Encyclopedia of Russian History

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journalism, 708

Kremlin, 786

Legislative Commission of 1767-

1768, 842

local government administration,

870

Manifesto of 1763, 892–893

military, 928–929

Moldavia, liberation of, 1292

monasticism, 956

Montenegro, relations with, 960

music, 985

nationalities policy, 1020

National Library of Russia, 996

neoclassicism, 1036

Novikov and, 521, 1072–1073

Old Believers, 1104

Orlov, relationship with, 1117

Pale of Settlement, 1130–1131

Paul, relationship with,

1148–1149, 1174

Platon, relationship with,

1183–1184

populationism, 892

Potemkin, relationship with,

1213–1214

Preobrazhensky Guards,

1218–1219

Procuracy, 1232

Prussia, relations with, 556

Pugachevshchina, 1245–1246

Radischev, arrest of, 859, 1264

religious tolerance, 679–680

rise to power, 1375

Russian Orthodox Church, 1320

Russification, 1331

Russo-Turkish Wars, 1336

security force, 1469

serfdom, 458

Smolny Institute, 1409–1410

St. Petersburg, 1483

succession, 1173

Sumarokov’s support of, 1499

theater, 511–512, 1536

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, 793

Tsarskoye Selo, 1578, 1579

vodka industry, 30

witchcraft, penalties for, 1669

Woe from Wit, 608

Catherine the Great. See Catherine II

Catholicism, 209–210

Belarus, 135

Council of Florence, 506–507

Gordon, Patrick Leopold, 585

Uniate Church, 1605–1606

Westernizers, 1663

Caucasian Albanians, 28

Caucasian Wars, 210–212, 214,

286

Caucasus, 212–214, 468

Armenians, 1649

Baryatinsky, Alexander Ivanovich,

125

Civil War of 1917-1922, 270

colonial expansion, 286, 289

Dagestan, 361–362

Kabardians, 715

Karachai, 723

Kurds, 799

Mingrelians, 944–945

nationalism, 289, 1003

Osetins, 1122

Russian expansion into Muslim

territory, 678

Shahumian, Stepan Georgievich,

1375–1376

Shamil, 102, 361, 1378–1379

tsarist nationalities policy, 1021

Vorontsov-Dashkov, Illarion

Ivanovich, 1649

World War I, 1677–1678

Caucasus Mountains, 211

Cavalry

Cossacks, 333

Durova, Nadezhda Andreyevna,

418

service state, 1371

The Cavalry Maiden (Durova), 418

Caves Monastery, 214–215

Hilarion, Metropolitan, 635

Kievan Caves (patericon), 750

Caviar, 215–216

Ceausescu, Nicolae, 1294

Censorship, 216–218

Academy of Sciences, 6

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeyevich, 25

Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasievich,

181

chapbooks, 228

de-Stalinization, 388

Glavlit, 563

intelligentsia, 671

CENTRAL COMMITTEE

N

INDEX

1747

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

newspapers, 1044

Nicholas I, 1048

opera, 1109

reform, 604

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 1425

The Thaw, 1535–1536

Censuses. See Demography

Center for Russian Environmental

Policy, 463

The Centers of Origin of Cultivated

Plants (Vaviolov), 1634

Central America, 347–348

Central Asia, 218–220

China, relations with, 247–248

colonial expansion, 286

Dungans, 417

Ferghana Valley, 496–497

Huns, 646

Islam, 680

Jadidism, 682, 698–699

Karakalpaks, 724

Khiva, 740

Kurds, 799

Muslim spiritual administrations,

683

Normanist Controversy,

1060–1061

Russian expansion into Muslim

territory, 678–679

Tashkent, 1517–1518, 1518

Tatar exiles, 342

tsarist nationalities policy,

1021–1022

See also Specific countries

Central Bank of Russia (CBR),

220–221, 587–588, 1309–1310

Central Committee, 221–222

Agitprop, 15

Akhmatova, denunciation of, 22

Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich,

61–62

Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,

422

Frunze, Mikhail Vasilievich, 526

Glavlit, 563

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 578

Gosizdat, 588

Grishin, Viktor Dmitrievich, 609

Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich,

611

Higher Party School, 634

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Ilyukhin, Viktor, 979

July Days of 1917, 713–714

Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich, 718

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 720

Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna,

763

Kosygin, Alexei Nikolayevich, 778

Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstanti-

novna, 791

Kunayev, Dinmukhammed

Akhmedovich, 797

Ligachev, Yegor Kuzmich,

861–862

Malenkov, Georgy, 889–890

Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich, 925

Nazarbayev, Nursultan Abishe-

vich, 1028–1029

October Revolution, 1090–1092

“On the Policy of the Party in the

Area of Belles Lettres,” 1315

“On the Restructuring of Literary-

Artistic Organizations,” 1315

Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstan-

tinovich, 1113–1114

overview, 309

party congresses and conferences,

1136–1143

plenum, 1186–1187

Podgorny, Nikolai Viktorovich,

1188–1189

Ponomarev, Boris Kharitonovich,

1206

Primakov, Yevgeny Maximovich,

1223

Rabkrin, 1262

Radek, Karl Bernardovich, 1263

Romanov, Grigory Vasilievich,

1299

Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1341

Stasova, Yelena Dmitrievna, 1462

Suslov, Mikhail Andreyevich,

1502–1503

Trotsky, Leon, 848

Union Treaty, 1612–1613

United Opposition, 1615

Vasilevsky, Alexander

Mikhailovich, 1633

Yagoda, Genrikh Grigorevich,

1696

Yakovlev, Alexander Niko-

layevich, 1697–1698

Yanayev, Gennady Ivanovich,

1700

Yeltsin, Boris, 1705–1706

Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1712

Zhdanov, Andrei Alexandrovich,

1724

zhenotdel, 1726–1728

Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseyevich,

1732

Central Control Commission, 222,

1159

Central Economics and Mathematics

Institute (TsEMI), 1380

Central Electoral Commission, 858

Central Executive Committee

abortion, 476

Constitution of 1918, 321

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 720

Central Penal Department (TsKO),

1229

Central planning, 430, 528, 543

Central Siberian Plateau, 547–548

Central Statistical Agency, 222–223,

589, 1207

Central Treaty Organization

(CENTO), 1129

Chaadayev, Peter Yakovlevich,

223–224

First Philosophical Letter, 997

idealism, 651–652

intelligentsia, 668

Kireyevsky, influence on, 756

Slavophilism, 1405

Chagall, Marc, 224

Chaikovsky Circle, 790

Challenger accident, 1443

Chancellery system, 225–226

chancellery clerks, 1189

dyaks, 421

podyachy, 1189

service state, 1371–1372

Changes in the Capitalist Economy as

a Result of the Second World War

(Varga), 1632

Channel-graphite reactors, 95

Chapayev, Vasily Ivanovich,

226–227

Chapayev (Furmanov), 226–227

Chapbook literature, 227–228

Chaplygin, Sergi Alexeyevich, 103

Charles XII (Sweden)

Battle of Lesnaya, 857

INDEX

N

CENTRAL CONTROL COMMISSION

1748

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Battle of Poltava, 1203

Battles of Narva, 995

Great Northern War, 600–601,

1169

Mazepa’s defection to, 909

Charskaya, Lydia Alexeyevna,

228

Charter for State Peasants, 229

Charter of the Cities, 228–229

Charter of the Nobility, 229–230,

820

Chastushka, 230

Chayanov, Alexander Vasilievich,

230–231, 1152–1153

Chebrikov, Victor Mikhailovich,

231–232

Chebyshev, Lvovich, 5

Chechnya and Chechens, 232–235

Dagestan, 102

deportation, 214, 234

Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 412–413,

413, 1477

independence, 489, 490

language, 213, 232

reconstruction, 1430

Yeltsin, Boris, 1708–1709

Chechnya Wars

Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers,

294

Democratic Union of Russia,

372

human rights violations, 642

Lebed, Alexander, 1363

Memorial, 912

Shakhrai, Sergei Mikhailovich,

1376–1377

Chechoslovak Legion, 765

Checkpoint Charlie, 278

Cheka

Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,

422

Gulag, 616

Lubyanka, 877

Red Terror, 1276

state security, 1470

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich,

235–237, 236

environmentalism, 460

golden age of literature, exlusion

from, 570

journalism, 711

Moscow Art Theater, 967–968

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Central Committee (continued)

nationalism, 998

Suvorin, collaboration with, 1503

Chelomei, Vladimir, 1442

Chemistry, 912–913

Cheremis. See Mari El and the Mari

Cherepnin, Lev, 89

Cherkess, 237

Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich,

62, 238, 579, 1494

Chernigov, 1507, 1702, 1717

Chernobyl, 95, 238–240, 239

Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich,

240–241, 241, 532, 1126

Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich,

241–242, 838–839, 1420–1421

Chernukha, 242–243

Chernyayev, M. G., 1364

Chernye Klobuky, 1560

Chernyi Peredel, 669

Chernyshev, Alexander Ivanovich,

243

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich,

244–245

journalism, 710

Petrashevtsy, 1177

Pisarev’s criticism of, 1182

Westernizers, 1664

What Is To Be Done?, 1354

Chervonets, 245–246

Chesme, Battle of, 246

Chetki (Akhmatova), 22

Chiang Kai-shek, 248

Chichagov, Dmitry, 72

Chicherin, Boris, 859–860

Chicherin, Georgy Vasilievich,

246–247, 833–834, 1268–1269

Childbirth, 1324

Childhood (Tolstoy), 570, 1557

Children

Artek, 88–89

corporal punishment, 330

homeless, 640–641

“soldiers’ children,” 197

Children’s literature, 259, 1592

China, 247–250

Cold War, 277–278

Cultural Revolution, 391–392

Daurs, 736

Karakhan Declaration, 724

Khrushchev, Nikita, 748

Korean War, 769, 770

Popular Front, 1208

Port Arthur, 1210

Russian Far East, 481–482

Stalin, Josef, 275

Treaty of Aigun, 19–20

Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1037–1038

Treaty of Peking, 1157

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 248

Chinese Cultural Revolution,

391–392

Chinese Eastern Railway, 724

Chingis Khan, 340, 755

Chirac, Jacques, 519

Chirikov, Alexzei Ilich, 27, 142, 250

Chivalry, 233

Chkalov, Valery Pavlovich, 12,

250–251

Chkheidze, Nikolai Semenovich, 251

Chol-Khan, 41

Chorni, Daniel, 1309

Christianity

activism, 1177

Byzantine, 190–191, 252–253,

605, 606

Christian metaphysics, 1423

Council of Florence, 506–507

culture and, 754

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor

Mikhailovich, 412

dvoeverie, 418

Georgia, 548

literature, 754

Novgorod, 754

Olga, 1107

Ostromir Gospel, 1123–1124

Soloviev’s theology, 1423

Third Rome, 1542–1543

Tosltoy, Leo, 1559

Vladimir’s adoption of, 751

See also Specific branches

Christianization, 190–191,

252–253, 985

Christology of the Council of Chal-

cedon, 83

The Chronicle of Current Events (jour-

nal), 253–254, 781, 1348

Chronicle of Human Rights in the

USSR (journal), 254

Chronicles, 255–256

Chubais, Anatoly Borisovich,

256–257, 1709

CHURCH REFORM

N

INDEX

1749

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Chuikov, Vasily Ivanovich, 257

