Encyclopedia of Russian History

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A

Abalkin, Leonid, 15, 431–432

Abashidze, Aslan, 20

Abatis Line, 525

Abbas Mirza, 1336

Abdication of Nicholas II, 484,

1052, 1298

Abkhazians, 1–2, 549, 551

Abortion, 2–3, 476

Abstract art

Kandinsky, Vassily, 721

Malevich, Kazimir, 890

Abuladze, Tengiz, 977

Academic Affair, 1185

Academic University, 1620–1621

Academy of Arts, 3–4, 650

Academy of Russian Ballet, 117

Academy of Sciences, 4–8, 5

archives, 74

Communist Academy, competi-

tion with, 299–300

Complete Collection of Russian

Chronicles, 255

Dashkova, Yekaterina Ro-

manovna, 365

ethnography, 467

Folklore Committee, 509

historiography, 637

Institute of Russian Literature,

509, 1253–1254

Kantorovich, Leonid, 722

Lomonosov, Mikhail, 872

Pallas, Peter-Simon,

1132–1133

photography, 1178–1179

Platonov, Sergei Fyodorovich,

1185

polar expeditions, 1196

Ponomarev, Boris Kharitonovich,

1206

Shatalin, Stanislav Sergeyevich,

1380

universities, 1620–1622

Uvarov, Sergei Semenovich,

1625–1626

Zaslavskaya, Tatiana Ivanovna,

1720

Acceleration program, 15

Accounting systems, 744–745

Acmeism, 22, 620

1737

Activists

Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers,

294–295

Cultural Revolution, 350–352

environmentalists, 462–463

feminism, 493–496

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 538–539

Grigorenko, Peter Grigorievich,

609

Islam, 682

Korolenko, Vladimir Galak-

tionovich, 774–775

Petrov, Grigory Spiridonovich,

117

Actors and actresses

Mikhalkov, Nikita Sergeyevich,

924

Orlova, Lyubov Petrovna,

1116–1117

Shchepkin, Mikhail Semeonovich,

1381

theater, 1537

training, 1460

Administration for Organized Re-

cruitment, 8–9

Administrative command economic

system. See Command adminis-

trative economy

Administrative Russification,

1331–1332

Admiralty, 10, 10–11, 72,

1036–1037

Adoption, 474–475, 641

Adult education, 440

Adyge, 11

Adzhubei, Alexei Ivanovich, 12,

694–695

Aeroflot, 12–13

Afanasev, A. N., 508

Afanasiev, Yuri, 674, 675

Afghanistan, 13–14

Basmachis, 129–130

British invasion, 598

Soviet invasion, 940, 971,

1129–1130

Tajik support of U.S.-led cam-

paign, 1515

Aganbegyan, Abel Gezevich, 14–15,

505

Agitprop, 15–16, 238, 818

Agni Yoga, 1291

Agrarian Party of Russia (APR), 16

INDEX

Boldface page numbers

refer to the main entry on

the subject. Italic page

numbers refer to

illustrations, tables, and

figures.

Volume 1, pp: 1–424;

Volume 2, pp: 425–882;

Volume 3, pp: 883–1342;

Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Agreement of Friendship, Coopera-

