 420

economic growth, 426–428

economic policy, 434–436

education, 436–438

environmentalism, 460–461

ethnography, 468–470

expansion, 286

family law, 474–475

feminism, 493–496

Finland, rule of, 500–501

food, 512–513

foreign policy, 943

France, relations with, 518

French influence, 522–523

Georgia, 550–551

German settlers, 554–555

Germany, relations with,

555–556

golden age of literature, 568–571

gosti, 590–591

gostinaya sotnya, 591

Governing Senate, 592–593

government administration,

614–615

grain trade, 594–597

Great Britain, relations with,

598–599

health care services, 627–629

His Majesty’s Own Chancery,

635–636

human rights, 642

illiteracy, 436–437

immigration and emigration,

654–656

industrial production, 427, 435,

811–812

intelligentsia, 668–670

Islam, 678–682

Jews, 701–705

journalism, 708–711

Kazakhstan, 730–731

land captains, 818

land tenure, 819–821

language policy, 823–825

legal system, 840–841

marriage and family, 897–899

merchants, 916

IMPERIAL ERA

N

INDEX

1771

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

mestnichestvo, 918

military, 928–932

military intelligence, 934

military reform, 935–936, 943

Ministry of Internal Affairs,

947–948

monasticism, 956

Montenegro, relations with, 960

nationalism, 25, 1003–1010

nationalities policies, 1018–1025

new-formation regiments,

1041–1042

obshchina, 1082–1083

Old Believers, 1104–1105

opera, 1107–1109

Orthodoxy, 1120–1121

people’s houses, 1160–1161

Poland, relations with,

1193–1194

prisons, 1228–1229

prostitution, 1237–1238

Rabbinical Commission,

1261–1262

religious pluralism, 1282

Revolution of 1905, 1286–1288

Russian/American relations,

1615–1618

Russian Geographical Society,

656–657

Russian Orthodox Church, 1320

Russification, 1007–1008,

1330–1331

service state, 1372

Slavophilism, 1405–1406

soslovie, 1430–1431

St. Petersburg, 1483–1484

State Council, 1465–1466

state security, 1468–1470

Sweden, wars with, 500

taxation, 1522–1523

terrorism, 1534–1535

trade, 515–516

Tsarskoye Selo, 1578–1579

Turkey, relations with, 1587

uezd, 1598

Ukraine, 1601–1602

universities, 1620–1623

vodka monopoloy, 30

Westernizers, 1663–1664

zemstvo, 1721–1723

See also Specific rulers

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Imperial Guards, 612–614

Imperialism: The Highest Stage of

Capitalism (Lenin), 852, 1675

Imperial Public Library, 996, 1328

Imperial Russian Academy of Sci-

ences, 4

Imperial Russian Bible Sociey, 824

Imperial Russian Geographical Soci-

ety, 656–657

Imperial Russian Navy, 929,

931–932

Imperial Russian Technological Soci-

ety, 657–658

Improvisation V. (Kandinsky), 1395

Independence

Armenia, 81

Azerbaijan, 107

Estonia, 466

Finland, 501–502

Georgia, 551

Hungary, 646

Kyrgyzstan, 808

Lithuania, 865

Russian Federatiaon, 1316

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist

Republic (RSFSR), 1327–1328

Ukraine, 1604

Union Republics, 1280–1281

Uzbekistan, 1628

See also Nationalism; Self-determi-

nation

Index number relativity, 658

India, 1129–1130, 1291

India Mutiny, 1135

Indicative planning, 658–659

Indigenous Peoples, 1065–1067

Indochinese Communist Party, 1638

Indo-Europeans, 78

Industrial Crises in Contemporary

England (Tugan), 1583

Industrial enterprise. See Enterprise,

Soviet; Industrialization; Indus-

trial production

Industrialists, 155–156

Industrialization, 659–661

agriculture, 18–19, 125, 284,

661–663, 765

Armenia, 80

Brezhnev, Leonid, 172

command administrative econ-

omy, 292

economic effects, 434–435

Five-Year Plans, 505–506

imperial era, 426, 427–428

korenizatsya, 771

New Economic Policy (NEP), 179

post serfdom, 1673

post-World War II, 1691

rapid, 661–662, 663, 1089, 1456

Scissors Crisis, 1355–1356,

1410–1411

Social Democrats, 1412

Soviet era, 663–664

Tatarstan, 1521

trade, 515–516

vodka, 1646–1647

voluntary cooperatives, elimina-

tion of, 328

war production, 1688

Witte, Sergei, 434–435,

1670–1671

workers, 1672

working class, demands of the,

40

youth, 313

See also Business and industry;