Chukchi, 257–258

Chukokvsky, Kornei Ivanovich,

258–259

Chukovskaya, Lydia Korneyevna,

258

Church administration

Consistory, 316–317

Holy Synod, 639–640

Living Church Movement,

866–867

metropolitans, 918–919

Nikon, Patriarch, 1057

nineteenth century, 1320

Platon, 1184

secularization, 1372

Church and state, 887, 1473–1475

Church councils, 259–260,

261–262, 1320

Church courts, 1473–1475

Churches

architecture, 70–71

destruction of, 200

Novgorod, 1073

St. Petersburg, 1485

See also Specific churches

Churchill, Winston, 1687

Grand Alliance, 597

Iron Curtain speech, 677

Potsdam Conference, 1215–1216

Soviet relations, 599

Tehran Conference, 1527

Yalta Conference, 1698,

1698–1699, 1699

The Church Is One (Khomyakov),

743

Church of Christ the Savior, 72,

200

Church of St. Theodore Stratilates

on the Brook, 71

Church of the Nativity of the Vir-

gin, 396–397

Church of the Transfiguration, 71,

73

Church of the Twelve Apostles, 786

Church reform

Alexei Mikhailovich, 46–48

Anthony Vadkovsky, Metropoli-

tan, 65

church councils, 259–260, 261

episcopate, 463–464

Joakim, Patriarch, 706

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Living Church Movement,

866–867

Neronov, Ivan, 1038

Nikon, Patriarch, 1056–1058

nineteenth century, 1320

Peter I, 1170

See also Old Believers

Church Slavonic Bible, 533, 824

Church Union of Brest, 135

Churilova, Lydia Alexeyevna. See

Charskaya, Lydia Alexeyevna

Chuvash, 262–263

Chuzhak, Nikolai, 1417

Cimmerians, 263

Circular-post system, 1213

Circus, 263–264

Cities. See Urbanization; Urban life

The Citizen (newspaper), 711

Civic Union, 264

Civil Procedure Code of 2002, 338

Civil rights

Catherine II, 667

colonialism, 289

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union, 321

Constitution of 1936, 321–322

Constitution of 1977, 323

Emancipation Act, 448

Fundamental Laws, 528

Civil script, 354

Civil Union, 1648

Civil War of 1425–1450, 265–266,

1366

Civil War of 1917–1922, 266–271

Chapayev, Vasily Ivanovich,

226–227

Committee of the Constituent As-

sembly (KOMUCH), 764–765

Crimea, 339

Denikin, Anton Ivanovich,

380–381

emigration, 656

Kolchak, Alexander Vasilievich,

761–762

Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 839

Lenin, Vladimir, 853

Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich, 888

Mensheviks, 914

motion pictures, 973

party congresses, 1139

Proletkult, 1236

Red Army, 937

Social Revolutionary Party,

1420–1421

state security, organs of, 1470

Trotsky, Leon Davidovich, 1575

Ukraine, 1602–1603

White Army, 1665

workers, 1673–1674

Wrangel, Peter, 1692–1693

Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich,

1713

See also War communism

Civil War (United States), 1617

Classical Slavophilism, 1405–1406

Classical Westernizers, 1663

Classicism

Derzhavin, Gavryl Romanovich,

387

Romantic-Classic debate, 1302

Class system, 271–272

bednyaki, 133

corporal punishment, 330

dishonor compensation, 145

dvorianstvo, 419–420

Emancipation Act, 448–449

Jews, 704

kulaks, 793–795

Marxism, 903

merchants, 916

mestnichestvo, 918

Muscovy, 983

Novgorod, 1072

passports, 1144

serednyaki, 1365

service state, 1373

Shakhty trial, 1377–1378

soslovie, 1430–1432

sukonnaya sotnya, 1498

syn boyarsky, 1509

townsmen, 830

working class, 812, 814

See also Service state

Clergy

Orthodoxy, 1119

Statute of Grand Prince Vladimir,

1473–1474

Statute of Grand Prince Yaroslav,

1474–1475

Climate, 272–274, 273

Armenia, 77

INDEX

N

CHURCH SLAVONIC BIBLE

1750

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Caucasus, 213

Kazakhstan, 728

Koryak territory, 775

Nakhichevan, 991

Siberia, 1391

steppes, 1478

Tuva, 1593

Clinton, Bill, 673

Clowns, 263–264

Code of Precedence, 530

Code of Punishments of 1845, 330

Codrington, Edward, 1027

Cold War, 274–281

Akhromeyev, Sergei, 23

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 66

atomic energy, 93

Azerbaijan, 107

Cuban Missile Crisis, 345–347,

346

defectors, 370

development of, 143

France, relations with, 519–520

Geneva Summit of 1985,

543–544

Great Britain, relations with, 599

Iron Curtain speech, 677

Japan, relations with, 700

Khrushchev, Nikita, 748–749

Korean War, 769

military, 940

motion pictures, 975–976

Shevardnadze’s role in ending,

1382–1383

Stalin era, 274–276, 1458

totalitarianism, 1561

United Nations, 1614

U-2 spy plane incident, 1597

See also Arms control; Détente;