tion and Mutual Assistance,

502

Agriculture, 17–19

agrarian crisis, 427

agrarian reform, 16–17, 434,

1671

Armenia, 77

auxiliary plots, 822

babi bunty, 110

barshchina, 124

bednyaki, 133

black earths, 151

Civic Union, 264

economics, 230–231, 434, 1034

Estonia, 465

famine of 1932-1933, 479–480

Free Economic Society for the En-

couragement of Agriculture and

Husbandry, 520–521

geography, 546

Grain Crisis of 1928, 593–594

grain requisitions, 1233

growing seasons, 272

imperial era, 426–428

industrialization, 125, 284,

661–663, 765

Khruschev’s policy, 390–391,

747, 884

khutor, 749–750

Kievan Rus, 753

labor day, 815

land ownership, 822–823

Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich,

880–882

Machine Tractor Stations,

883–884

Moscow Agricultural Society, 966

New Economic Policy (NEP), 179

post-collectivization, 19

production, 434, 1152–1153

reform, 434

Scissors Crisis, 1355–1356,

1410–1411

Shari, 18

sovkhoz, 1437–1438

steppes, 1478

three-field system, 1545

virgin lands program, 1641–1642

voluntary cooperatives, 328

zagotovka, 1719–1720

See also Collective farms; Collec-

tivization of agriculture; Peas-

antry

Agrobiology, 881–882

Ahmad, 688

Air Assault Troops, 1445

Aircraft design

Sikorsky, Igor Ivanovich, 1393

Tupolev, Andrei Nikolayevich,

1584

Air defense, 119

Airlift, Berlin, 143

Airlines, 12–13

Ajarian Autonomous Republic, 20

Ajars, 20

Akademgorodok, 94, 1352

Akayev, Askar Akayevich, 21, 21

Akhmad, 1599

Akhmatova, Anna Andreyevna,

21–22, 258, 1418

Akhromeyev, Sergei Fyodorovich,

22–23

Akhundov, Mirza Fath Ali, 23–24

Akkerman, Convention of, 24

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeyevich, 24–30,

668, 710, 1134, 1406

Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeyevich,

25–26, 668, 1406

Aksakov, Sergei, 460

Akselrod, Pavel Borisovich, 913–914

Alash Orda, 26

Alaska, 26–28

colonialism, 288

purchase, 27

Russian development, 1616

Albania

Balkan Wars, 116

China, alignment with, 277–278

Albanian Church, 28

Albanians, Caucasian, 28

Alcohol

alcoholic beverages, 512

alcoholism, 28–29, 30, 1160

alcohol monopoly, 29–31, 1646

anti-alcohol campaign, 580–581

Russians, 1325

Alexander I, 31–35, 32

Academy of Sciences, 4

Alaskan/United States relations, 27

architecture, 72

Battle of Austerlitz, 99–100

INDEX

N

AGREEMENT OF FRIENDSHIP

1738

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 200

censorship, 216

Chernyshev, advancement of, 243

Congress of Vienna, 1637

Czartoryski, relationship with,

356

Finland, 500–501

foreign policy, 639

French War of 1812, 524–525

Governing Senate, 592–593

Holy Alliance, 639

journalism, 708–709

language policy, 824

military, 9, 929–930

Napoleon and, 992–994, 993

Napoleonic Wars, 518, 805, 929

nationalism, 1004

nationalities policy, 1020–1021

neoclassicism, 1036–1037

Nesselrode’s foreign policy, 1039

Novosiltsev, relationship with,

1076

occultism, 1083

Old Believer committee, 1102

Pale of Settlement, 1131

Poland, relations with, 1193

Quadruple and Quintuple Al-

liances, 1259–1260

Romanticism, 1302

Secret Chancellery, 1469

secret police, 1469

serfdom, 458

Speransky’s reform plans,

1445–1446

State Council, 1465

Treaties of Paris, first and second,

1136

Treaty of Tilsit, 176, 1547, 1548

War of the Third Coalition, 1661

Alexander II, 35–38, 37

assassination, 39, 154, 495,

1162, 1469

Baryatinsky, relationship with,

125

censorship, 217

Emancipation Act, 447–448, 458

Ems Decree, 824

journalism, 709–710

legal system, 841

local government administration,

870

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Loris-Melikov, advice of, 873–874

military, 9–10, 930, 936, 943

Nikolayevich’s support of, 767

Old Believers, 1104

Perovskaya’s participation in as-

sassination of, 1166

Reitern, administrative role of,

1281–1282

serfs, emancipation of the, 36

Three Emperors’ League, 1544

Treaty of Paris, 1135

zemstvo system, 870

Zhelyabov’s assaults on, 1725

See also Great Reforms

Alexander III, 38–41, 39

censorship, 217

counterreforms, 336–337

Katkov’s influence, 726

Loris-Melikov’s reforms, rejection

of, 874

military modernization, 930–931

Montenegro, relations with, 960

nationalism, 1007–1008

Old Believers, 1104

Pobedonostsev, influence of, 1188

Russification, 1023

state vodka monopoly, 30

temporary regulations, 1531

Alexander Mikhailovich, 41

Alexander Nevsky. See Alexander

Yaroslavich

Alexander Nevsky (movie), 443, 976

Alexander the Great, 106

Alexander Yaroslavich, 41–42,

58–59, 1703

Alexandra Fedorovna, 42–43, 49,

1297

Nicholas, relationship with,

1049–1050, 1052

Rasputin, relationship with,

1269–1270

Alexandrov, Grigory Alexandrovich,

43, 975, 1116

Alexandrova, Maria, 35

Alexei I, Patriarch, 43–44, 712,

1148, 1370

Alexei II, Patriarch, 44

Alexei Mikhailovich, 45, 45–48

Avvakum and, 104

Copper Riots, 329

Matveyev, appointments of, 907

monetary reform, 768

Morozova, arrest of, 962

Morozov’s role in administration,

963

Nikon, relationship with,

1056–1057

Old Believers, 1103

Secret Department, 1468

Thirteen Years’ War, 1543–1544

Alexei Nikolayevich, 42, 48–50, 49,

1297

Alexei Petrovich, 50

Alexeyev, Mikhail Vasilievich,

50–51, 381

Alexeyevna, Elizabeth, 32

Alim, Emir, 178

Alimony, 474, 475

Aliyev, Heidar, 51–52, 107

Alksinis, Viktor, 1439–1440

Alliance of World War II,

1686–1687

Allied intervention, 52–54, 267,

765, 1618

Alliluyeva, Svetlana Iosifovna, 54,

369

Allocation, funded resources, 511,

562

Allocation of goods, 904–905

All Russia bloc, 482

All-Russian Central Executive Com-

mittee of Workers’ and Soldiers’

Deputies, 1090

All-Russian Church Council, 317

All-Russian Congress of Artists, 650

All-Russian Congress of Soviets,

321

All-Russian Constituent Assembly,

317–318

All-Russian Executive Committee of

Peasants’ Deputies, 1090

All-Russian Extraordinary Commis-

sion for Combating Counter-

Revolution and Sabotage. See

Cheka

All-Russian Extraordinary Commis-

sion on the Struggle Against

Counter-Revolution, Sabotage,

and Speculation (VCHk), 422,

616, 877

All-Russian Famine Relief Commit-

tee, 56

All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union,

1675

ANDERSON, ANNA

N

INDEX

1739

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

All-Russian Society for Conservation

(VOOP), 461–462

All-Russian Union of Equal Rights

for Women, 495

All Sorts of Things (journal), 708

All-Union Arctic Institute (VAI),

1197

All-Union Association of Proletarian

Writers. See Russian Association

of Proletarian Writers (RAPP)