Economic development; Soviet

enterprise

Industrial ministry, 1178

Industrial production

assortment plans, 91–92

Brezhnev, Leonid, 172

command administrative econ-

omy, 292

edinonachalie, 436

enterprises, 459–460

imperial era, 427, 435, 811–812

index number relativity, 658

input-output analysis, 293,

665–666

military production, 937–938,

1680

ministries, economic, 946–947

ratchet effect, 1270–1271

Romanov, Grigory Vasilievich,

1299

samoupravlenie, 1349

Stakhanovite movement,

1452–1453

state orders, 1467–1468

techpromfinplan, 1526–1527

value subtraction, 1631

war mobilization, 927, 1660

Infantry, 1488–1489

INDEX

N

IMPERIAL GUARDS

1772

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Infectious diseases, 377, 379

Inflation, 433, 559, 957

Information access, 73–75

Informers, 1491

Ingots, 610

Ingria, 600

Ingush

deportation, 214, 234

language, 213, 232

Inheritance, 819–820, 1650–1651

Initiative Group for the Defense of

Human Rights, 538

Inner Horde, 731

Inorodtsy, 664–665

Input-output analysis, 665–666

economic ministries, 946

Popov, Pavel Ilich, 1207

ratchet effect, 1270–1271

techpromfinplan, 1526–1527

value subtraction, 1631

Inspector General (Gogol), 569

Institute of Artist Culture

(INKhUK), 721

Institute of Economics and the Or-

ganization of Industrial Produc-

tion, 15

Institute of Ethnography, 470

Institute of Red Professors, 351,

666–667

Institute of Russian Literature, 509,

1253–1254

Institute of Transition Economies,

538, 1330

Instructions (Catherine II), 667–668

In Support of the Army, War In-

dustry, and War Science (DPA),

979–980

Intelligence, 370, 933–935

Intelligentsia, 668–672

Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich,

112

Belinsky, Vissarion Grigorievich,

136–137

Berdyayev’s criticism of, 139

Bolsheviks, 160

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich,

178–179

Cultural Revolution, 350, 351

de-Stalinization, 388

fellow travelers, 492

Gaspirali, Ismail Bey, 540–541

Gumilev, Lev Nikolayevich, 619

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Gumilev, Nikolai Stepanovich,