United States; Warsaw Treaty

Organization (WTO)

Collective farms, 281–283

grain requisitions, 1233

labor day, 815

Machine Tractor Stations,

883–884

sovkhoz, 1437–1438

Twenty-Five Thousanders, 1594

See also Agriculture; Collectiviza-

tion of agriculture; Peasantry

Collective responsibility, 283

Collective security, 685, 834

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Church reform (continued)

Collectivization of agriculture,

283–284

babi bunty, 110

Khruschev, Nikita, 390–391

khutor, 750

kulaks, 793–795

Morozov murder, 963–964

party congresses, 1140–1141

party opposition to, 1456

peasant economy, 1153

peasants, 1154, 1155

Scissors Crisis, 1355

sovkhoz, 1437–1438

Twenty-Five Thousanders,

1594

voluntary cooperatives, 328

zagotovka, 1719–1720

See also Agriculture; Collective

farms; Peasantry

Collins, Samuel, 508

Colloquy of Lovers of the Russian

Word, 387

Colonial expansion, 284–286

Colonialism, 286–291

COMECON. See Council for Mutual

Economic Assistance (COME-

CON)

Cominform. See Communist Infor-

mation Bureau

Comintern. See Communist Interna-

tional (Comintern)

Command administrative economy,

291–293

khozraschet, 744–745

material balances, 904–905

Material Product System (MPS),

905

Commanding heights, 293, 1040

Commerce

Alaska, 288

Jews, 703

Khazars, 739

Khiva, 740

Kievan Rus, 754, 755

New Statute of Commerce,

1044–1045

Novgorod, 1071–1072

See also Business and industry;

Economic development; Mer-

chants; Trade, foreign

Commerce Statute, 1044–1045

Commercial banks, 121–122

Commissariat for Nationality Af-

fairs, 1012

Commissariat of Education, 1352

Commissariat of Heavy Industry,

1352

Commissariat of Internal Affairs

(NKVD), 1472

Commissars, 293–294, 321, 937

Commission for State Control,

1262

Commission for the Study of the

Ethnic Composition of the Bor-

derlands (KIPS), 470

Commissions on the Affairs of Mi-

nors, 476

Committee for State Security (KGB).

See KGB (Committee for State

Security)

Committee for the Liberation of the

Peoples of Russia, 1645

Committee for the Operational

Management of the National

Economy (COME), 294

Committee for the Stewardship of

Russian Icon Painting, 650

Committee of Members of the Con-

stituent Assembly (KOMUCH),

761, 764–765

Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers,

294–295

Committee on Constitutional Re-

view, 324

Committees, state, 1464–1465

Committees of the Village Poor, 295

Commodities, funded, 528–529, 562

Commonwealth of Independent

States (CIS), 296–297

Belovezh Accords, 138

Movement for Democratic Re-

forms, 978–979

Yeltsin, Boris, 1707

See also Russian Federation

Commonwealth of Socialist Coun-

tries. See Communist bloc

Communes

Herzen, Alexander, 633

land tenure, 820–821

Communism, 297–299

dictatorship of the proletariat,

394–395

Hegelian theory, 631

Zyuganov, Gennady Andreyevich,

1734–1735

COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION (CPSU)