All-Union Center for the Study of

Public Opinion, 581

All-Union Central Council of Trade

Unions (AUCCTU), 1566

All-Union Conference of

Stakhanovites, 1453

All-Union Council of Evangelical

Christians-Baptists (AUCECB),

1239, 1361

All-Union ministries, 946

All-Union Society of Proletarian

Tourism and Excursions

(OPTE), 1562

All-Union Sports Classification Sys-

tem, 1449

Alphabets, 354, 354–355, 824–825

See also Language

Al-Qaeda, 14

Altai, 54–55

Altyn, 55

Alveze Lamberti de Montagnano,

203

Amalrik, Andrei Alexeyevich,

55–56, 399

Amateur photographers, 1180

American Museum of Natural His-

tory, 469–470

American Red Cross, 1618

American Relief Administration

(ARA), 56–57, 1618

Amin, Hafizulla, 13

Amu Darya, 177

Amvrosy, 1448

Anarchism, 57–58

Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich,

114

Kaplan, Fanya, 722–723

Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich, 790

Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich, 888

Tolstoy, Leo, 1559

Anatomy, 1181

Anderson, Anna. See Romanova,

Anastasia Nikolayevna

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Andrei Alexandrovich, 58

Andrei Kobyla, 1296

Andrei Rublev (movie), 1517

Andrei Yaroslavich, 41–42, 58–59

Andrei Yurevich, 59–60, 753

Andreyev, Andrei Andreyevich,

1262

Andreyev, Leonid Nikolayevich, 60

Andreyev, Vasily, 115, 510

Andreyeva, Nina Alexandrovna,

60–61

Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, 61,

61–62

dissidents, 400–401

Gorbachev, promotion of,

578–579

succession of leadership, 1494

Andrusovo, Peace of, 62–63, 1113

Animism, 262

See also Paganism

Anna Ivanovna, 63–64

ballet, 117

Bestuzhev-Ryumin, relationship

with, 147

Biron, relationship with, 150

Elizabeth and, 446

Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 570, 1558

Anno Domini (Akhmatova), 22

Antarctic exploration, 1197

Anthony, St., 214, 955

Anthony Khrapovitsky, Metropoli-

tan, 64–65

Anthony Vadkovsky, Metropolitan,

65–66

Anti-alcohol campaign, 580–581

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty,

66–67, 86

Anti-Bolsheviks

Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich,

242

Committee of the Constituent As-

sembly (KOMUCH), 761,

764–765

Constitutional Democratic Party,

320

Kerensky, Alexander, 735

Krasnov, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 783

Rodzianko, Mikhail

Vladimirovich, 1290–1291

Wrangel, Peter Nikolayevich,

1692–1693

Antichresis, 1403

Anti-Comintern Pact, 67

Anticosmopolitanism, 331–332

Anti-Enlightenment, 651

Antifascism, 303–304, 1207–1208

Anti-Hitlerite Coalition. See Grand

Alliance

Anti-Mafia investigators, 1115

Antinuclear activists, 280–281

Anti-Party Group, 67–68

Kaganovich, Lazar, 716

Kozlov’s support of Khruschev,

782

Malenkov, Georgy, 778, 889–890

Antirevolutionaries, 1733–1734

Anti-Semitism

Black Hundred movement, 152

cosmopolitanism, 331–332

Doctors’ Plot, 404–405

imperial era, 705

Pamyat, 1133

Poland, 1008

Russian National Unity Party,

1319

Soviet era, 1002

Stalin, Josef, 150

Anti-Stalinism

Ryutin, Martemyan, 1340

Vlasov Movement, 1644–1645

Antonescu, Marshall Ion, 1293

Antonov, Alexander, 607, 608

Antonov Uprising, 68–69

Apocallyptic movements, 1362

“Apologia of a Madman” (Chaa-

dayev), 223–224

Appanage era, 69, 1397

Apparat, 70

“Appeal to the Soviet People,” 97

April Theses (Lenin), 70, 853

Arabs, 79

Arakcheyev, Alexei, 33, 34

Arbitration Procedure Code, 338

Archaeology

birchbark charters, 148–149

Gnezdovo, 565

Normanist Controversy,

1060–1062

Archbishop of Novgorod,

1068–1069

Architecture, 70–73

Admiralty, 10–11

Byzantine influence, 191

INDEX

N

ANDREI ALEXANDROVICH

1740

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Cathedral of Christ the Savior,