619–620

Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich, 726

Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich,

879

Musavat, 981–982

nationalism, 1002

nihilism, 1053–1054

raznochintsy, 1273

red intelligentsia, 440

Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich,

1345–1346, 1346

The Thaw, 748

Vekhi, 1635

Intensive economic growth, 428

Intercession on the Moat, 71

Intercontinental ballistic missiles

(ICBMs), 86–87, 1440

Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces

Treaty, 23, 672–673

International Congress of Russian

Communities, 315–316

International Court of Justice, 545

International Geophysical Year,

1440

Internationalism, 1010

International law, 544–545

International Monetary Fund (IMF),

514–515

International Olympic Committee

(IOC), 1450

International Space Station,

673–674, 950, 1443

Internet

archives access, 75

Eurasianism, 414

The Interpreter (newpaper), 540

Inter-Regional Deputies’ Group,

374–375, 674–675, 1207

Interrepublican Economic Commit-

tee (IEC), 294

Intourist, 1562–1563

Inventors, 1206

Ioffe, Abram Fyodorovich, 7

Iran

arms supply, 675, 684

relations with, 106, 675–676

Tajikistan, 1515

Iran-Iraq War, 675, 676

Iraq, 676–677, 1166–1167

Iron Curtain, 677–678

Isidore, Metropolitan, 507

Islam, 678–683

Adyge, 11

Afanasy’s conversion, 1055–1056

Ajars, 20

Armenia, 79

Azerbaijan, 106

Basmachis, 129–130

Berke’s conversion, 131

Catherine II, 288, 679–680

Caucasian Wars, 210–212

Caucasus, 214

Chechnya, 232

Cherkess, 237

Crimean Tatars, 341

Dagestan, 361

Dargins, 364–365

Dungans, 417

education, 540

extremism, 1628

Ferghana Valley, 496

forced conversion to Christianity,

1020

Georgia, 548–549, 552

jadidism, 681–682, 698–699

Kabardians, 715

Karachai, 723

Khiva, 740

Kyrgyz, 807

Muslims at Moscow mosque, 679

nationalities policy, 1018–1019,

1021–1022

Peter I, conversion campaign of,

679

reform, 681–682, 698–699

religious education, 680, 681

religious tolerance, 288, 289

Russification, 1008

Shamil, 1378–1379

Soviet antireligious campaign,

682–683

Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Khaidar-

galievich, 1498–1499

Tajiks, 1513

Tatars, 1520

Uzbeks, 1626–1627

Wahhabism, 715

The Island of Sakhalin (Chekhov),

236

Israel, 684–685

Istoriia Gosudarstva Rossiiskogo

(Karamzin), 637

IVAN IV

N

INDEX

1773

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Istoriia odnogo goroda (Saltykov-