N

INDEX

1751

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

See also Marxism; Marxism-

Leninism; Socialism

Communist Academy, 6–7,

299–300, 351

Communist bloc, 300–301

Communist Information Bureau,

301–302

Communist International (Com-

intern), 302–305

Anti-Comintern Pact, 67

antifascism, 303–304

Chinese Communist Party (CCP),

248

Executive Committee (ECCI), 304

general staff, 1917, 303

Popular Front policy, 1207–1208

Vietnam, 1638

world revolution, 1675–1676

Communist Manifest (Marx and En-

gels), 297

Communist Party of Czechoslova-

kia, 356–359

Communist Party of the Russian

Federation, 305–306

Agrarian Party of Russia, 16

Movement in Support of the

Army, 979

People’s Party of Free Russia,

1161

political party system, 1200

Zyuganov, Gennady Andreyevich,

1734–1735

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union (CPSU), 306–313

Andreyeva, Nina Alexandrovna,

60–61

Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich, 62

archives, 74, 1408

Article 6 of the 1977 Constitu-

tion, 89

Bakatin, Vadim Viktorovich, 111

cadres policy, 195–196

Central Control Commission, 222

Chebrikov, Victor Mikhailovich,

231–232

Chernenko, Konstantin Usti-

novich, 238

Communist International, 304

congresses, 309

Congress of People’s Deputies,

314–315

Constitution of 1918, 320–321

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Constitution of 1977 amend-

ments, 323

cult of personality, 348–349

democratic centralism, 310

democratization, 373–374

divisions, 307

economic authority, 291–292

education, 437, 440

founding, 161, 306–307

funding, 312

general secretary, 542

Gorbachev’s admission, 578

Great Purges, 1249–1250

Higher Party School, 634

ideology, 310–311

Kaganovich, Lazar Moyseyevich,

716

Kozlov, Frol Romanovich, 782

leadership style, 307–308

Luzhkov, Yuri, 879–880

Main Political Directorate, 885

membership, 312

name change, 1413

nomenklatura, 310, 312, 1059,

1358, 1478–1479

Orgburo, 1116

party congresses and conferences,

1136–1143, 1137

party history, 1387

party program, 311

plenum, 1186–1187

police and security forces, 948

Political Administration of the Red

Army, 937

Ponomarev, Boris Kharitonovich,

1205–1206

Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny Alex-

eyevich, 1219

Primary Party Organization,

1226

Rabkrin, 1262

rules, 310

second secretary, 1358–1359

secretariat, 309–310, 1359

service state, 1373

socialist realism, 1417

Soviet breakup, 453

Soviet man, 1436

structure, 308–310

succession of leadership, 1494

Union of Soviet Writers, control

of, 1610

Women’s Department, 75, 496,

763, 1348–1349

Yeltsin, Boris, 1705–1706

zhenotdel, 1726–1728

See also Central Committee; Polit-

buro

Communist Party of Ukraine, 165,

692–693, 784, 1604

Communists, 298

Communist subbotniki, 1492

Communist Youth League, 314–315

Communist youth organizations,

313–314, 351

Compensation for wrongs,

1318–1319

Complete Collection of Russian Chroni-

cles, 255

Composers

Dunayevsky, Isaak Osipovich,

416–417

Prokofiev, Sergei Sergeyevich, 1234

Rachmaninov, Sergei Vasilievich,

1262–1263

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai An-

dreyevich, 1290

Shostakovich, Dmitri Dmitrievich,

1388

Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich,

1487–1488

Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich,

1525–1526

See also Glinka, Mikhail

Ivanovich; Mighty Handful;

Music

Computing center, 223

Concerning the Spiritual in Art

(Kandinsky), 721

Conference at the Imperial Court,

447

Conference on Security and Cooper-

ation in Europe, 502

A Confession (Tolstoy), 1558

Conflict resolution, 1318–1319

Congresses, Communist Party, 309

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1260

Congress of Berlin, 143–144, 1364

Congress of Paris, 1135, 1292, 1293

Congress of People’s Deputies,

314–315

Article 6 amendments, 89

INDEX

N

COMMUNIST PARTY OF UKRAINE

1752

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Constitution of 1977 amend-

ments, 323

democratization, 374

Federal Assembly, 486

glasnost, 560

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 580

Inter-Regional Deputies’ Group,

674–675

Khasbulatov, Ruslan Imranovich,

738

Kovalev, Sergei, 781

Referendum of April 1993, 1277

Soyuz faction, 1439–1440

Supreme Soviet conversion into,

1221

Yeltsin, Boris, 1706–1707

Congress of Russian Communities,

315–316

Congress of Vienna, 1004, 1242,

1637–1638

Conjuncture Institute, 1407

“The Conquest of Kazan,” 636

Conscription, 158, 294–295, 936

Conservative intelligentsia, 670

Conservative nationalism, 653

Consistory, 316–317

Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 1107,

1306

Constantinople, 252, 1542–1543

Constituent Assembly, 267,

317–318

Constitution, Estonian, 465

Constitutional Court, 318–319

Constitutional Democratic Party

(Cadets), 319–320

intelligentsia, 670

Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich,

941–942

monarchy, moratorium on oppo-

sition to, 1090

Provisional Government, 485

Struve, Peter Bernardovich, 1490

Vyborg Manifesto, 1654

Constitutionalism, 1290–1291

Constitutionality matters, 339

Constitutional Law on Arbitration

Courts of 1995, 338

Constitution of 1918, 320–321

class system, 271

disenfranchised persons, 397

Constitution of 1924

nationalism, 1001

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union (CPSU) (continued)

Constitution of 1936, 321–323

legal system, 841–842

voting rights, 398

Constitution of 1977, 323–324

Article 6, 89, 374–375

Communist Party functions, 311

Constitution of 1993, 324–325

Federal Assembly, 486–488

Federation Treaty, 489

free speech, 712

human rights, 642

land ownership, 822–823

language policy, 825

referendum, 1277–1278

Construction, subway, 1492–1493

Constructivism, 72, 325, 890

Consumer goods, 957

Containment, Soviet, 301, 518

The Contemporary (journal), 709,

710

Contract slavery, 1403

A Contribution to the Critique of Polit-

ical Economy (Marx), 902

Control figures, 325–326

Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)