200

Cathedral of St. Basil, 200, 201

Cathedral of St. Sophia, Kiev, 201,

201–202

Cathedral of St. Sophia, Nov-

gorod, 202–203

Cathedral of the Archangel

Mikhail, 203

Cathedral of the Dormition,

203–204

Catherine II, 207

Catherine Palace, 1578

constructivism, 325, 890

futurism, 529

Gatchina palace, 541

gigantomania, 557

Kiev, 754

Kremlin, 784–787, 785

Makary’s construction projects,

887

Melnikov, Konstantin

Stepanovich, 911

Moscow Baroque, 968–969

nationalism, 999

neoclassicism, 1036–1037

Peter and Paul Fortress,

1175–1176

Peter I, 1170–1171

Rastrelli, Bartolomeo, 1270

subway system, 1492

suprematism, 890

Trinity St. Sergius Monastery,

1573

Winter Palace, 1667–1668

Archival Service of the Russian Fed-

eration, 74

Archives, 73–75

Memorial, 912

Smolensk Archive, 1408

Arctic exploration, 1196–1197

Arid Continental climate, 272

Armand, Inessa, 75–76, 1348–1349

Armenia and Armenians, 76–82, 77

Armenian Apostolic Church,

82–83

Caucasus, 1649

colonialism, 289

Dashnaktsutiun, 366

genocide, 545

Karabakh conflict, 81–82, 107

Lazarev Institute, 832

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Nagorno-Karabakh, 989–990

nationalism, 1007

Russification, 1008

Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 1532–1533

Armenian Apostolic Church,

82–83

Armenian National Movement, 81

Armory, 84–85, 650

Arms control, 85–88

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 66

Cold War, 279–281

Conventional Forces in Europe

Treaty, 23, 86–87, 326–327

détente, 389–390

Hague Peace Conferences, 625

Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces

Treaty, 23, 672–673

Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT),

279

Moiseyev, Mikhail Alexeyevich,

951–952

Reykjavik Summit, 1288–1289

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties

(SALT), 66, 389, 1486

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

(START), 1486–1487

zero option, 1723–1724

See also Cold War

Army

Nicholas II, 931–932

Peter I, 928

territorial army, 937

World War I, 931, 931–932

See also Military; Red Army; War-

fare

Arne, T. J., 1060

Around the World (journal), 1542

Ar-Rus, 1060

Art

abstract, 721, 890

Academy of Arts, 3, 650

Armory, 84

Blue Rose movement, 1396

Byzantine influence, 191

chernukha, 242–243

futurism, 529

gigantomania, 557

Hermitage Museum, 984–985

icons, 649–651

lubki, 876

Makary, Metropolitan, 887

Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich,

890

Moscow Baroque, 968–969

nationalism, 997–1000

palekh painting, 1130

Prince Ivan and the Grey Wolf,

508

reality and, 244

religious, 396–397

Russians, 1326

Silver Age, 1393–1396

socialist realism, 1415–1419

Stasov, Vladimir Vasilievich,

1462–1463

World of Art, 139401395

See also Painters

Artashesids, 79

Artek, 88–89

Artel, 3, 1130

Article 58, Soviet Criminal Code,

617

Article 6 of the 1977 Constitution,

89

Art of Victory (Suvorov), 1504

Artyukhina, Alexandra, 1727

Arutiunov, Grigor, 80

Ascription, 603

Ashkenazi, 703

Assassinations

Alexander II, 38, 39, 154, 495,

1162, 1469

Bobrikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

158

Demirjian, Karen, 82

Ferdinand, Francis, 101

Gapon, Georgy Appollonovich,

540

Gertsenshtein, Mikhail, 152

Iollos, Grigory, 152

Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 759,

1457, 1459

Mirbach, Count, 839

Paul I, 1150

Sargisian, Vazgen, 82

Stolypin, Peter, 1482

Trotsky, Leon, 1577

Assemblies of the Land, 89–91

Law Code of 1649, 829–830

Mikhail Romanov, selection of,

1296, 1300

Minin, Kuzma, 945

AUSTRIA

N

INDEX

1741

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Assembly of Russian Factory and