Shchedrin), 1346

Istoriia Rossii S Drevneishikh Vremen

(Soloviev), 637–638

Istoriia Rossiiskaia (Tatischev), 637

Istoriia Russkogo Naroda (Polevoi),

637

Italian Communist Party, 686

Italy, 685–686

Ittifaq-i Müslimin, 682

Ivan Dmitriyevich, 1551–1552

Ivan I, 686

Ivan II, 686–687

Ivan III, 687, 687–689

Battle of Ugra River, 1599

Boretskaya’s arrest and exile, 164

Greek influence, 606

Judaizers, 712

Kuritsyn and, 800, 801

merchants, 916

Moscow, 964

New Rome, 1543

Novgorod Judicial Charter,

1069–1070

succession, 1131–1132

Sudebnik of 1497, 1495

Ivan IV, 689–691

Assembly of the Land, 90

Astrakhan Khanate, conquest of

the, 93

Book of Degrees of the Royal Geneal-

ogy, 163

Cathedral of St. Basil, 200–201

chancelleries, 225

Domostroi, 407

Filaret and, 499

Glinskaya as regent for, 564

guba administrative system, 614

historical songs, 636

Hundred Chapters Church Coun-

cil, 261

Illustrated Compilation, 256

Kazan, conquest of, 678

Kurbsky’s letter to, 798

Livonian War, 867–868

Makary, relationship with,

886–887

nationalities policy, 1018

oprichniki, 1468

Oprichnina, 456, 1111–1112,

1366

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

pomestie system, 1205

Protestantism, 1239

reign, 531

Romanova, marriage to,

1294–1295

Sudebnik of 1550, 1496–1497

Time of Troubles, 1549

trade routes, 1564

Ivanov, Ivan, 1032

Ivanov, Sergei Vladimirovich, 1403

Ivan’s Childhood (movie), 976–977

Ivan the Terrible (movie), 443, 975

Ivan V, 692, 1427–1428

Ivan VI, 692

Ivashko, Vladimir Antonovich,

692–693

Izba, 693–694

Izbavlenie ot KGB (Bakatin), 111

Izgoyev, Alexander, 1635

Izmailov, A. V., 1409

IZO Narkompros, 721

Izvestiya (newspaper), 12, 694–695,

711

Izyaslav I, 695, 1507, 1653

Izyaslav Mstislavich, 695–696

Izyuma Line, 525

J

Jack of Diamonds group

Goncharova, Natalia, 575

Kandinsky, Vassily, 721

Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich,

890

Silver Age, 1396

Jackson, Henry, 697

Jackson-Vanik Agreement, 697–698

Jadidism, 681–682, 698–699

James, C. Vaughan, 1417

James, Richard, 508

Janin, Maurice, 761–762

January Uprising. See Polish rebel-

lion of 1863

Japan

Anti-Comintern Pact, 67

Battle of Khalkin-Gol, 737

Chinese-Japanese conflict, 248

German/Japanese relations, 67

indicative planning, 659

Kuril Islands, 800

League of Nations, 834

Nicholas II, 1050–1051

Potsdam Conference, 1215–1216

relations with, 699–701

Siege of Port Arthur, 1210

Sorge, arrest and execution of,

1429

Treaty of Portsmouth,

1210–1211

World War II, 1684–1685

Yalta Conference, 1699

See also Russo-Japanese War

Japanese Peace Treaty, 700

Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 280, 1195

Jassy, Treaty of, 701

Jessup North Pacific Expedition, 469

Jewelers, 473

Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

(JAC), 331–332

Jewish Bund, 185–186, 705, 1009

Jews, 701–705, 704

Ashkenazi, 703

Belarus and Jewish culture, 135

Birobidzhan, 149–150

Black Book of Russian Jewry

(Grossman), 612

Bukovina, 180

cantonists, 197

Catherine’s nationalities policy,

1020

Corpus Domini procession, attack

on Jews at, 702

cosmopolitanism, 331–332

deportation, 384, 385

dissidents, 400

Doctors’ Plot, 332, 404–405

education, 438

emigration, 655–656, 684, 697,

1003, 1009

expulsion, 384

extermination, 545, 612, 1604

Haskalah, 703

inorodtsy, 665

intelligentsia, 669–670

Jackson-Vanik Agreement, 697

Khazaria, 739

Lithuania, 864

Manifesto of 1763, 893

nationalities policy, 1014–1015

INDEX

N

IVANOV, IVAN

1774

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Pale of Settlement, 701–703,

1130–1131, 1191

persecution, 1002

pogroms, 1 86, 1190–1191

Poland, 1195

Rabbinical Commission,

1261–1262

refuseniks, 1279

Russification, 1008–1009, 1331

service state, 1372

Shcharansky, Anatoly Niko-

layevich, 1380

Stalin era, 1014–1015

United States concern about,

1618

Joakim, Patriarch, 705–706, 910,

1147

Job, Patriarch, 706–707, 1147

John of Kronstadt, 1448

Joint Command, 1661

Joint-stock banks, 122

Joseph of Volokolamsk, 259, 362,

1371

Joseph of Volotsk, St., 707–708,

712, 801, 955

Journalism, 708–712

Adzhubei, Alexei Ivanovich, 12

chernukha, 242–243

Izvestiya, 694–695

journalism of the person,

694–695

Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich, 726

nationalism, 1005–1006

Pravda, 1216–1218

Suvorin, Alexei Sergeyevich, 1503

TASS, 1519

television and radio, 1528, 1530

thick journals, 1540–1541

thin journals, 1541–1542

See also Newspapers

The Journey Beyond Three Seas

(Afanasy), 1055

A Journey from St. Petersburg to

Moscow (Radishchev), 859,

1264

Journey into the Whirlwind

(Ginzburg), 558

Journey of My Brother Alexei to the

Land of Peasant Utopia

(Chayanov), 231

Jubilee Bishops’ Council, 44

Judaizers, 712–713

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Ivan IV (continued)

Judeophobia, 705

Judicial system

land captains, 818

Novgorod Judicial Charter,

1069–1070

Pskov Judicial Charter,

1243–1244

reform, 604, 841

Russian Justice, 1318–1319

Russian Orthodox Church,

316–317

Statute of Grand Prince Vladimir,

1473–1474

Statute of Grand Prince Yaroslav,

1474–1475

Julian calendar, 196, 1106

Julio Jurentino (Ehrenburg), 441

July Days of 1917, 713–714

July uprising, 1091

Jumpers, 1361

Jung-Stilling, Johann, 34

Juries, 604

Juvenile crime, 476

K

Kabardians, 715–716

Kádár, János, 643, 644, 646

Kadets. See Constitutional Democra-

tic Party (Cadets)