Treaty, 23, 86–87, 326–327

Convention of Akkerman, 24

Convention of Berlin, 144

Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide, 544–545

Conversion of Jews, 712–713

Cooperatives, Law on, 327

Cooperative societies, 327–328

Copeck newspapers, 1044

Copper Riots, 328–329

The Cornfield (journal), 711, 1541

Corn program, 1641–1642

Coronations

Cathedral of the Dormition, 204

Ivan IV, 689

Nicholas II, 1050, 1050

Corp of Cadets, 438

Corporal punishment, 329–330

Corporations, Russian, 330–331

Corpus Domini procession, 702

Corruption

Brezhnev’s administration, 172

cadres policy, 196

Chernomyrdin, Viktor

Stepanovich, 241

Dyachenko, Tatiana Borisovna,

421

Kunayev’s dismissal for, 797

Mafia capitalism, 884–885

Morozov, Boris Ivanovich, 963

second economy, 1357

Soskovets, allegations against,

1430

Yeltsin, Boris, 777

Yetlsin’s cabinet, 1390–1391

Cosmology

Evenki, 471

Khanty, 738

Cosmonauts. See Space program

Cosmopolitanism, 331–332

Cossacks, 332–334, 333

Dezhnev, Seven Ivanovich, 392

Khmelnitsky, Bohdan, 741–742

Krasnov, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 783

Mazepa, Ivan Stepanovich, 909

Moskvitin, Ivan Yurievich, 972

Muscovy, 983

nationalities policy, 1019–1020

peasant uprisings, 1155–1156

Pugachev, Emelian Ivanovich,

1245–1246

Stenka Razin, 1271–1272,

1476–1477

Time of Troubles, 1551–1552

Ukraine, 1600

White Army, 1665

Yermak, Timofeyevich, 1710

Cottage workers, 804

Council for Mutual Economic Assis-

tance (COMECON), 334–335

Bulgaria, 184–185

Hungary, 645

trade with members, 516

Council of Chalcedon, 83

Council of Florence, 506–507

Council of Ministers, Soviet,

335–336

economic bureaucracy, 186–187

economic ministries, 946

funded commodities, 528

Gosplan, 589–590

Malenkov, Georgy, 889

Ministry of Foreign Trade, 947

Sovnarkom, 1439

state committee chairpersons,

1465

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

(DOSTOYEVSKY)

N

INDEX

1753

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

See also Cabinet of Ministers, Im-

perial; Commissars

Council of Nationalities, 1016

Council of People’s Commissars. See

Sovnarkom

Council of State, 1491

Council of the Duma, 488

Council of the Federation, 1612

Councils, church, 259–260,

261–262

Councils of the National Economy.

See Sovnarkhozy

Counterpart-trade, 517

Counterreforms, 336–337

Counterrevolution, 773–774

Country estates, 337–338

Courland, 826

Court of Ivan IV, 689–690

Court system

Constitutional Court, 318–319

High Arbitration Court, 338

Kievan Russ, 840

Oprichnina, 1111

reform, 604

Statute of Grand Prince Vladimir,

1473–1474

Statute of Grand Prince Yaroslav,

1474–1475

Sudebnik of 1497, 1495–1496

Supreme Court, 338–339

volost courts, 818

See also Criminal justice; Legal

systems

Crafts, 755

Crane, Charles R., 1617

The Cranes Are Flying (movie), 976

Credit rating, Russian, 514–515

Crime

corporal punishment, 329–330

delinquents, 640–641

gypsies, 620–621

organized crime, 884–885,

1114–1115

See also Criminal justice

Crimea, 339–341

Cimmerians, 263

Ivan IV, 690

Muscovite expansion, 285

Polovtsy, 1202

Crime and Punishment (Dos-

toyevsky), 410

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Crimean Khanate, 340–341

Crimean Tatars, 341–342, 342

frontier fortifications, 525

Gaspirali, Ismail Bey, 540–541

Islam, 680, 681

Crimean War, 343, 343–344

Battle of Balaklava, 114–115

Imperial army and navy, 930

Nakhimov, Pavel Stepanovich, 992

Nicholas I, 36, 1048–1049

Sevastopol, 1374

Treaty of Paris, 1135

Triple Entente, 599

Criminal justice

guba administration system, 614

Lefortovo prison, 836–837

Procuracy, 1232

Pskov Judicial Charter,

1243–1244

Russian Justice, 1318–1319

See also Court system; Crime; Le-

gal systems

Criminal Procedure Code of 2001,

338

The Crisis of Western Philosophy:

Against the Positivists (Soloviev),

1423

Crony capitalism, 344–345

Crop rotation, 1545

Cuba, 347–348

Cuban Communist Party, 347

Cuban Missile Crisis, 345–347, 346

Cold War, 278–279

détente, as turning point for, 389

Khrushchev, Nikita, 749

Cui, Cesar, 920

Cuisine, 512–513, 1325

Cult of personality, 348–350, 388,

849

Cultural Revolution, 350–352

motion pictures, 974–975

Russian Association of Proletarian

Writers, 1315

Culture

Catherine II, patronization by, 207

chernukha, 242–243

China, relations with, 249–250

colonialism, 288

country estates, 337

Cultural Revolution, 350–352,

974–975, 1315

de-Stalinization, 388, 389

Elizabeth, 447

French influence, 518–519,

522–523

Gorky, Maxim, 586–587

gypsymania, 621–622

Jews, 703

korenizatsya, 771–772

Likhachev, Dmitry Sergeyevich,

862–863

Moscow, 965

nationalism, 997–1000

Novgorod, 1072–1073

people’s houses, 1160–1161

Peter I, 1170–1171

Proletkult, 1235–1236

Romanticism, 1302–1303

Russian influence in the United

States, 1617

Russians, 1321–1326

Russification, 1007, 1331

Scythic, 1356

Silver Age, 1393–1397

socialist realism, 1415–1419

St. Petersburg, 1485

stagnation, 1419

structuralism, 874–875

United States, influence of the,

1617

See also Folklore; The Thaw

Currency

altyn, 55

chervonets, 245

copper, 328–329

denga, 380

five-ruble banknote, 1307

grivna, 610

kopeck, 768, 958

ruble, 958, 1306–1307

See also Monetary policy

Custine, Astolphe Louis Leonor,

352–353

Customary law, 469, 840

Customs books, 353

Customs duties, 1565

Cuza, Alexander Ion, 1292

Cyprus, 606

Cyril, St., 757

Cyril and Methodius Society,

353–354

Cyrillic alphabet, 354, 354–355, 825

INDEX

N

CRIMEAN KHANATE

1754

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Cyril of Turov, 355

Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, 32,

355–356, 1005

Czech Legion, 53

Czechoslovak Communist Party,

356–359

Czechoslovakia, 357–359, 1714

Czechoslovakia, invasion of, 172,

356–357, 357, 358

Czech Republic, 359

D

Dagestan, 361–362

Avars, 102

Chechens, 102

Dargins, 364–365

language, 213

Lezgins, 857–858

Shamil, 1378

Daguerreotypes, 1178–1179

Daily life, 407, 1322

Dal, V. I., 508

Dan, Fedor, 914

Dancers. See Ballet

Danchenko, Vladimir Nemirovich,

1537

Daniel, Metropolitan, 362–363, 707

Daniel, Yuli Markovich, 363, 671,

1348, 1399–1400

Danilevsky, Nikolai Yakovlevich,

363–364, 1006, 1134, 1406

Dargins, 364–365

Dashkova, Yekaterina Romanovna,

365–366

Dashnaktsutiun, 366–367

Data manipulation, demographic,

377–379

Daurs, 736

David Igorevich, 1506

Day (periodical), 710

Days of Liberty, 1286

Dead Souls (Gogol), 568, 569

Death rituals, 1324–1325

Decembrist movement, 367–368

autocracy, 102

Lovers of Wisdom and, 875

Muraviev, Nikita, 980–981

Nicholas I, 1046

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich,

1167–1168

Pushkin’s implication in, 1252

Radischev, Alexander, 859

Romanticism, 1303

Ryleyev, Kondraty Fyodorovich,

1339–1340

Vorontsov, Mikhail, 1648

Decentralization of scientific enter-

prise, 1353

“Declaration of Loyalty,” 464

Declaration of the Rights of the Peo-

ple of Russia, 1000

De Clerc, Nicholas Gabriel, 873

The Decline of Capitalism (Preo-

brazhensky), 1219

Decree on Land, 368–369

Decree on Red Terror, 616

Dedovshchina, 369

Deep battle concept, 1583

Defectors, 369–370

Alliluyeva, Svetlana Iosifovna, 54

Kurbsky, Andrei Mikhailovcih,

797–798

Mazepa, Hetman Ivan

Stepanovich, 909

Defense industrial complex. See Mili-

tary industrial complex

Definitions

capitalism, 197–198

communism, 297

dissidents, 398

dvoeverie, 418

feudalism, 497

genocide, 545

intelligentsia, 668

liberalism, 859

mir, 948–949

narod, 1025

narodnost, 1025

nation and nationality,

1024–1027

natsiya, 1025

second economy, 1356–1357

serfdom, 1366

Sibir, 1391

slavery, 1402

sobor, 89–90

socialism, 1413

socialist realism, 1416

soslovie, 1431

structuralism, 874

ukaz, 1599

De Gaulle, Charles, 519

Deichman, E. I., 29

Dej, Gheorghe Gheorghiu, 1294

Delinquents, 640–641

Demirjian, Karen, 81, 82

Democracy, 318

Democratic centralism, 310

Democratic Party of Communists of

Russia, 1161

Democratic Party of Russia (DPR),

370–371

Democratic Republic of Vietnam,

1638–1639

Democratic Russia (DR), 371–372

Democratic State Council, 1092

Democratic Union (DS), 372–373

Democratization, 373–375, 580,

1164–1165

Demography, 375–380

DemRussia, 372

Denga, 380

Denikin, Anton Ivanovich, 53,

380–381, 381, 1437, 1665

Denis, 712

Denmark, 381–383, 1242

Department stores, 619

Deportations, 383–386

Estonians, 466

ethnic groups, 214, 234

Great Purges, 1250

Jews, 405

Kalmyks, 719

Karachai, 723

kulaks, 794–795, 1471–1472

Meskhetian Turks, 917

nationalities policy, 1001–1002,

1014

See also Emigration and immigra-

tion; Exiles; Migration

Derevlyane, 653

Deryabin, Peter, 370

Derzhavin, Gavryl Romanovich,

386–387

De-Stalinization, 276, 387–389,

747, 909–910

Détente, 389–390

Brezhnev, 172–173

France, relations with, 519–520

See also Cold War

DISSIDENTS

N

INDEX

1755

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Detention camps, 219–220

Detskoye Selo. See Tsarskoye Selo