Mill Workers of St. Petersburg,

157

Association of New Architects (AS-

NOVA), 911

Association of Russia’s Women En-

trepreneurs, 1672

Association of State Publishing

Houses (OGIZ), 588–589

Association of the Indigenous Peo-

ples of the North (RAIPON),

1066

Association of Traveling Art Ex-

hibits, 3, 1463

Assortment plans, 91–92

Astana, Kazakhstan, 729

Astrakhan, Khanate of, 92–93,

690

Atheism, 834–835

Athletes, 1448–1452, 1449, 1451

Atomic energy, 93–96

See also Chernobyl

Atommash Factory, 95

August 1991 Putsch, 96–99

Bakatin, Vadim Viktorovich, 111

Cabinet of Ministers, 195

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union, demise of, 308

glasnost, 561

Lukyanov, Anatoly, 878–879

Pavlov, Valentin Sergeyevich,

1152

Pugo, Boris Karlovich,

1246–1247, 1247

Union Treaty, 1613

Varennikov, Valentin Ivanovich,

1632

Yanayev, Gennady Ivanovich,

1700

Yazov, Dmitry Timofeyevich,

1704–1705

Yeltsin, Boris, 1707

Austerlitz, Battle of, 99–100, 992

Austria

Anna Ivanovna, 64

Balkan Wars, 115–116

Battle of Austerlitz, 99–100, 992

Bukovina, rule of, 180

Catherine II, 208

Congress of Vienna, 1637

Holy Alliance, 639

Prussia, relations with, 1242

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Quadruple and Quintuple Al-

liances, 1259–1260

Russian/Austrian relations,

100–101

Seven Years’ War, 1375

Treaties of Paris, first and second,

1136

Uniate Church, 1606

Austria-Hungary

Bosnia-Hercegovina, annexation

of, 960

Congress of Berlin, 143–144

Convention of Berlin, 144

German alliance with, 556

Three Emperors’ League, 1544

Treaty of San Stefano, opposition

to, 1350

World War I, 1676–1680

Austrian school of economics, 627

Autarky, 516, 662

Autocracy, 101–102

Anna Ivanovna, 63–64

Basil III, 128–129

Black Hundred, 151–152

capitalism, 198

education, 439–440

Fundamental Laws, 527

Loris-Melkov’s suggested reforms,

873–874

Nicholas I, 1047–1048

service state, 1371–1372

Automobiles, stolen, 1115

Avant-garde movement

Blue Rose movement, 1396

Kandinsky, Vassily Vassilievich,

721

motion pircutres, 974

socialist realism, 1417

Avars, 102–103

Aviation, 103

aircraft design, 1393, 1584

Baltic Fleet, 120

Chkalov, Valery Pavlovich,

250–251

Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 412

KAL 007, 717

Sikorsky, Igor Ivanovich, 1393

Zhukovsky, Nikolai Yegorovich,

1732

Avvakum Petrovich, 104–106, 962,

1102

Azef, Evno, 1186

Azerbaijan and Azeris, 106–108,

107

administrative units, 1567

Aliyev, Heidar, 51

Armenia, relations with, 80, 1533

Baku, 113

Lezgins, 857–858

Musavat, 981–982

Nagorno-Karabakh, 989

Nakhichevan, 991

Narimanov, Nariman, 994

Azeris. See Azerbaijan and Azeris

B

Babel, Isaac Emmanuyelovich,

109–110

Babi bunty, 110

Baer, Karl Ernst von, 4, 468–469

Bagratid dynasty, 79, 549–550

Bagration, Peter I., 524

Bahram Gur, 681

Baidukov, Georgy, 12

Baikal-Amur Magistral Railway

(BAM), 110–111

Bakatin, Vadim Viktorovich,

111–112

Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich,

112–113, 1400

Baku, 113, 1376

Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich,

114

anarchism, 57–58

intelligentsia, 668

Nechayev, collaboration with,

1032

Balakirev, Mily, 920, 1290

Balakirev Circle. See Mighty Handful

Balaklava, Battle of, 114–115

Balalaika, 115

Balans stoimostnykh obmenov mezhdu

gorodom i derevnei (Barsov), 125

Baliev, Nikita, 193–194

Balkans

Austrian policy, 100–101

Congress of Berlin, 143–144

Russian-Italian relations regard-

ing, 685

Three Emperors’ League, 1544

INDEX

N

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

1742

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Balkan Wars, 115–117, 116

Montenegro, 960–961

Romania, 1292–1293

Serbia, 1364

Balkar-Karachay, 213

Balkars, 117

Ballet, 117–119

Ballets Russes, 118, 392, 393

Bolshoi Theater, 162

The Firebird, 504

nationalism, 999

Nijinsky, Vaslav Fomich, 1054,

1054–1055

Pavlova, Anna Matveyevna,

1150–1151, 1151

Silver Age, 1394

Ballistic Missile Defense Orbaniza-

tion (BMDO), 1487

Baltic Fleet, 119–120

Makarov, Stepan Osipovich, 886

Russo-Japanese War, 1333–1334

Baltic Germans, 826–827

Baltics

German settlers, 554

Livonian War, 867–869

nationalism, 1002–1003

Popular Fronts, 1016–1017

Pugo’s crackdown, 1247

Sweden, relations with,

1507–1508

tsarist nationalities policy,

1020–1021

See also Estonia; Latvia and Lat-

vians; Lithuania

Banking system

post-Soviet, 433

Russian Federation, 220–221

Sberbank, 1351

Soviet, 120–121, 958–959

Stroibank, 1489

tsarist, 121–122

See also Gosbank; Monetary pol-

icy

Banquet campaign, 1286

Banya, 122–123

Baptists, 1239, 1361

Barannikov, Viktor Pavlovich, 123

Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail B.,

523–524

Bardas Phokas, 252–253

Barkhin, Grigory, 72

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Austria (continued)