Kaganovich, Lazar Moyseyevich,

67–68, 716–717, 1492–1493

Kahals, 704

Kalatozov, Mikhail, 976

Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich, 718–719

Kaliningrad, 119–120, 717–718

Kalmyks, 719, 1019–1020

Kamchatka expedition, 250

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 720–721,

721

American Relief Administration,

56

July Days of 1917, 713

October Revolution, 1090–1095

party congresses, 1140

show trial, 1249, 1389

Stalin, break with, 838, 1576

United Opposition, 1615

Kandinsky, Vassily Vassilievich,

721–722, 1395, 1396

Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaliyevich,

722

Kapitsa, Peter Leonidovich, 7

Kaplan, Fanya, 722–723

Karabakh, 81–82, 107

Karachai, 723

Karachay-Balkar language, 117

Karakalpaks, 724

Karakazov, Dmitry, 37

Karakhan Declaration, 724–725

Kara-Murza, Vladimir, 1529

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich,

725

historiography, 637, 1556

Ivan IV and, 691

journalism, 708

language policy, 824

Karelians, 503–504, 1665–1666

Karpinsky, Alexander Petrovich, 6

Kartli, 548

Kaspari, A. A., 1542

Kassian, 713

Kasyanov, Mikhail Mikhailovich,

725–726

Kasym Khan, 729

Katanian, R., 15

Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich, 710,

726, 1006

Katyn Forest massacre, 726–727

Kaufman, Konstantin Petrovich,

680, 727–728

Kavelin, Konstantin, 1468

Kazachkovsky, O. D., 94–95

Kazakh Party, 1028

Kazakhstan and Kazakhs, 728–732

Alask Orda, 26

Dungans, 417

Islam, 680

Kunayev, Dinmukhammed

Akhmedovich, 797

map, 731

Nazarbayev, Nursultan Abishe-

vich, 1028–1029

overview, 219–220

Kazakov, Matvei, 72, 786, 1036

Kazan, 732–733

Basil III, 129

conquest of, 678

Ivan IV, 690

nationalities policy, 1018–1919

Tatars, 1520

KHAZARIA

N

INDEX

1775

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Kazan Khanate, 1520

Kazan Temperance Socieyy, 29

Kazan Translating Commission, 654

Kazan University, 869–870

Kazym War, 738

Keenan, Edward, 691, 798

Kekkonen, Urho, 502

Kelles-Krauz, Kazimierz, 1008

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 733

Kemerovo Railway, 1266

Kennedy, John F.