Developed socialism, 390–392

Developing countries, 748

The Development of Capitalism in Rus-

sia (Lenin), 850

The Devils (Dostoyevsky), 411

Dezhnev, Seven Ivanovich, 392

Diagilev, Sergei Pavlovich, 118,

392–393, 576, 1150

Dialectical materialism, 6, 393–394,

454

Diary of a Writer (Dostoyevsky),

411

Dictatorship of the proletariat, 320,

394–395, 631

Didelot, Charles-Louis, 117

Diderot, Denis, 522

Diet, 512–513, 1325

Diocese, 395–396

Dionisy, 396–397

Diplomacy. See Foreign policy

Directors, film

Alexandrov, Grigroy Alexan-

drovich, 43

Bauer, Yevgeny Frantsevich,

131–132

Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich,

442, 442–443

Kuleshov, Lev Vladimirovich, 795

Mikhalkov, Nikita Sergeyevich,

924

Protazanov, Yakov Alexandrovic,

1238–1239

Tarkovsky, Andrei Arsenievich,

1516–1517

See also Motion pictures

Directors, stage, 919

Disarmament. See Arms control

“Discord” (Verbitskaya), 1636

Disenfranchised persons, 397–398

Dishonor compensation, 145

Disraeli, Benjamin, 143

Dissident movement, 398–402

The Chronicle of Current Events

(journal), 253–254, 781

Chronicle of Human Rights in the

USSR (journal), 254

Dissidents

Amalrik, Andrei Alexeievich,

55–56

Bolshevik punishment of, 616

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Bonner, Yelena Georgievna,

162–163

Central Asian exile, 219–220

Chukovskaya, Lydia Korneyevna,

258

Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 538–539

Georgian, 551

Grigorenko, Peter Grigorievich, 609

Gumilev, Lev Nikolayevich, 619

Gumilev, Nikolai Stepanovich,

619–620

Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich,

632–633

Kovalev, Sergei Adamovich, 781

Medvedev, Roy Alexandrovich,

909–910

psychiatric confinement, 609

Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich,

162–163, 1345–1346, 1346

samizdat, 1347–1348

Shcharansky, Anatoly Niko-

layevich, 1380

Sinyavsky-Daniel trial,

1399–1400

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isayevich,

1424–1427, 1425

Supreme Soviet, reform of the,

1501

The Thaw, 1535–1536

Ukrainian, 1604

United States concern about,

1617–1618

See also Exiles

Divisia index, 658

Divorce, 474–476, 900–901

Djadids, Bukharan, 178

Dmitrov, Georgi, 1208

Dmitry, False, 403

Bolotnikov and, 159

Filaret and, 499

Godunov and, 567

Job, exile of, 707

Mniszech, marriage to, 951

Otrepev, Grigory, 1125–1126

Shuisky’s opposition, 1390

Time of Troubles, 1549, 1550

Dmitry, Metropolitan, 624

Dmitry Alexandrovich, 58, 402

Dmitry Ivanovich, 1132

Dmitry Mikhailovich, 403–404,

1716

Dmitry of Uglich, 403, 404, 530,

567

Dmowski, Roman, 1008, 1010

Dnevnik pisatelia (Dostoyevsky), 411

Dniester Moldovan Republic,

1568–1569

Dobrenko, Yevgeny, 1416

Doctors’ Plot, 332, 404–405

Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 671,

1144

Dolgans, 405–406, 1066

Dolgorukaia, Ekaterina, 37

Dolls, matryoshka, 906

Domostroi, 406–407

Donation books, 408, 1398–1399

Donskoy, Dmitry Ivanovich,

408–409, 796, 1370–1371

Donskoy, Mark, 975

Dormition Cathedral on Gorodok,

1309

Dormition of the Virgin, 786

Doroshevich, Vlas, 711

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich,

409–412, 411

Academy of Sciences, 5

golden age of Russian literature,

569–570

nationalism, 998

Pisarev’s influence, 1182

Dovzhenko, Alexander, 165, 974,

975

Dr. Zhivago (Pasternak), 748, 1347,

1535

Drambalet, 119

Drankov, Alexander, 972

Drone (journal), 708

Drought, 477–478

Dual belief, 418, 1129

Dubcek, Alexander, 172, 356–357,

358

Dubrovin, Alexander, 151–152

Dudayev, Dzhokar, 412–413, 413,

1376

Dugin, Alexander Gelevich, 413–414

Dukhobors, 1360

Duma, 414–416, 415

Communist International, 305,

306

Congress of Russian Communi-

ties, 316

Constitutional Democratic Party,

320

INDEX

N

DIVISIA INDEX

1756

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Constitution of 1993, 324

Democratic Party of Russia (DPR),

370–371

Democratic Russia, 371–372

electoral commissions, 444

Fatherland-All Russia, 482–483

Federal Assembly, 486

formation of, 1286–1288

Fundamental Laws, 527–528

Fyodorov, Boris Grigorievich, 532

Kokoshin, Andrei Afanasievich,

761

Korzhakov, Alexander Valisievich,

776–777

Liberal Democratic Party of Rus-

sia (LDPR), 858, 1729–1730

Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich,

941–942

Movement in Support of the

Army, 979

nationalism, 1009–1010

Octobrist Party, 1097

organization, 488

Our Home Is Russia party, 1126

Party of Russian Unity and Ac-

cord, 1143

political party system,

1200–1201

post-Soviet era, 486–487

Production Sharing Agreement,

1234

Provisional Government, forma-

tion of the, 1240–1241

Russian Movement for Democra-

tic Reform (RMDR), 979

Russia’s Democratic Choice,

1329–1330

Rybkin, Ivan Petrovich, 1338

Shakhrai, Sergei Mikhailovich,

1377

State Council, 1466

Union of Right Forces,

1607–1608

Vyborg Manifesto, 1653–1654

Women of Russia, 1671–1672

World War I, 1677–1678

Yabloko, 1695–1696

Dunayevsky, Isaak Osipovich,

416–417

Duncan, Isadora, 118

Dungans, 417–418

Durman, Karel, 726

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Dissidents (continued)