Barma, 201

Barnet, Boris, 974

Barone, Enrico, 123–124

Baroque architecture, 71

Barshchina, 124

Barsov, Alexander Alexandrovich,

124–125

Barthous, Louis, 865–866

Baryatinsky, Alexander Ivanovich,

125, 212

Baryshnikov, Mikhail, 370

Bashkortostan and Bashkirs,

126–127

nationalities policy, 1019–1020

Togan, Ahmed Zeki Validov,

1554–1555

Basic Legislature of the Russian Fed-

eration on the Archival Fond of

the Russian Federation and

Archives, 74

Basil I, 127–128, 265

Basil II, 128, 265–266

Basil III, 128–129, 362, 1132

Basil the Blessed, 71

Basil Yurievich, 265

Baskirs. See Bashkortostan and

Bashkirs

Basmachis, 129–130, 496–497,

1001

“Bat” (cabaret), 193–194

Bathory, Stephen, 869

Battle of Austerlitz, 99–100, 992

Battle of Balaklava, 114–115

Battle of Borodino, 33, 164–165,

524, 993

Battle of Chesme, 246

Battle of Khalkin-Gol, 737

Battle of Kulikovo Field, 408–409,

796, 1719

Battle of Kursk, 802–803

Battle of Leipzig, 34, 843–844

Battle of Lesnaya, 857

Battle of Moscow, 969–971

Battle of Mukden, 1333

Battle of Nations. See Battle of

Leipzig

Battle of Navarino, 1027–1028

Battle of Poltava, 601, 601, 1203,

1601

Battle of Sinope, 1399

Battle of Stalingrad, 1293,

1453–1455, 1454

Battle of Tannenberg, 1516, 1677

Battle of the Three Emperors,

99–100

Battle of Tsushima, 1335, 1581

Battle of Ugra River, 1599

Battle of Verdun, 1679

Battle of Warsaw, 1437

Battle of Zboriv, 742

The Battleship Potemkin (movie), 442

Battles of Narva, 995

Batu, 130–131, 572

Bauer, Yevgeny Frantsevich,

131–132, 972–973

Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried, 637

Bazarov, Vladimir Alexandrovich,

132–133

Bazhenov, Vasily, 1036

Beard tax, 133, 1104, 1104

Bednyaki, 133

Bednye liudi (Dostoyevsky), 410

Beklemishev Tower, 785

Belarus and Belarusians, 133–136,

134

Lukashenko, Alexander, 878

Russia-Belarus Union, 1313

Russification, 1331

Belarusians. See Belarus and Belaru-

sians

Belgorod Line, 525

Belinsky, Vissarion Grigorievich,

136–137

golden age of Russian literature,

569

intelligentsia, 668

journalism, 709

narodnost, 1025

raznochintsy, 1273

Bell, James, 1

The Bell (newspaper), 710

Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, 786

Belovezh Accords, 137–138, 296,

1608

Beluga caviar, 215

Bely, Andrei, 138–139, 998

Belyakov, Alexander, 12

Bem, Józef, 1005

Benes, Eduard, 358

Bennigsen, Leonty, 32

Berdyayev, Nikolai Alexandrovich,

139–140, 642, 1635

Berezovsky, Boris, 420–421, 776,

777

BISMARCK, OTTO VON

N

INDEX

1743

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich, 140–141,

141

Armenia, 80

execution of, 1472

Khrushchev and, 67, 746

nationalities policy, 1015

office of, 877

Bering, Vitus Jonassen, 142

Alaska, 27

Kamchatka expedition, 250

Berlin

Berlin Wall, 553–554

Checkpoint Charlie, 278

Cold War, 278

Berlin, Congress of, 143–144, 1364

Berlin, Convention of, 144

Berlin Blockade, 142–143

Berlin conference, 38

Berseniev Witness, 750

Beschestie, 145

Bessarabia, 145–146

cession of, 176, 952

German settlers, 555

Romania, 1292–1293

Transnistria, merging with, 1568

tsarist nationalities policy, 1021

Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, Alexander, 23

Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexei Petro-

vich, 146–147

Besy (Dostoyevsky), 411

Betskoy, Ivan, 1409–1410

Beverages, 1325

Bezhin Meadow (movie), 443

Bezmin, Ivan, 84

Bible

Church Slavonic Bible, 824

Ostroh Bible, 533

Russian translation, 498

Bierut, Boleslaw, 1195

Big Three, 1686–1687

Biology, 7, 1633–1634

Biomechanics, 919

Birchbark charters, 148–149

Birman, Igor, 1285

Birobidzhan, 149–150

Biron, Ernst Johann, 150–151

Birth rate decline, 900

Bishops, 1119

Bismarck, Otto von

Congress of Berlin, 143–144

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

German-Russian relations, 556

Gorchakov, support of, 584

Russian support of, 1242–1243

Black Book of Russian Jewry (Gross-

man), 612

Black earths, 151

Black Hundred, 151–152

Black market, 152–153

Black Repartition, 38, 133, 153–154

Black Sea

Russo-Turkish Wars, 1336

Treaty of Jassy, 701

Treaty of Paris, 1135

Black Sea Fleet, 154–155

Nakhimov, Pavel Stepanovich,

991–992

Potemkin mutiny, 1214–1215

Blat, 155

Blaue Reiter group, 721

“The Blind Musician” (Korolenko),

774

Bliokh, Ivan Stanislavovich. See

Bloch, Jan

Bloch, Jan, 155–156

Bloch, Jean de. See Bloch, Jan

Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich, 139,

156–157

Bloody Saturday. See Novocherkassk

uprising

Bloody Sunday, 157–158, 539–540,

1051, 1286

Blue Rose movement, 1396

Blue Stream natural gas agreement,

1588

Boas, Franz, 469–470

Bobrikov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 158

Bogdanov, Alexander

Bazorov and, 132

Lenin’s break with, 160, 852

Lunacharsky and, 879

Proletkult, 1235–1236

science fiction, 1354

Bogolyubsky, Andrei Yaroslavich.

See Andrei Yaroslavich

Bogomolov, Oleg, 371

Bogrov, Dmitry, 1482

Boldyrev, Yuri, 316, 1695

Bolotnikov, Ivan Isayevich, 159,

1155, 1550–1551

Bolotnikov rebellion, 1548

Bolshevik Revolution

Afghanistan, 13

Alash Orda, 26

British reaction, 599

country estates, destruction of,

337

Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,

422

economic development levels,

660

internal disputes, 160–161

Mayakovsky, Vladimir

Vladimirovich, 908–909

See also Bolshevism and Bolshe-

viks

Bolshevism and Bolsheviks,

159–161

Allied intervention, 52, 267

anti-anarchism, 58

April Theses, 70

Armenia, 80

bednyaki, 133

black market, 152–153

Catholic Church, repression of

the, 209

Caucasus, 214

class system, 271

commanding heights of the econ-

omy, 293

Committees of the Village Poor,

295

Constitutent Assembly, dissolu-

tion of, 764

Constitutional Democratic Party’s

anti-Bolshevik movement, 320

cooperative societies, 328

cyrillic alphabet, 354

Decree on Land, 368–369

deportations, 384–385

education, 440, 670, 1623

elections of 1917, 318

episcopates, 464

Family Code on Marriage, the

Family, and Guardianship,

474–475

fellow travelers, 492

feminism, 493–496, 762–763

foreign debt default, 513

foreign famine relief, 478–479

Genoa Conference, 544

Green Movement, 607–608

Gumilev, execution of, 620

INDEX

N

BLACK BOOK OF RUSSIAN JEWRY

(GROSSMAN)