Cold War, 278–279

Cuban Missile Crisis, 345–347

space program, 1442

Kennedy, Robert, 346

Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich,

734, 734–735, 735

Allied intervention, 52

Kornilov Affair, 773–774

October Revolution, 1093–1094

Provisional Government, 1241

World War I, 1682

The Keys to Happiness (movie), 972

The Keys to Happiness (Verbitskaya),

1636–1637

KGB (Committee for State Security),

1471

Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich,

61–62

breakup, 111

Chebrikov, Victor Mikhailovich,

231–232

defectors, 370

establishment of, 948

Kryuchkov, Vladimir Alexan-

drovich, 792–793

Lubyanka, 877

power of, 1472–1473

Khabarov, Yerofei Pavlovich, 736

Khachaturov, Tigran, 506

Khakass, 736–737

Khalkin-Gol, Battle of, 737

Khanin, Grigoriy, 1285

Khanty, 737–738

Kharintonov, Nikolai, 16

Kharuzin, Nikolai, 469

Khasavyurt Treaty, 234–235

Khasbulatov, Ruslan Imranovich,

738–739, 1084, 1707

Khatami, Mohammed, 675–676

Khazaria, 751

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Khazars, 739–740

Khiva, 740–741, 741

Khlebnikov, Velimir, 529

Khlopova, Maria Ivanovna, 1301

Khmelnitsky, Bohdan, 741–742

Khomyakov, Alexei Stepanovich, 25,

668, 742–744, 1134, 1406

Khorezm, 740

Khovanshchina, 744

Khovansky, Ivan, 744

Khozraschet, 744–745

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich,

745–749, 746, 747

Adzhubei, cultivation of, 12

agriculture policy, 390–391, 884

Anti-Party Group, 67, 716

anti-religious campaign, 43

Armenia, 81

arms control, 85–86

Beria, arrest and execution of, 141

Berlin crisis, 278

Brezhnev and, 171

Bulganin’s support of, 182–183

censorship thaw, 218, 671

Cold War, 276–278

communism, 390

Cuban Missile Crisis, 345–347,

389, 749

cult of personality, 348–349, 388

de-Stalinization, 276, 388–389

détente, 389

dissident movement, 398–399

economic policy, 390–391

Eisenhower, meeting with, 276

Five-Year Plans, 506

general secretary position, 542

India, relations with, 1129

intelligentsia, 671

Kalmyks, 719

Koslov and, 782

Kosygin’s turn against, 778–779

Malenkov’s power struggle

against, 889–890

Mao and, 249, 277

merger of nations, 1015–1016

motion pictures, 976–977

nationalism, 1002

nationalities policy, 1015–1016

party congresses, 1141

Party-State Control Committee

(PSCC), 1159–1160

Podgorny’s role in administration,

1188–1189

prime minister position, 1227

reform, 747–748

resignation, 749

science and technology policy,

1353

Secret Speech, 348–349, 388,

643, 746–747

Seven-Year Plan, 1374

Sovnarkhozy, 1438–1439

sports policy, 1450

state security, organs of,

1472–1473

succession of leadership, 1494

U-2 spy plane incident, 1597

virgin lands program, 1641–1642

zhensovety, 1728

See also The Thaw

Khrushcheva, Rada, 12

Khutor, 749–750

Kiev

Andrei Yurevich, 59–60

architecture, 754

Cathedral of St. Sophia, 201,

201–202

Caves Monastery, 214–215

Oleg, 1106

Rotislav, 1303–1304

Tithe Church, 1553

Yaroslav’s devlopment of,

1701–1702

Yuri Vladimirovich, 1716

Kievan Caves monastery

Anthony, 955

hagiography, 623, 624

Theodosius, 955

Kievan Caves (patericon), 623, 750

Kievan Rus, 750–755

architecture, 70–71

Byzantium, relations with,

190–191, 252–253, 754

Caves Monastery, 214–215

Christianization, 190–191,

252–253

commerce, 754, 755

crafts, 755

culture and Christianity, 754

Cyril of Turov, 355

formation of Kievan Rus, 751

grand prince, 598

INDEX

N

KHAZARS

1776

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Hilarion, Metropolitan, 634–635

Igor, 653

interdynastic conflict, 753

Islam, 678

Izyaslav I, 695

Izyaslav Mstislavich, 695–696

labor, 811

legal system, 840

literature, 754

marriage and family, 896

military administration, 9

monasticism, 955

Mongol conquest of Kiev, 755,

1312

Mstislav, 980

Normanist Controversy,

1060–1062, 1190

Novgorod the Great, 1070–1071

Pechenegs, 1156–1157

Polovtsy, 1202

Polyane, 1203–1204

Primary Chronicle, 252, 255

rota system, 1304–1305, 1312

Route to Greeks, 1305–1306

Rurikid dynasty, 1311–1312

Russian Justice, 1318–1319

Statute of Grand Prince Vladimir,

1473–1474

Statute of Grand Prince Yaroslav,

1474–1475

succession, rules of, 752–753

Svyatopolk I, 1506

Svyatopolk II, 1506

Svyatoslav I, 1506

Svyatoslav II, 1507

trade routes, 1563–1564

Vikings, 1639–1640

Vladimir Monomakh,

1642–1643

witchcraft, 1669

Yaroslav Vladimirovich,

1701–1702

Kiev University, 1622

Kim Il Sung, 770

Kinship, 1324

Kiprensky, Orest, 1037, 1303

Kireyevsky, Ivan Vasilievich, 668,

743, 755–757, 1405–1406

Kireyevsky, Peter, 468

Kirgiz. See Kyrgyzstan

Kirgiz-Kazakhs, 729

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828