1744

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

higher education policy, 440

human rights, 642

intelligentsia, 160, 670

internationalism, 1010

Izvestiya, 694

July Days of 1917, 713–714

Kerensky’s move against, 735

KOMUCH opposition to, 761

land policy, 821

language policy, 825

leaders, 1089

Left Opposition, 837–838

motion pictures, 973

nationalism, 1000

nationalities policy, 1010–1013

newspapers, 1044

October Revolution of 1917,

1088–1096

Orthodox Church, 269

party congresses, 1138–1139

People’s Commissariat of Nation-

alities, 1158–1159

Plekhanov’s opposition to,

1186

Pravda, launch of, 711

Provisional Government, 485

Red Army, 936–937

Red Terror, 1276

Right Opposition, 1289

Russian Communist Party, 298

Russian Orthodox Church,

1320–1321

Russian Social Democratic Work-

ers’ Party split, 1412

self-determination, 1332

smychka, 1410–1411

Soviet-Polish War, 1436–1437

soviets, 1433

State Political Administration

(OGPU), 1471–1472

state security, organs of,

1470–1473

subbotniki, 1492

subversion, fear of, 1248–1249

Temporary Instructions on Depri-

vation of Freedom, 616

Tikhon, Patriarch, 1547

trade, 516

Ukrainization, 1603

women’s movement, 1726–1727

workers’ control, 1674

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Bismarck, Otto von (continued)

See also Bolshevik Revolution;

Civil War of 1917-1922; Men-

sheviks; October Revolution of

1917; Russian Revolution; War

communism; Specific leaders

Bolshoi Ballet, 119

Bolshoi Theater, 118, 161, 161–162

Boltin, Ivan, 637

Bombings, People’s Will, 38, 39

Bonner, Yelena Georgievna,

162–163, 399, 1345

Book of Degrees of the Royal Geneal-

ogy, 163–164, 256, 887–888

The Book of Denunciation, or the Eter-

nal Gospels (Avvakum), 105

“The Books of Genesis of the

Ukrainian People” (Kostom-

arov), 353–354

Boretskaya, Marfa Ivanovna, 164

Boris Godunov (Pushkin), 1537

Borisov-Musatov, Viktor,

1395–1396

Borodin, Alexander, 920, 1109,

1290

Borodin, Ivan, 461

Borodino, Battle of, 33, 164–165,

524, 993

Borotbisty, 165

Bosnia-Herzegovina, 144

Bosoi, Kassian, 707

Bourgeois

disenfranchisement, 397–398

engineers, 350–352

Shakhty trial, 1377–1378

Boyar duma, 166–167, 414, 421

Boyars, 166

Golitsyn, Vasily Vasilievich, 575

Novgorod, 1073

Romanovs, 1295–1296,

1300–1301

Boycott, Olympic, 971, 1451–1452

Brain of the Army (Shaposhnikov),

1379

Brat’ia Karamazovy (Dostoyevsky),

411

Brazauskas, Algirdas, 167, 167–168

Bread, 1326

Breeder reactors, 94–95

Brenna, Vincenzo, 541

Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 168–169

Allied intervention, 52

British reaction, 599

Left Socialist Revolutionaries,

266–267

Spiridonova’s repudiation of,

1447

Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich, 170,

170–173

Andropov’s succession to, 62

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 66

Armenia, 81

Baikal-Amur Magistral Railway

(BAM), 111

Chernenko, advancement of, 238

Constitution of 1977, 323

cult of personality, 349

détente, 389

developed socialism, 391

dissidents, 400

Friendship of Nations, 1002

general secretary position, 542

government corruption, 172, 196

Helsinki Accords, 632

intelligentsia, 671

Kosygin, subordination of, 779

Kunayev, relationship with, 797

motion pictures, 977

nationalities policy, 1016

party congresses, 1141–1142

Podgorny, relationship with,

1188–1189

samizdat, 560

science and technology policy,

1353

service state, 1373

Solidarity Movement, 1422

Soviet narod, 1027

strategic arms limitation treaty

(SALT I), 86

succession of leadership, 1494

zero option, 1723

Brezhnev Doctrine, 169–170

Brezhnev generation, 352

The Brigadier (Fonvizin), 511

Briullov, Karl, 998

Broadsides, 876

Brodsky, Joseph Alexandrovich,

173–174

Bromlei, Yuly, 470, 1026–1027

The Brothers Karamazov (Dos-

toyevsky), 411

Brown, Walter Lyman, 56

Broys, Boris, 1417

BURIAL MOUNDS

N

INDEX

1745

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Bruce, James David, 174–175

Bruni, Fyodor, 1037

Brushvit, I. M., 765

Brusilov, Alexei Alexeyevich, 175,

932

Bryullov, Karl, 1037

Bryusov, Valery Yalovlevich,

175–176

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 1561

Bubonic plague, 1117

Bucharest, Treaty of, 24, 176–177

Buddhism, 189

Budenny, Semeon Mikhailovich,

177

Budget system, 959

Bukei, 731

Bukhara, 177–178

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich,

178–180, 179

agriculture and industrialization,

661

Brest-Litovsk Peace, 267

execution of, 694

internationalism, 1011

Kalinin’s support of, 719

party congresses, 1139–1140

Pravda, 1217, 1217–1218

Right Opposition, 1289

show trial, 1389

Bukovina, 180–181

Bulavin, Kondrat, 1155, 1156

Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasievich,

181

Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolayevich,

181–182, 1635

Bulganin, Nikolai Alexandrovich,

182–183

Anti-Party Group, 67–68

prime minister position, 1227

Bulgaria, 115–116, 183–185, 1364

Bulgarian Communist Party, 184

Bulgarians, 183

Bulgars, 751

Bulla family, 1179

Bund, Jewish, 185–186, 705, 1009

Bunin, Ivan Alexeyevich, 186

Burbulis, Gennady, 1362

Bureaucracy, economic, 186–188

Bureaucracy, government. See Gov-

ernment administration

Burial mounds, 565

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Burnt by the Sun (movie), 978

Buryats, 188–189

Bush, George H. W., 66, 87–88

Bush, George W., 677, 890–891

Business and industry

American/Russian business part-

nerships, 1617

Buryatia, 188

corporations, Russian, 330–331

Federal Property Fund, 489–490

Mafia capitalism, 884–885

merchant guilds, 615–616

Production Sharing Agreement,

1234

trusts, 1578

See also Commerce; Economic de-

velopment; Industrialization;

Soviet enterprise; Trade, foreign

Butashevich-Petrashevsky, Mikhail

Vasilievich, 189–190, 1176

Bylina, 190

Byzantine calendar, 196

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Christianity, 252–253,

606

Georgia, 548–549

icons, 649

influence, 190–192, 1447–1448,

1542–1543

Kiev, relations with, 754

Leontiev, Konstantin, 855

Paleologue’s marriage to Ivan III,

1131–1132

Route to Greeks, 1305–1306

C

Cabaret, 193–194

Cabinet of Ministers, Imperial, 64,

194–195

Cabinet of Ministers, Soviet, 195

Cadets. See Constitutional Democra-

tic Party (Cadets)

Cadres policy, 195–196

Calendar, 196–197, 1106

Cameron, Charles, 71, 1036

Campaign of Pruth River, 1243

Camp literature, 388

Camps, 88–89

Cancer, 240

Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 1425

Canning, Stratford, 176

Canonization

Alexandra Fedorovna, 42

Alexei Nikolayevich, 49–50

Cyril, 757

Donskoy, Dmitry Ivanovich, 408,

409

Joseph of volotsk, 708

Kosmodemyanskaya, Zoya, 777

Makary, 888

Maxim the Greek, 908

Olga, 1107

Romanovs, 1298

Russian Orthodox Church,

1343–1344

Tikhon, Patriarch, 1547

Cantonists, 197

Capital investment, foreign. See For-

eign debt

Capitalism, 197–198

Hegelian theory, 631

labor theory of value, 815–816

laws of capitalist development,

903

state capitalism, 1463

Varga, Eugene Samuilovich, 1632

Capitalist accumulation, 1227–1228

Capital (Marx), 816

Capital stock, 430–431

Carol II, 146

Carpathians, 1677

Carpatho-Rusyns, 198–200

Caspian Sea

caviar, 215

energy development, 675

Castlereagh, Viscount, 1259–1260

Castrates, 1360

Castro, Fidel, 345, 347, 746

Catechism, 498

Catechism of a Revolutionary

(Nechayev), 1032, 1209

Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 72,

200

Cathedral of Divine Wisdom, 71

Cathedral of St. Basil, 200,

200–201, 1275

Cathedral of St. Sophia, Kiev, 201,

201–202

Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod,

202, 202–203, 1073

INDEX

N

BURNT BY THE SUN

(MOVIE)

1746

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Cathedral of the Archangel Mikhail,

203, 786

Cathedral of the Dormition,

203–204, 396, 1309

Cathedral of the Intercession on the

Moat. See Cathedral of St. Basil

Cathedral of the Kazan Mother of

God, 71–72

Cathedral of the Trinity at Zagorsk,

1309

Catherine I, 204–205

Catherine II, 205–209, 206, 208,

1193

Academy of Arts, 3

Alexander I, influence on, 31–32

architecture, 71–72

Armed Neutrality, declaration of,

1616

ballet, 117

Bestuzhev-Ryumin, relationship

with, 147

Castrates, 1360

censorship, 216

Charter of the Cities, 228–229

Charter of the Nobility, 229–230

colonialism, 287–288

coup, 1175

Crimean Khanate, annexation of,

341

Dashkova, relationship with, 365

Declaration of Armed Neutrality,

833

Derzhavin’s ode to, 387

dvorianstvo, 420

education policy, 437

The Enlightenment, 454

Free Economic Society for the En-

couragement of Agriculture and

Husbandry, 520

Freemasonry, 1074

French influence, 522

Gatchina palace, 541

goverment administration, 615

government reform, 287–288

Great Instruction, 842

guilds, 615

health care services, 628

hermitage, 984

immigration, 555

Imperial Russian Academy, 4

Imperial Russian Navy, 929

Instructions, 667–668

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828